The hydro energy system design using impulse turbine in a rural area available with river flow from its hilltop requires several inputs to be considered. Radius of nozzle will be 28.2 mm. There is a direct relationship between the flow of water and radius of the jet nozzles.
Here are the details of the hydro-energy system design with an impulse turbine and other components.
Efficiency of the turbine/electrical generator combination: please define accordingly.
Flow = (Power x 1000) / (head x gravity x efficiency)
Flow = (1 x 100000) / (250 x 9.81 x 0.85)
Flow = 4.28 m3/s
Minimum radius of the jet nozzle:
Radius of nozzle = √ (4 x Area of the jet / π) = √ (4 x 0.00314 / 3.14) = 0.0282 m = 28.2 mm.
Relationship between flow of water and radius of the jet nozzles:
By decreasing the radius of the jet nozzles, the velocity of the water will increase, which will result in more energy in the form of kinetic energy. As the velocity of the water increases, so does the power generated.
Therefore, there is a direct relationship between the flow of water and radius of the jet nozzles.
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Consider the LTI discrete-time system given by the transfer function H(z)= z+1
1
. a) Write the difference equation describing the system. Use v to denote the input signal and y to denote the output signal. b) Recall that the system's behaviour consists of input/output pairs (v,y) that satisfy the systems's input/output differential equation. Does there exists a pair (v,y) in the system's behaviour with both v and y bounded and nonzero? If "yes" give an example of such a signal v and determine the corresponding signal y; if "no" explain why not. c) Repeat part b) with v bounded but y unbounded. d) Repeat part b) with both v and y unbounded. e) Is this system Bounded-Input-Bounded-Output (BIBO) stable? Explain your answer. f) Repeat parts a), b), c), d) and e) for an LTI discrete-time system given by the transfer function H(z)= z
1
.
The LTI discrete-time system has a transfer function H(z) = z+11. The difference equation describing the system is obtained by equating the output y[n] to the input v[n] multiplied by the transfer function H(z).
The system's behavior with bounded and nonzero input/output pairs depends on the properties of the transfer function. For this specific transfer function, it is possible to find input/output pairs with both v and y bounded and nonzero.
However, it is not possible to find input/output pairs where v is bounded but y is unbounded. It is also not possible to find input/output pairs where both v and y are unbounded. The system is Bounded-Input-Bounded-Output (BIBO) stable if all bounded inputs result in bounded outputs.
a) The difference equation describing the system is y[n] = v[n](z+11).
b) Yes, there exists a pair (v, y) in the system's behavior with both v and y bounded and nonzero. For example, let v[n] = 1 for all n. Substituting this value into the difference equation, we have y[n] = 1(z+11), which is bounded and nonzero.
c) No, it is not possible to find input/output pairs where v is bounded but y is unbounded. Since the transfer function, H(z) = z+11 is a proper rational function, it does not have any poles at z=0. Therefore, when v[n] is bounded, y[n] will also be bounded.
d) No, it is not possible to find input/output pairs where both v and y are unbounded. The transfer function H(z) = z+11 does not have any poles at infinity, indicating that the system cannot amplify or grow the input signal indefinitely.
e) The system is Bounded-Input-Bounded-Output (BIBO) stable because all bounded inputs result in bounded outputs. Since the transfer function H(z) = z+11 does not have any poles outside the unit circle in the complex plane, it ensures that bounded inputs will produce bounded outputs.
f) For the LTI discrete-time system with transfer function H(z) = z1, the difference equation is y[n] = v[n]z. The analysis for parts b), c), d), and e) can be repeated for this transfer function.
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Consider the elementary gas Phase reaction of AB+2c which is Carried out at 300k in a membrane flow Yeactor where B is diffusing out. Pure enters the reactor at lo am and 300k and a molar flow rate of 2.5 mol. The reaction rate Constant are K₁=0.0441" and min min Kc =0.025 L² The membrane transport =0,025L² пот Coeffent xc= 0.08½ e 1) what is the equilibrium conversion for this reaction? 2) write a set of ODE caution and explicit equations needed to solve For the molar flow rates down the length of the reactor.
1. The equilibrium conversion for the reaction is -0.296.
2. To solve for the molar flow rates down the length of the reactor, we can use the following set of ODE equations:
a. Material balance for A: [tex]\frac{d}{dz} F_A=r_A-X_C[/tex]
b. Material balance for B: [tex]\frac{d}{dz}F_B=-X[/tex]
c. Material balance for C: [tex]\frac{d}{dz}F_C=2r_A[/tex]
The equilibrium constant expression for the given reaction is:
[tex]K_c=\frac{[B][C]^2}{[A]}[/tex]
At equilibrium, the rate of the forward reaction is equal to the rate of the backward reaction. Therefore, we can set up the following equation:
[tex]K_c[/tex] = (rate of backward reaction) / (rate of forward reaction)
Since the rate of the backward reaction is the rate at which B is diffusing out ([tex]X_c[/tex]), and the rate of the forward reaction is proportional to the concentration of A, we have:
[tex]K_c=\frac{X_c}{[A]}[/tex]
Rearranging the equation, we can solve for [A]:
[tex][A]=\frac{X_c}{K_c}[/tex]
Given that [tex]X_c[/tex] = 0.081[tex]s^{-1}[/tex] and [tex]K_c[/tex] = 0.025 [tex]\frac{L^2}{mol^2}[/tex], we can substitute these values to calculate [A]:
[A] = 0.081 / 0.025 = 3.24 mol/L
Now, we can calculate the equilibrium conversion:
[tex]X_e_q[/tex] = (initial molar flow rate of A - [A]) / (initial molar flow rate of A)
= (2.5 - 3.24) / 2.5 = -0.296
The OED equations mentioned above represent the rate of change of molar flow rates with respect to the length of the reactor (dz). The terms [tex]r_A[/tex], [tex]r_B[/tex], and [tex]r_C[/tex] represent the rates of the forward reaction for A, B, and C, respectively.
Using the rate equation for an elementary reaction, the rate of the forward reaction can be expressed as: [tex]r_A[/tex] = [tex]k_1 * [A][/tex]
where [tex]k_1[/tex] is the rate constant (given as 0.0441/min).
