Advanced Placement (AP)
Refer to the two passages.Source 1"A reconsideration was necessary; for, it seemed to me, with regard to the person, his quality and capital are not sufficient in connection with an enterprise which may come to be of such vast importance, and one requiring greater backing and a method of proceeding other than what is now thought and deemed sufficient; for, even looking at the matter from the utilitarian point of view, although he make the journey at his own cost and without any expense to Your Majesty, it seems to be of little moment whether he goes for gain and in order not to lose the chance of good fortune, but of great importance the hazarding of not only the repute which would be lost among these nations of Indians if the natives of that country should repel this man and his people, butthis is the principal thing involvedthat of the conscience and authority of the royal person of Your Majesty.Letter from the viceroy of New Spain to the king of Spain, concerning a proposed expedition to the Carolinas, ca. 1596Source 2"We, greatly commending, and graciously accepting of, their Desires for the Furtherance of so noble a Work, which may, by the Providence of Almighty God, hereafter tend to the Glory of his Divine Majesty, in propagating of Christian Religion to such People, as yet live in Darkness and miserable Ignorance of the true Knowledge and Worship of God, and may in time bring the Infidels and Savages, living in those parts, to human Civility, and to a settled and quiet Government: DO, by these our Letters Patents, graciously accept of, and agree to, their humble and well-intended Desires; "And do therefore, for Us, our Heirs, and Successors, GRANT and agree, that the said Sir Thomas Gates, Sir George Somers, Richard Hackluit, and Edward-Maria Wingfield, Adventurers of and for our City of London, and all such others, as are, or shall be, joined unto them of that Colony, shall be called the first Colony; And they shall and may begin their said first Plantation and Habitation, at any Place upon the said-Coast of Virginia.Charter given by the king of England to establish the Jamestown colony, ca. 1606The information presented in the two passages best supports which of the following comparative statements about Englands and Spains expansion in the Americas?Both England and Spain committed significant resources to expanding their territory.Both England and Spain were concerned about the abuses of colonists.Both England and Spain were careful to avoid conflict with indigenous peoples.Both England and Spain presented their actions as moral.
Refer to the two passages.Source 1"The national college, or Han-lin-yuen, is a body of learned doctors, who have arrived at the most extensive celebrity, and are the guardians of Chinese literature. They are eligible to the highest offices of state, and exercise great influence in the most important affairs of government. Their learning consists in the knowledge of the Chinese classics, works which a schoolboy cons, and a Hanlin explains. General knowledge is excluded from this department. If they can write a good essay, discourse upon the doctrines of Confucius, and unite with this a knowledge of their own country, and a few imperfect geographical notions, they are truly learned men. But wo unto him who should be daring enough to utter anything beyond what Confucius has taught. Their learning does not consist in examining, but in blindly following established principles.Observations of 18th-century Qing government in China by Charles Gutzlaff, from A Sketch of Chinese History, Ancient and Modern, 1834Source 2"Wherever we see the word of God sincerely preached and heard, wherever we see the sacraments administered according to the institution of Christ, there we cannot have any doubt that the Church of God has some existence, since his promise cannot fail, Where two or three are gathered together in my name, there am I in the midst of them (Mt. 18:20).John Calvin, Protestant reformer, in the fourth book of his anthology The Institutes of the Christian Religion, ca. 1559Which of the following best explains why reform of belief systems may have been more socially accepted in Europe than in China between 1450 and 1750?The spread of Catholicism into China negated calls for reform.Confucianism strictly adhered to established doctrines. The ruling classes of China forbade any religious practice. Buddhism was already widely practiced and left no room for reform.
Refer to the two passages.Source 1"By opening a new and inexhaustible market to all the commodities of Europe, it gave occasion to new divisions of labour and improvements of art, which in the narrow circle of the ancient commerce could never have taken place, for want of a market to take off the greater part of their produce. The productive powers of labour were improved, and its produce increased in all the different countries of Europe, and together with it the real revenue and wealth of the inhabitants. The commodities of Europe were almost all new to America, and many of those of America were new to Europe. A new set of exchanges, therefore, began to take place, which had never been thought of before, and which should naturally have proved as advantageous to the new, as it certainly did to the old continent. The savage injustice of the Europeans rendered an event, which ought to have been beneficial to all, ruinous and destructive to several of those unfortunate countries.Adam Smith, An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, 1776Source 2"Throughout the Seventeenth century the economic system of the tobacco colonies depended upon the labor of the poor white man . . . in the Eighteenth century it rested chiefly upon the black shoulders of the African slave."There could be no manner of doubt as to the desirability of the slaves from an economic standpoint, apparently the only standpoint that received serious consideration. The indentured servant could be held usually for but a few years. Hardly had he reached his greatest usefulness for his master than he demanded his freedom. Thus for the man of large means to keep his fields always in cultivation it was necessary constantly to renew his supply of laborers. If he required twenty hands, he must import each year some five or six servants, or run the risk of finding himself running behind. But the slave served for life. The planter who had purchased a full supply of negroes could feel that his labor problems were settled once and for all. Not only could he hold the slaves themselves for life, but their children also became his property and took their places in the tobacco fields as soon as they approached maturity.Thomas J. Wertenbaker, The Planters of Colonial Virginia, 1922The historical accounts discussed in Source 1 are best seen as evidence of Western Europes transition to which of the following economic systems in the period from 1450 to 1750?FeudalismMercantilismSharecroppingSocialism