Advanced Placement (AP)
Read the excerpt from "Atalanta, the Fleet-Footed Huntress."With the warriors from the south came Atalanta, armed with bow and arrows and a long hunting spear.My daughters are having a game of ball in the garden, said the king to the huntress. Would you like to put away your arrows and your spear and go play with them? Atalanta shook her head and lifted her chin in disdain.Perhaps you would rather stay with the queen, and look at the women spin and weave, said the king.No, answered Atalanta. I am going with the warriors to hunt the wild boar in the forest.The men gasped. They had never heard of such a thing as a girl going out with heroes to hunt wild boars. If she goes, then I will not, muttered one. Nor will I, said another, a little more loudly. Why, the whole world would laugh at us, and we should never hear the end of it. Nor will I, exclaimed a third. The hunt is for heroes, not for girls.Many of the men guffawed and hooted at the young huntress. But Atalanta only grasped her spear more firmly and stood tall and straight in the gateway of the palace.Which detail best supports the inference that Atalanta struggles to overcome gender stereotypes?A)But Atalanta only grasped her spear more firmly and stood tall and straight in the gateway of the palace."B)'The hunt is for heroes, not for girls.'C)"Atalanta shook her head and lifted her chin in disdain."D)"With the warriors from the south came Atalanta, armed with bow and arrows and a long hunting spear."
Refer to the two passages.Source 1"By opening a new and inexhaustible market to all the commodities of Europe, it gave occasion to new divisions of labour and improvements of art, which in the narrow circle of the ancient commerce could never have taken place, for want of a market to take off the greater part of their produce. The productive powers of labour were improved, and its produce increased in all the different countries of Europe, and together with it the real revenue and wealth of the inhabitants. The commodities of Europe were almost all new to America, and many of those of America were new to Europe. A new set of exchanges, therefore, began to take place, which had never been thought of before, and which should naturally have proved as advantageous to the new, as it certainly did to the old continent. The savage injustice of the Europeans rendered an event, which ought to have been beneficial to all, ruinous and destructive to several of those unfortunate countries.Adam Smith, An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, 1776Source 2"Throughout the Seventeenth century the economic system of the tobacco colonies depended upon the labor of the poor white man . . . in the Eighteenth century it rested chiefly upon the black shoulders of the African slave."There could be no manner of doubt as to the desirability of the slaves from an economic standpoint, apparently the only standpoint that received serious consideration. The indentured servant could be held usually for but a few years. Hardly had he reached his greatest usefulness for his master than he demanded his freedom. Thus for the man of large means to keep his fields always in cultivation it was necessary constantly to renew his supply of laborers. If he required twenty hands, he must import each year some five or six servants, or run the risk of finding himself running behind. But the slave served for life. The planter who had purchased a full supply of negroes could feel that his labor problems were settled once and for all. Not only could he hold the slaves themselves for life, but their children also became his property and took their places in the tobacco fields as soon as they approached maturity.Thomas J. Wertenbaker, The Planters of Colonial Virginia, 1922Which of the following best reflects the effect of the economic changes described in Source 1 on the institutions of 18th-century colonial Virginia discussed in Source 2?Virginia transformed into a penal colony supported by indentured servants.Virginians dissolved their tobacco plantations in favor of new cotton plantations.Virginias tobacco farmers became increasingly dependent upon the transatlantic slave trade.Virginians grew disenchanted with the Columbian exchange and focused more on self-subsistence.
Refer to the passage."As we have said, all the towns of the region stood amid fertile lands of their own. Each of the settlers took up residence in the town allotted to him (or encommended to him as the legal phrase has it), put the inhabitants to work for him, stole their already scarce foodstuffs for himself and took over the lands owned and worked by the natives and on which they traditionally grew their own produce. The settler would treat the whole of the native populationdignitaries, old men, women and childrenas members of his household and, as such, make them labour night and day in his own interests, without any rest whatever; even the small children, as soon as they could stand, were made to do as much as they could, and more. Thus have the settlers exterminated the few indigenous people who have survived, stripping them of their houses and all their possessions and leaving them nothing for themselves (and these abuses continue to this day). In this regard, their treatment of the locals here has been even worse than on Hispaniola.Bartolom de Las Casas, A Short Account of the Destruction of the Indies, 1542 Which of the following best reflects an effect on indigenous populations in Spanish colonies in reaction to the views expressed in the passage?The opportunity to advance politically due to the changing views of Spanish rulersThe prospect for economic growth due to improved relations with Spanish rulers The establishment of social equality to address problems associated with colonialism The creation of laws improving treatment and working conditions within the forced-labor system
Refer to the two passages.Source 1"A reconsideration was necessary; for, it seemed to me, with regard to the person, his quality and capital are not sufficient in connection with an enterprise which may come to be of such vast importance, and one requiring greater backing and a method of proceeding other than what is now thought and deemed sufficient; for, even looking at the matter from the utilitarian point of view, although he make the journey at his own cost and without any expense to Your Majesty, it seems to be of little moment whether he goes for gain and in order not to lose the chance of good fortune, but of great importance the hazarding of not only the repute which would be lost among these nations of Indians if the natives of that country should repel this man and his people, butthis is the principal thing involvedthat of the conscience and authority of the royal person of Your Majesty.Letter from the viceroy of New Spain to the king of Spain, concerning a proposed expedition to the Carolinas, ca. 1596Source 2"We, greatly commending, and graciously accepting of, their Desires for the Furtherance of so noble a Work, which may, by the Providence of Almighty God, hereafter tend to the Glory of his Divine Majesty, in propagating of Christian Religion to such People, as yet live in Darkness and miserable Ignorance of the true Knowledge and Worship of God, and may in time bring the Infidels and Savages, living in those parts, to human Civility, and to a settled and quiet Government: DO, by these our Letters Patents, graciously accept of, and agree to, their humble and well-intended Desires;"And do therefore, for Us, our Heirs, and Successors, GRANT and agree, that the said Sir Thomas Gates, Sir George Somers, Richard Hackluit, and Edward-Maria Wingfield, Adventurers of and for our City of London, and all such others, as are, or shall be, joined unto them of that Colony, shall be called the first Colony; And they shall and may begin their said first Plantation and Habitation, at any Place upon the said-Coast of Virginia.Charter given by the king of England to establish the Jamestown colony, ca. 1606What difference in colonial policy is shown by the two passages?Spain insisted on royal control of colonies; England experimented with private control.Spain viewed indigenous populations with respect; England viewed them with paternalism.Spain was concerned with political authority; England was concerned with spreading religion.Spain had utilitarian reasons for colonization; England wanted to achieve greater glory.