Substituting this into equation (a), we have:
[tex]\frac{d}{dz}F_a=k_1*[A]-X_c[/tex]
Substituting [A] = [tex]\frac{F_A}{V}[/tex] (molar flow rate of A divided by the volume of the reactor) and rearranging, we get:
[tex]\frac{d}{dz} F_A=k_1*(\frac{F_A}{V})-X_c[/tex]
Similarly, equation (b) becomes:
[tex]\frac{d}{dz} F_B=-X_c[/tex]
And equation (c) becomes:
[tex]\frac{d}{dz} F_C=2*k_1*(\frac{F_A}{V})[/tex]
These equations represent the set of ODEs needed to solve for the molar flow rates down the length of the reactor
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Toggle state means output changes to opposite state by applying.. b) X 1 =..... c) CLK, T inputs in T flip flop are Asynchronous input............. (True/False) d) How many JK flip flop are needed to construct Mod-9 ripple counter..... in flon, Show all the inputs and outputs. The
For a Mod-9 ripple counter, we need ⌈log2 9⌉ = 4 flip-flops. The first column represents the clock input, and the rest of the columns represent the output Q of each flip-flop.
Toggle state means output changes to opposite state by applying A pulse with a width of one clock period is applied to the T input of a T flip-flop. The statement is given as false as the Asynchronous inputs for the T flip-flop are SET and RESET.
Explanation: As the question requires us to answer multiple parts, we will look at each one of them one by one.(b) X1 = 150:When X1 = 150, it represents a hexadecimal number. Converting this to binary, we have;15010 = 0001 0101 00002Therefore, X1 in binary is 0001 0101 0000.(c) CLK, T inputs in T flip flop are Asynchronous input (True/False)Asynchronous inputs in a T flip-flop are SET and RESET, not CLK and T. Therefore, the statement is false.(d) How many JK flip flop are needed to construct Mod-9 ripple counter in flon, Show all the inputs and outputs.The number of flip-flops required to construct a Mod-N ripple counter is given by the formula:No. of Flip-Flops = ⌈log2 N⌉.
Therefore, for a Mod-9 ripple counter, we need ⌈log2 9⌉ = 4 flip-flops. The following table represents the inputs and outputs of the counter.The first column represents the clock input, and the rest of the columns represent the output Q of each flip-flop.
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Symbolize the following using the indicated abbreviations. e = Earth m= Mars Cx = x has CARBON DIOXIDE Ex = x has an ELLIPTICAL orbit Fx = x is a FLYING saucer Dx = x is too DRY Hx = x is too HOT Ix = x evolves INTELLIGENT beings Lx = x supports LIFE Mx = x is a MOON Nx = x has NITROGEN Ox = x is OUT of his mind Px = x is a PLANET Sx = x is a UFO SPOTTER Tx=x is being TRICKED Wx= x has WATER
Abbreviations can be very useful in conveying information and saving space. They are particularly important in scientific and technical writing where large amounts of information need to be conveyed in a concise format.
Given that, let's represent the following terms using the given abbreviations.e = Earth m = Mars Cx = x has CARBON DIOXIDE Ex = x has an ELLIPTICAL orbit Fx = x is a FLYING saucer Dx = x is too DRY Hx = x is too HOT Ix = x evolves INTELLIGENT beings Lx = x supports LIFE Mx = x is a MOON Nx = x has NITROGEN Ox = x is OUT of his mind Px = x is a PLANET Sx = x is a UFO SPOTTER Tx = x is being TRICKED Wx = x has WATERSome additional information about the planets and heavenly bodies listed above is as follows:Earth (e) is a rocky planet that is not too hot, too cold, or too dry, and it has a large amount of water on its surface.
Mars (m) is a rocky planet that is too cold and dry, and it has a thin atmosphere that is mostly composed of carbon dioxide.Venus (Vx) is a rocky planet that is too hot, and it has a thick atmosphere that is mostly composed of carbon dioxide.Mercury (Mx) is a rocky planet that is too hot and too close to the sun.Moon (Lx) is a natural satellite that supports life and has a nitrogen-rich atmosphere. It is tidally locked with its planet, meaning that one side always faces the planet.
Planet X (Px) is an unknown planet that is thought to exist beyond the orbit of Neptune. It has not been observed directly, but its existence is inferred from the gravitational influence it exerts on other objects in the Kuiper Belt. It may be a gas giant or a super-Earth.UFO Spotter (Sx) is a person who searches for unidentified flying objects.Tricked (Tx) means being deceived by someone or something.
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(a) A typical filter is designed using n L-C sections. A load impedance Zo is connected in parallel to the last section. (i) For matched network, derive Zo in terms of the other circuit parameters. (4 Marks) (ii) Derive the constant k, the ratio of the voltage level at (n+1)th to that at the nth section in terms of L and C components and angular frequency (w). (5 Marks) (iii) Prove that the voltage Vn+1 = K"Vs, where Vs is the source voltage. (3 Marks)
The value of k in terms of L and C components and simplifying the equation, we can show that the voltage Vn+1 is equal to K"Vs, where K" is a constant determined by the circuit parameters.
Derive the expressions for the load impedance, the constant ratio, and prove the voltage relationship in a typical filter design with n L-C sections connected in parallel with a load impedance?For a matched network, the load impedance Zo can be derived in terms of the other circuit parameters as:
Zo = √(Ln / Cn)
where Ln is the inductance of the nth section and Cn is the capacitance of the nth section.
The constant k, which represents the voltage ratio between the (n+1)th and nth sections, can be derived in terms of the L and C components and angular frequency (w) as:
k = √(Cn+1 / Cn) * √(Ln / Ln+1) * exp(-jw√(LnCn))
where Cn+1 is the capacitance of the (n+1)th section and Ln+1 is the inductance of the (n+1)th section.
To prove that the voltage Vn+1 is equal to K"Vs, where Vs is the source voltage, we can use the relationship between voltage ratios and the constant k:
Vn+1 = k * Vn
Vn = k * Vn-1
...
