Advanced Placement (AP)

Refer to the passage."And the persons who have the said native Americans in their charge shall have them sow, in season, half a fang of maize, and shall also give them a dozen hens and a chicken to raise and enjoy the fruit thereof, the chickens as well as the eggs; and as soon as the Indians are brought to the estates they shall be given all the aforesaid as their own property; and the person whom you send for this purpose shall tell them it is for their own use and that it is given them in exchange for what they are leaving behind, to enjoy as their own property. And we command that the persons to whom they are given in encomienda shall keep it for them so that they may enjoy it as their own; and we command that this property shall not be sold or taken from them by any person to whom they may be given in encomienda, or by anyone else, but that it shall belong to the said Indians to whom it is assigned and to their descendants, even though this said person sell the estate in which they are.Excerpt from the Laws of Burgos regarding regulations of the encomienda system within the Spanish colonies, 1512Which of the following best explains how the Laws of Burgos affected the social hierarchy of the Spanish colonies in the Americas?They allowed indigenous populations to acquire property and raise their status in Spanish society.They allowed indigenous populations to maintain traditional societal roles and thus preserve their social status.They allowed Spanish settlers to reinforce their power and social status despite minimal concessions to indigenous people. They allowed Spanish settlers to have more power over the indigenous populations and moved Spanish settlers to the top of the social hierarchy.
Refer to the two passages.Source 1"The national college, or Han-lin-yuen, is a body of learned doctors, who have arrived at the most extensive celebrity, and are the guardians of Chinese literature. They are eligible to the highest offices of state, and exercise great influence in the most important affairs of government. Their learning consists in the knowledge of the Chinese classics, works which a schoolboy cons, and a Hanlin explains. General knowledge is excluded from this department. If they can write a good essay, discourse upon the doctrines of Confucius, and unite with this a knowledge of their own country, and a few imperfect geographical notions, they are truly learned men. But wo unto him who should be daring enough to utter anything beyond what Confucius has taught. Their learning does not consist in examining, but in blindly following established principles.Observations of 18th-century Qing government in China by Charles Gutzlaff, from A Sketch of Chinese History, Ancient and Modern, 1834Source 2"Wherever we see the word of God sincerely preached and heard, wherever we see the sacraments administered according to the institution of Christ, there we cannot have any doubt that the Church of God has some existence, since his promise cannot fail, Where two or three are gathered together in my name, there am I in the midst of them (Mt. 18:20).John Calvin, Protestant reformer, in the fourth book of his anthology The Institutes of the Christian Religion, ca. 1559Compared to the concepts discussed in Source 2, Catholic and Confucian beliefs between 1450 and 1750 were similar in that they contributed to which of the following?A clergy class largely separate from politicsNumerous schisms among leaders in the belief systemA decline in literacy among the general populationA belief structure tightly aligned to the state