V2 = k * V1
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Realize the given expression Vout= ((AB) + C). E) using a. CMOS Transmission gate logic b. Dynamic CMOS logic; c. Zipper CMOS circuit d. Domino CMOS
The expression Vout = ((AB) + C) E) can be realized using various CMOS logic styles. Among them are a) CMOS Transmission gate logic, b) Dynamic CMOS logic, c) Zipper CMOS circuit, and d) Domino CMOS.
a) CMOS Transmission gate logic: In this approach, transmission gates are used to implement the logical operations. The expression ((AB) + C) E) can be achieved by connecting transmission gates in a specific configuration to realize the required logic.b) Dynamic CMOS logic: Dynamic CMOS is a logic style that uses a precharge phase and an evaluation phase to implement logic functions. It is efficient in terms of area and power consumption. The given expression can be implemented using dynamic CMOS by appropriately designing the precharge and evaluation phases to perform the required logical operations.
c) Zipper CMOS circuit: Zipper CMOS is a circuit technique that combines CMOS transmission gates and static CMOS logic to achieve efficient implementations. By using zipper CMOS circuitry, the expression ((AB) + C) E) can be realized by combining the appropriate configurations of transmission gates and static CMOS logic gates.d) Domino CMOS: Domino CMOS is a dynamic logic family that utilizes a domino effect to implement logic functions. It is known for its high-speed operation but requires careful timing considerations. The given expression can be implemented using Domino CMOS by designing a sequence of domino gates to perform the logical operations.
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An infinitely long filament on the x-axis carries a current of 10 mA in the k direction. Find H at P(3,2,1) m. 2) Determine the inductance per unit length of a coaxial cable with an inner radius a and outer radius b
(a) The magnetic field intensity (H) at point P(3, 2, 1) m is 0.045 milliampere/meter in the k direction.
(b) The inductance per unit length of a coaxial cable with inner radius a and outer radius b can be calculated using the formula L = μ₀/2π * ln(b/a), where L is the inductance per unit length, μ₀ is the permeability of free space, and ln is the natural logarithm.
(a) To calculate the magnetic field intensity at point P, we can use the Biot-Savart law. Since the filament is infinitely long, the magnetic field produced by it will be perpendicular to the line connecting the filament to point P. Therefore, the magnetic field will only have a k component. Using the formula H = I/(2πr), where I is the current and r is the distance from the filament, we can substitute the given values to find H.
(b) The inductance per unit length of a coaxial cable is determined by the natural logarithm of the ratio of the outer radius to the inner radius. By substituting the values into the formula L = μ₀/2π * ln(b/a), where μ₀ is a constant value, we can calculate the inductance per unit length.
(a) The magnetic field intensity at point P(3, 2, 1) m due to the infinitely long filament carrying a current of 10 mA in the k direction is 0.045 milliampere/meter in the k direction.
(b) The inductance per unit length of a coaxial cable with inner radius a and outer radius b can be determined using the formula L = μ₀/2π * ln(b/a), where μ₀ is the permeability of free space.
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a) Design a safety relief system with proper sizing for the chlorine storage tank (chlorine stored as liquefied compressed gas). You may furnish the system with your assumptions. b) Describe the relief scenario for the chlorine stortage tank in part (a).
Design for a Safety Relief System for a Chlorine Storage Tank:
Assumptions:
The storage tank will contain liquid chlorine under a pressure of 100 pounds per square inch (psi).The tank's maximum capacity will be 1000 gallons.The safety relief system aims to prevent the tank pressure from surpassing 125 psi.My design of the safety relief system?The safety relief system will comprise a pressure relief valve, a discharge pipeline, and a flare stack.
The pressure relief valve will be calibrated to activate at a pressure of 125 psi.
The discharge pipeline will be dimensioned to allow controlled and safe release of the entire tank's contents.
The flare stack will serve the purpose of safely igniting and burning off the chlorine gas discharged from the tank.
The relief Scenario include:
In the event of the tank pressure exceeding 125 psi, the pressure relief valve will initiate operation.Chlorine gas will flow through the discharge pipeline and into the flare stack.The flare stack will effectively and securely burn off the released chlorine gas.Learn about pressure valve here https://brainly.com/question/30628158
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Given a system with transfer function K(s+a) H(s) where K,a,b are adjustable parameters. (s+b) (a) Determine values for K, a, and b such the system has a lowpass response with peak gain=20dB and fc-100Hz. Plot the magnitude response. K= a= b= INSERT THE GRAPH HERE (b) Determine values for K, a, and b such the system has a highpass response with peak gain=20dB and fc-100Hz. Plot the magnitude response. K= a= b= INSERT THE GRAPH HERE
The values of K, a, and b for the given transfer function are K = 10^1, a = 10^(-8), and b = 10^(-5). The values of K, a, and b for the given transfer function are K = 10^1, a = 10^(-8), and b = 10^(-5).
Given a system with the transfer function as K(s + a)H(s)(s + b)
The equation for the frequency response of the given system is as follows: H(jω) = K(jω + a) / (jω + b)
The peak gain in decibels is given by the formula as follows:
Peak gain = 20 logs |K| − 20 log|b − aωc|
Where ωc = 2πfcK = 20/|H(jωp)|,
where ωp is the pole frequency for the given transfer function.
Thus the peak gain occurs at the pole frequency of the transfer function.
K (jωp + a) / (jωp + b) = K / (b - aωp)ωp = √(b/a) x fc
Thus the peak gain formula reduces to:
20 dB = 20 logs |K| − 20 log|b − aωc|20
= 20 logs |K| − 20 log|b − a√(b/a) fc|1
= log|K| − log|b − a√(b/a)fc|1 + log|b − a√(b/a)fc|
= log|K|Log|K|
= 1 - log|b − a√(b/a)fc|log|K|
= log 10 - log|b − a√(b/a)fc|log|K|
= log [1/(b − a√(b/a)fc)]K = 1/(b − a√(b/a)fc)
The low-pass filter transfer function is given by the following formula: H(s) = K / (s + b)
The value of a determines the roll-off rate of the transfer function. For a second-order filter, the pole frequency must be ten times smaller than the corner frequency.
The pole frequency of a second-order filter is given as follows:
ωp = √(b/a) x factor fc = 100Hz,
the value of ωp is given as follows:ωp = √(b/a) x 100√(b/a) = ωp / 100
For a second-order filter, the value of √(b/a) is 10.ωp = 10 x 100 = 1000 rad/s
The value of b is calculated as follows: 20 dB = 20 log|K| − 20 log|b − aωc|20
= 20 log|K| − 20 log|b − a√(b/a) fc|1
= log|K| − log|b − a√(b/a)fc|1 + log|b − a√(b/a)fc|
= log|K|Log|K|
= 1 - log|b − a√(b/a)fc|log|K|
= log 10 - log|b − a√(b/a)fc|log|K|
= log [1/(b − a√(b/a)fc)]K
= 1/(b − a√(b/a)fc)b
= [K / 10^(20/20)]^2 / a
= (1/100)K^2 / a
The value of a is calculated as follows:
a = (b/ωp)^2a = (b/1000)^2
Substituting the value of b in terms of K and a:
a = (K^2 / (10000a))^2a
= K^4 / 10^8a = 1 / (10^8 K^4)
Substituting the value of an in terms of b:
b = K^2 / (10^5 K^4)
The value of K, a, and b for the low-pass filter response with peak gain = 20dB and fc = 100Hz is given as follows:
K = 10^1b = 10^(-5)a = 10^(-8)
Therefore, the values of K, a, and b for the given transfer function are
K = 10^1, a = 10^(-8), and b = 10^(-5).
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The following polynomial is the system function for an FIR filter: H(z) = 1+z¹+z²+z³ (a) Factor the polynomial and plot its roots in the complex plane. (b) Break H(z) into the cascade of two "smaller" systems: a first-order FIR and a second-order FIR. (c) Draw a signal flow graph for each of the "small" FIR systems, using block diagrams consisting of adders, multipliers and unit-delays.
Correct answer is (a) The factored polynomial for H(z) = 1 + z + z² + z³ is: H(z) = (1 + z)(1 + z + z²).
(b) The cascade of two "smaller" systems for H(z) = 1 + z + z² + z³ can be broken down as follows:
H(z) = H₁(z) * H₂(z), where H₁(z) is a first-order FIR system and H₂(z) is a second-order FIR system.
(c) Signal flow graphs for each of the "smaller" FIR systems can be represented using block diagrams consisting of adders, multipliers, and unit-delays.
(a) To factor the polynomial H(z) = 1 + z + z² + z³, we can observe that it is a sum of consecutive powers of z. Factoring out z, we get:
H(z) = z³(1/z³ + 1/z² + 1/z + 1).
Simplifying, we have:
H(z) = z³(1/z³ + 1/z² + 1/z + 1)
= z³(1/z³ + 1/z² + z/z³ + z²/z³)
= z³[(1 + z + z² + z³)/z³]
= z³/z³ * (1 + z + z² + z³)
= 1 + z + z² + z³.
Therefore, the factored form of the polynomial is H(z) = (1 + z)(1 + z + z²).
To plot the roots in the complex plane, we set H(z) = 0 and solve for z:
(1 + z)(1 + z + z²) = 0.
Setting each factor equal to zero, we have:
1 + z = 0 -> z = -1
1 + z + z² = 0.
Solving the quadratic equation, we find the remaining roots:
z = (-1 ± √(1 - 4))/2
= (-1 ± √(-3))/2.
Since the square root of a negative number results in imaginary values, the roots are complex numbers. The roots of H(z) = 1 + z + z² + z³ are: z = -1, (-1 ± √(-3))/2.
(b) The cascade of two "smaller" systems can be obtained by factoring H(z) = 1 + z + z² + z³ as follows:
H(z) = (1 + z)(1 + z + z²).
Therefore, the cascade of two "smaller" systems is:
H₁(z) = 1 + z
H₂(z) = 1 + z + z².
(c) The signal flow graph for each of the "small" FIR systems can be represented using block diagrams consisting of adders, multipliers, and unit-delays. Here is a graphical representation of the signal flow graph for each system.Signal flow graph for H₁(z):
+----(+)----> y₁
| /|
x ---->| / |
| / |
|/ |
+----(z⁻¹)
Signal flow graph for H₂(z):
+----(+)----(+)----> y₂
| /| /|
x ---->| / | / |
| / | / |
|/ |/ |
+----(z⁻¹)|
|
+----(z⁻²)
(a) The polynomial H(z) = 1 + z + z² + z³ can be factored as H(z) = (1 + z)(1 + z + z²). The roots of the polynomial in the complex plane are -1 and (-1 ± √(-3))/2.
(b) The cascade of two "smaller" systems for H(z) is H₁(z) = 1 + z (a first-order FIR system) and H₂(z) = 1 + z + z² (a second-order FIR system).
(c) The signal flow graph for H₁(z) consists of an adder, a unit-delay, and an output. The signal flow graph for H₂(z) consists of two adders, two unit-delays, and an output.
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An improper poly-gate ordering may result in extra silicon area for diffusion-to- diffusion separation. We therefore employ the "Euler-path" method to obtain optimized gate order and hence minimum layout area and parasitic capacitance. Explain why this approach can also lead to minimum parasitic capacitance ?
The Euler-path method can lead to minimum parasitic capacitance because it enables us to create optimal gate orders.
Implementing optimized gate orders, it's possible to reduce the layout area, resulting in a corresponding decrease in parasitic capacitance. When implementing poly-gate ordering, one may encounter a situation where improper ordering results in excess silicon area required for diffusion-to-diffusion separation.
Hence, to obtain an optimized gate order that leads to minimal layout area and parasitic capacitance, we use the "Euler-path" method. This is a useful technique since it ensures that the layout area is kept to a minimum, leading to a decrease in parasitic capacitance.
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Suppose that we are given the following information about an causal LTI system and system impulse response h[n]:
1.The system is causal.
2.The system function H(z) is rational and has only two poles, at z=1/4 and z=1.
3.If input x[n]=(-1)n, then output y[n]=0.
4.h[infty]=1 and h[0]=3/2.
Please find H(z).
The system function H(z) of the given causal LTI system can be determined using the provided information. It is a rational function with two poles at z=1/4 and z=1.
Let's consider the given system's impulse response h[n]. Since h[n] represents the response of the system to an impulse input, it can be considered as the system's impulse response function. Given that the system is causal, h[n] must be equal to zero for n less than zero.
From the information provided, we know that h[0] = 3/2 and h[infinity] = 1. This indicates that the system response gradually decreases from h[0] towards h[infinity]. Additionally, when the input x[n] = (-1)^n is applied to the system, the output y[n] is zero. This implies that the system is symmetric or has a zero-phase response.
We can deduce the system function H(z) based on the given information. The poles of H(z) are the values of z for which the denominator of the transfer function becomes zero. Since we have two poles at z = 1/4 and z = 1, the denominator of H(z) must include factors (z - 1/4) and (z - 1).
To determine the numerator of H(z), we consider that h[n] represents the impulse response. The impulse response is related to the system function by the inverse Z-transform. By taking the Z-transform of h[n] and using the linearity property, we can equate it to the Z-transform of the output y[n] = 0. Solving this equation will help us find the coefficients of the numerator polynomial of H(z).
In conclusion, the system function H(z) for the given causal LTI system is a rational function with two poles at z = 1/4 and z = 1. The specific form of H(z) can be determined by solving the equations obtained from the impulse response and output constraints.
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Discuss the effect of β, on the order of centrality measures of connected graph? Suppose, for a given β, node A has more centrality then node B, Can we reverse the effect, by choosing different β i.e. node B, now will have more centrality then node A? [4 Marks]
The effect of β on the order of centrality measures in a connected graph can influence the relative centrality of nodes. By choosing different values of β, it is possible to reverse the centrality order between two nodes, i.e., node A and node B. The explanation below will provide a detailed understanding of this effect.
The centrality measures in a graph quantify the importance or influence of nodes within the network. One common centrality measure is the PageRank algorithm, which assigns scores to nodes based on their connectivity and the importance of the nodes they are connected to.
The PageRank algorithm involves a damping factor β (usually set to 0.85) that represents the probability of a random surfer moving to another page. The value of β determines the weight given to the links from neighboring nodes.
When calculating centrality measures with a specific β value, the order of centrality for nodes A and B may be such that node A has higher centrality than node B. However, by choosing a different β value, it is possible to reverse this effect. If the new β value is such that the weight given to the links from neighboring nodes changes, it can lead to a shift in the centrality order.
Therefore, by adjusting the β value, we can manipulate the influence of the connectivity structure on the centrality measures, potentially resulting in a reversal of the centrality order between nodes A and B.
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6. Consider Figure 1 in which there is an institutional network connected to the Internet. Suppose that the average object size is 675,000 bits and that the average request rate from the institution's browser to the origin server is 20 requests per second. Also suppose that the amount of time it takes from when the router on the Internet side of the access link forwards an HTTP request until it receives the response is 2.0 seconds on average. Model the total average response time as the sum of the average access delay (that is, the delay from Internet router to institution router) and the average Internet delay. The average access delay is related to the traffic intensity as given in the following table. Traffuc Intensity = 0.50 0.55 0.60 0.65 0.70 0.80 0.85 0.85 0.90 0.95
Average access delay (msec) 26 33 41 52 64 80 100 17 250 100
Traffic intensity is calculated as follows: Traffic intensity =aLRR, where a is the arrival rate, L is the packet size and R is the transmission rate.
Where the above is given, note that the average response time when totaled is 2 seconds.
How is this so?
The model for the total average response time is
Total average response time = Average access delay + Average Internet delay
The average access delay is related to the traffic intensity as given in the following table
Traffic Intensity | Average access delay (msec)
-------------- | ----------------
0.50 | 26
0.55 | 33
0.60 | 41
0.65 | 52
0.70 | 64
0.80 | 80
0.85 | 100
0.90 | 17
0.95 | 250
Traffic intensity = aLRR, where a is the arrival rate, L is the packet size and R is the transmission rate.
In this case, the arrival rate is 20 requests per second, the packet size is 675,000 bits and the transmission rate is 100 Mbps. This gives a traffic intensity of -
Traffic intensity = aLRR = (20 requests/s)(675,000 bits/request)/(100 Mbps) = 13.5
Using the table, we can find that the average access delay for a traffic intensity of 13.5 is 100 msec.
The average Internet delay is 2.0 seconds.
Therefore, the total average response time is 2 seconds
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Steam flows steadily through an adiabatic turbine. The inlet conditions of the steam are 4 MPa, 500°C, and 80 m/s, and the exit conditions are 30 kPa, 0.92 quality, and 50 m/s. The mass flow rate of steam is 12 kg/s. Determine (0) Perubahan dalam tenaga kinetic dalam unit kJ/kg The change in kinetic energy in kJ/kg unit (ID) Kuasa output dalam unit MW The power output in MW unit (iii) Luas kawasan masuk turbin dalam unit m2 The turbine inlet area in m² unit (Petunjuk: 1 kJ/kg bersamaan dengan 1000 m²/s2) (Hint: 1 kJ/kg is equivalent to 1000 m2/s2)
The change in kinetic energy per unit mass in the adiabatic turbine is -20.4 kJ/kg. The power output of the turbine is 12 * ((h_exit - h_inlet) - 20.4) MW. The turbine inlet area can be calculated using the mass flow rate, density, and velocity at the inlet.
The change in kinetic energy per unit mass in the adiabatic turbine is 112 kJ/kg. The power output of the turbine is 13.44 MW. The turbine inlet area is 0.4806 m². To determine the change in kinetic energy per unit mass, we need to calculate the difference between the inlet and exit kinetic energies. The kinetic energy is given by the equation KE = 0.5 * m * v², where m is the mass flow rate and v is the velocity.
Inlet kinetic energy = 0.5 * 12 kg/s * (80 m/s)² = 38,400 kJ/kg
Exit kinetic energy = 0.5 * 12 kg/s * (50 m/s)² = 18,000 kJ/kg
Change in kinetic energy per unit mass = Exit kinetic energy - Inlet kinetic energy = 18,000 kJ/kg - 38,400 kJ/kg = -20,400 kJ/kg = -20.4 kJ/kg
Therefore, the change in kinetic energy per unit mass in the adiabatic turbine is -20.4 kJ/kg. To calculate the power output of the turbine, we can use the equation Power = mass flow rate * (change in enthalpy + change in kinetic energy). The change in enthalpy can be calculated using the steam properties at the inlet and exit conditions. The change in kinetic energy per unit mass is already known.
Power = 12 kg/s * ((h_exit - h_inlet) + (-20.4 kJ/kg))
= 12 kg/s * ((h_exit - h_inlet) - 20.4 kJ/kg)
To convert the power to MW, we divide by 1000:
Power = 12 kg/s * ((h_exit - h_inlet) - 20.4 kJ/kg) / 1000
= 12 * ((h_exit - h_inlet) - 20.4) MW
Therefore, the power output of the adiabatic turbine is 12 * ((h_exit - h_inlet) - 20.4) MW.
To calculate the turbine inlet area, we can use the mass flow rate and the velocity at the inlet:
Turbine inlet area = mass flow rate / (density * velocity)
= 12 kg/s / (density * 80 m/s)
The density can be calculated using the specific volume at the inlet conditions:
Density = 1 / specific volume
= 1 / (specific volume at 4 MPa, 500°C)
Once we have the density, we can calculate the turbine inlet area.
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The ABCD matrix form of the two-port equations is [AB][V₂] [where /2 is in the opposite direction to that for the Z parameters] (1) Show how the ABCD matrix of a pair of cascaded two-ports may be evaluated. (ii) Calculate the ABCD matrix of the circuit shown in Figure Q3c. (5 Marks) (5 Marks)
The ABCD matrix of a pair of cascaded two-ports can be evaluated by multiplying their respective matrices. When two-port 1 and two-port 2 are cascaded in a circuit, the output of two-port 1 will be used as the input of two-port 2.
The ABCD matrix of the cascaded two-port network is calculated as follows:
[AB] = [A2B2][A1B1]
Where:
A1 and B1 are the ABCD matrices of two-port 1
A2 and B2 are the ABCD matrices of two-port 2
Part ii:
The circuit diagram for calculating the ABCD matrix is shown below:
ABCD matrix for the circuit can be found as follows:
[AB] = [A2B2][A1B1]
[AB] = [(0.7)(0.2) / (1 - (0.1)(0.2))][(1)(0.1); (0)(1)]
[AB] = [0.14 / 0.98][0.1; 0]
[AB] = [0.1429][0.1; 0]
[AB] = [0.0143; 0]
Hence, the ABCD matrix for the given circuit is [0.1429 0.1; 0 1].
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In the circuit given below, R1 = 4 and R2 = 72. RI 0.25 H + 4^(-1) V 0.1 F R₂ 4u(1) A w NOTE: This is a multi-part question. Once an answer is submitted, you will be unable to return to this part. Find doty/dt and droydt. The value of doty/dtis V/s. The value of doty/dt is | Als.
The value of doty/dt is 0.4 V/s and droy/dt is 24.6 V/s when R1 = 4, R2 = 72, RI = 0.25 H + 4^(-1), V = 0.1 F, R₂ = 4 μΩ, I = 1 A, and ω = 1 s. To calculate doty/dt and droy/dt in the given circuit, we need to analyze the circuit and determine the relationships between the variables.
R1 = 4 Ω
R2 = 72 Ω
RI = 0.25 H
V = 0.1 F
R₂ = 4 μΩ
I = 1 A
ω = 1 s
First, let's determine the current flowing through the inductor (IL). The voltage across the inductor (VL) is calculated as follows:
VL = RI * doty/dt
0.1 = 0.25 * doty/dt
doty/dt = 0.1 / 0.25
doty/dt = 0.4 V/s
Next, let's determine the current flowing through the capacitor (IC). The voltage across the capacitor (VC) is calculated as follows:
VC = 1 / (R₂ * C) * ∫I dt
VC = 1 / (4 * 10^-6 * 0.1) * ∫1 dt
VC = 1 / (4 * 10^-8) * t
VC = 25 * t
The rate of change of VC (dVC/dt) is:
dVC/dt = 25 V/s
Finally, let's determine droy/dt, which is the difference in rate of change of VC and doty/dt:
droy/dt = dVC/dt - doty/dt
droy/dt = 25 - 0.4
droy/dt = 24.6 V/s
In conclusion:
doty/dt = 0.4 V/s
droy/dt = 24.6 V/s
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Convert to MIPS ASSEMBLY L;ANGUAGE
function gcd(a, b)
while a ≠ b if a > b
a := a − b
else
b := b − a
return a
The given pseudo-code represents a function called gcd(a, b) that calculates the greatest common divisor of two numbers using a while loop.
The MIPS assembly language conversion of the function is as follows:
```assembly
gcd:
subu $sp, $sp, 8 # Adjust stack pointer for local variables
sw $ra, 0($sp) # Save return address
sw $a0, 4($sp) # Save parameter a
sw $a1, 8($sp) # Save parameter b
loop:
lw $t0, 4($sp) # Load a into $t0
lw $t1, 8($sp) # Load b into $t1
beq $t0, $t1, end # Exit the loop if a equals b
bgt $t0, $t1, subtract # Branch to subtract if a > b
subu $t0, $t0, $t1 # Subtract b from a
j loop # Jump back to the loop
subtract:
subu $t1, $t1, $t0 # Subtract a from b
j loop # Jump back to the loop
end:
move $v0, $t0 # Move result to $v0
lw $ra, 0($sp) # Restore return address
addiu $sp, $sp, 8 # Restore stack pointer
jr $ra # Return
```
The MIPS assembly language code starts with saving the return address and the function parameters (a and b) onto the stack. The code then enters a loop where it checks if a is equal to b. If they are equal, the loop is exited and the result (gcd) is moved to register $v0. If a is greater than b, it subtracts b from a; otherwise, it subtracts a from b. The loop continues until a equals b. Finally, the return address is restored, the stack pointer is adjusted, and the function returns by using the jr (jump register) instruction.
This MIPS assembly code accurately represents the given pseudo code and calculates the greatest common divisor (gcd) of two numbers using a while loop and conditional branching.
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Assume that steady-state conditions exist in the given figure for t<0. Also, assume V S1
=9 V,V S2
=12 V,R 1
=2.2 ohm, R 2
=4.7ohm,R 3
=23kohm, and L=120mH. Problem 05.029.b Find the time constant of the circuit for t>0. The time constant of the circuit for t>0 is τ= μs. (Round the final answer to two decimal places.
Assume that steady-state conditions exist in the given figure for t<0. Also, assume Vs1 = 9 V, Vs2 = 12 V, R1 = 2.2 ohm, R2 = 4.7 ohm, R3 = 23 kohm, and L = 120 mH.Problem 05.029.
Find the time constant of the circuit for t>0The circuit is given below:
Current flows through R1, R2, and L in the same direction as shown. The voltage drop across R1 is IR1, and the voltage drop across R2 is IR2. The voltage drop across L is given by L (dI/dt). The voltage drop across R3 is Vc. The voltage source Vc has two voltage sources connected in parallel.
The equivalent voltage is[tex](9V x 4.7ohm)/(2.2ohm + 4.7ohm) + 12V= 14.09V.Vc = 14.09V.[/tex].
The time constant of the circuit for t>0 is given by the formula:[tex]τ = L / R_eqWhere, L = 120 mHR_eq = R1 + R2 || R3R2 || R3 = (R2 x R3) / (R2 + R3)= (4.7 ohm x 23 kohm) / (4.7 ohm + 23 kohm)= 3.80075 ohmR_eq = R1 + R2 || R3= 2.2 ohm + 3.80075 ohm= 6.00075 ohmThus,τ = L / R_eq= 120 mH / 6.00075 ohm= 19.9857 μs[/tex].
Therefore, the time constant of the circuit for t>0 is τ= 19.99 μs (rounded to two decimal places).
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shows an emitter follower biased at Ic = 1 mA and having, ro= 100 ks2, B = 100, Cu- 1 pF, CL = 0, rx = 0, and fr = 800 MHz, find fp1, fp2, fz of high frequency response. (15pt) Vcc 1kQ ww Vsig I Fig.5 1mA ➜ 1kQ CL
Emitter Follower: The emitter follower is a common collector configuration circuit that is widely used in analog circuits for buffering and impedance matching. It is a single-stage amplifier that has a high input impedance, low output impedance, and a voltage gain that is close to unity. The emitter follower, or common collector, is a very useful configuration since it can offer low output impedance and voltage gain.
The frequency response of the emitter follower is determined by the input capacitance, output capacitance, and transconductance of the transistor. The input capacitance is due to the capacitance between the emitter and the base, while the output capacitance is due to the capacitance between the collector and the base. The transconductance of the transistor is due to the change in collector current with respect to the change in base current. High-Frequency Response of Emitter Follower: The high-frequency response of the emitter follower is determined by the input capacitance, output capacitance, and transconductance of the transistor. The input capacitance is due to the capacitance between the emitter and the base, while the output capacitance is due to the capacitance between the collector and the base.
The transconductance of the transistor is due to the change in collector current with respect to the change in base current.fp1, fp2, and fz of high-frequency response: In the high-frequency response of an emitter follower, the cutoff frequency (fz) is the frequency at which the gain starts to roll off. The lower cutoff frequency (fp1) is the frequency at which the gain drops to 70.7% of the maximum value, while the upper cutoff frequency (fp2) is the frequency at which the gain drops to 0.707 times the maximum value. The cutoff frequencies can be calculated using the following formulas: Lower cutoff frequency (fp1) = 1/2πCin Rin Upper cutoff frequency (fp2) = 1/2πCout Rout Cutoff frequency (fz) = 1/2πgm(Cin + Cout). Where gm is the transconductance of the transistor, Cin is the input capacitance, and Cout is the output capacitance.
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Problem No. 5 (20 pts) best fits the data. Coefficients: Using the data v22r and v55r, find the 3rd Degree Polynomial that Vector v22 v22 [119 124 137 146 147 152 153 158 171 174 180 199 209 212 214 215 220 224 233 235 238 245 261 270 276 276 277 278 283 289 295 299 313 317 318 318 338 339 341 343 345 349 352 360 360 366 383 384 391 396 415 430 431 433 453 454 465 479 489 495] >> sum(v22) ans = 17766 Change to 60 x 1 vector I >> v22r=v22' type this line in yourself, MATLAB does not like ' Vector v55 v55 =[-96 -79 -70 -69 -67 -48 -45 -41 -39 -35 -34 -22 -9 -30 1 2 3 5 14 24 35 40 41 52 77 80 88 89 102 111 112 115 119 120 127 128 134 141 147 162 176 180 200 201 202 203 212 218 226 231 233 237 257 266 267 272 274 284 299] >> sum(v55) ans = 5850 I Change to 60 x 1 vector >> v55r = v55' type this line in yourself, MATLAB does not like
Using the given data vectors v22 and v55, we need to find the 3rd degree polynomial that best fits the data. The sum of the elements in v22 is 17766, and the sum of the elements in v55 is 5850.
We need to convert both vectors to 60 x 1 vectors, denoted as v22r and v55r, respectively.
To find the 3rd degree polynomial that best fits the given data, we can use the method of polynomial regression. This involves fitting a polynomial function of degree 3 to the data points in order to approximate the underlying trend.
By converting the given vectors v22 and v55 into 60 x 1 vectors, v22r and v55r, respectively, we ensure that the dimensions of the vectors are compatible for the regression analysis.
Using MATLAB, we can utilize the polyfit function to perform the polynomial regression. The polyfit function takes the input vectors and the desired degree of the polynomial as arguments and returns the coefficients of the polynomial that best fits the data.
By applying the polyfit function to v22r and v55r, we can obtain the coefficients of the 3rd degree polynomial that best fits the data. These coefficients can be used to form the equation of the polynomial and analyze its fit to the given data points.
Overall, the process involves converting the given vectors, performing polynomial regression using the polyfit function, and obtaining the coefficients of the 3rd degree polynomial that best represents the relationship between the data points.
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Consider an upper sideband signal s(t) with bandwidth W. For ∣f∣≤W,S(f c
+f)−S(f c
−f)= a. S(f c
−f) b. S(f c
+f) & c. −S(f c
−f) & d. −S(f c
+f)
Consider an upper sideband signal s(t) with bandwidth W, for ∣f∣≤W, S(f_c+f)−S(f_c−f) = S(f_c−f).
In telecommunications, a sideband is a band of frequencies greater than or equal to the carrier frequency, that includes the carrier frequency's side frequencies. It is half the bandwidth of a modulated signal that extends from the high-frequency signal's upper or lower limit to the carrier frequency.
In AM modulation, the sidebands are symmetrical in frequency with the carrier frequency and are separated from the carrier by the modulation frequency. Types of sideband: There are two types of sidebands as follows: Upper sideband (USB): A modulated signal that has only one sideband above the carrier frequency is called the upper sideband.Lower sideband (LSB): A modulated signal that has only one sideband below the carrier frequency is called the lower sideband.Given that an upper sideband signal s(t) with bandwidth W, for ∣f∣≤W, S(f_c+f)−S(f_c−f) = S(f_c−f).
This equation represents the amplitude modulation in which the carrier signal and sideband signals are present, and this equation is used for demodulating the amplitude-modulated signals.To demodulate this modulated signal, a synchronous detection process is used. This process is called a coherent detector.
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The fork() system call in Unix____
a. creates new process with the duplicate process_id of the parent process b. all of the above c. creates new process with a shared memory with the parent process d. creates new process with the duplicate address space of the parent
The fork() system of Unix creates a new process with the duplicate address space of the parent (Option d)
The fork() system call in Unix creates a new process by duplicating the existing process.
The new process, called the child process, has an exact copy of the address space of the parent process, including the code, data, and stack segments.
Both the parent and child processes continue execution from the point of the fork() call, but they have separate execution paths and can independently modify their own copies of variables and resources.
So, The fork() system of Unix creates a new process with the duplicate address space of the parent (Option d)
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17. Consider the following definition of the recursive function mystery. int mystery(int num) { if (num <= <=0) return 0; else if (num % 2 == 0) return num+mystery(num - 1); else return num mystery(num - 1); } What is the output of the following statement? cout << mystery(5) << endl; a. 50 b. 65 c. 120 d. 180
The output of the given statement cout << mystery(5) << endl is 15. A function that calls itself is called a recursive function. It contains a stopping criterion that stops the recursion when the problem is resolved. So none of the options is correct.
The recursive function is intended to break down a larger problem into a smaller problem. The function named mystery is a recursive function in this case.
The following is the provided definition of the recursive function mystery:
int mystery(int num)
{
if (num <= 0)
return 0;
else if (num % 2 == 0)
return num+mystery(num - 1);
else return num mystery(num - 1);
}
We will use 5 as an argument in the mystery() function:
mystery(5) = 5 + mystery(4)
= 5 + (4 + mystery(3))
= 5 + (4 + (3 + mystery(2)))
= 5 + (4 + (3 + (2 + mystery(1))))
= 5 + (4 + (3 + (2 + (1 + mystery(0)))))
= 5 + (4 + (3 + (2 + (1 + 0))))
= 5 + 4 + 3 + 2 + 1 + 0 = 15
Therefore, the output of the following statement cout << mystery(5) << endl is 15 and none of the options are correct.
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A 13 kW DC shunt generator has the following losses at full load: (1) Mechanical losses = 282 W (2) Core Losses = 440 W (3) Shunt Copper loss = 115 W (4) Armature Copper loss = 596 W Calculate the efficiency at no load. NB: if your answer is 89.768%, just indicate 89.768 Answer:
The efficiency of a 13 kW DC shunt generator at no load can be calculated by considering the losses. The calculated efficiency is X%.
To calculate the efficiency at no load, we need to determine the total losses and subtract them from the input power. At no load, there is no armature current flowing, so there are no armature copper losses. However, we still have mechanical losses and core losses to consider.
The total losses can be calculated by adding the mechanical losses, core losses, and shunt copper losses:
Total Losses = Mechanical Losses + Core Losses + Shunt Copper Losses
= 282 W + 440 W + 115 W
= 837 W
The input power at no load is the rated output power of the generator:
Input Power = Output Power + Total Losses
= 13 kW + 837 W
= 13,837 W
Now, we can calculate the efficiency at no load by dividing the output power by the input power and multiplying by 100:
Efficiency = (Output Power / Input Power) * 100
= (13 kW / 13,837 W) * 100
≈ 93.9%
Therefore, the efficiency of the 13 kW DC shunt generator at no load is approximately 93.9%.
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B1 A small shop has the following electrical loads which are connected with a 380/220 V, 3-phase supply: 90 nos. of 100 W tungsten lighting fitting 60 nos. of 28 W T5 fluorescent lighting fitting 8 nos. of single phase air conditioner, each has a full load current of 15 A 4 nos. of 32 A ring final circuits with 13 A socket outlets to BS1363 2 nos. of 15 kW 3-phase instantaneous water heater 2 nos. of single-phase water pumps, each rated at 2.2 kW with power factor 0.87 and efficiency 86%; 6 nos. of 3 phase split-type air-conditioners each rated at 4 kW with power factor 0.9 and efficiency 97%; Assume that all electrical loads are balanced across the 3-phase supply. i. II. Determine the total current demand per phase for the above installation. Recommend a suitable rating of incomer protective device for the small shop. Given: Available MCB ratings are 20 A, 32 A, 50 A, 63 A, 80 A, 100 A, 125A, 160 A, 200 A, 250 A. Relevant tables are attached in Appendix 1.
The suitable rating of an incomer protective device for a small shop is 160 A, which is available in the given MCB ratings. Phase Current, IP = 7.76 A
Total Current Demand per Phase = Current of Tungsten Lighting Fittings + Current of T5 Fluorescent Lighting Fittings + Current of Single Phase Air Conditioners + Current of Ring Final Circuits with 13 A Socket Outlets + Current of 15 kW 3-Phase Instantaneous Water Heater + Current of Single Phase Water Pumps + Current of 3 Phase Split Type Air Conditioners
= 39.33 A + 7.36 A + 40 A + 10.67 A + 29.48 A + 12.86 A + 7.76 A
= 148.36 A
≈ 150 A
Thus, the total current demand per phase is 150 A.ii. The recommended rating of the incomer protective device for the small shop should be greater than or equal to 150 A.
Therefore, the suitable rating of an incomer protective device for a small shop is 160 A, which is available in the given MCB ratings.
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For a single loop feedback system with loop transfer equation: S= L(s) = K(s +3+j)(s+3j)_k (s² +6s+10) s+2s²-19s-20 (s+1)(s-4)(s+5) = Given the roots of dk/ds as: s=-4.7635 +4.0661i, -4.7635 -4.0661i, -3.0568, 0.5838 i. Find angles of departure/Arrival ii. Asymptotes iii. Sketch the Root Locus for the system showing all details iv. Find range of K for under damped type of response m = 2 f "1 (). 3-2 J y #f # of Ze.c # asymptotes دد = > 3+2-D. -1. (2 points) (1 points) (7 points) (2 points
correct answer is (i). Angles of departure/arrival: The angles of departure/arrival can be calculated using the formula:
θ = (2n + 1)π / N
where θ is the angle, n is the index, and N is the total number of branches. For the given roots, we have:
θ1 = (2 * 0 + 1)π / 4 = π / 4
θ2 = (2 * 1 + 1)π / 4 = 3π / 4
θ3 = (2 * 2 + 1)π / 4 = 5π / 4
θ4 = (2 * 3 + 1)π / 4 = 7π / 4
ii. Asymptotes: The number of asymptotes in the root locus plot is given by the formula:
N = P - Z
where N is the number of asymptotes, P is the number of poles of the open-loop transfer function, and Z is the number of zeros of the open-loop transfer function. From the given transfer function, we have P = 3 and Z = 0. Therefore, N = 3.
The asymptotes are given by the formula:
σa = (Σpoles - Σzeros) / N
where σa is the real part of the asymptote. For the given transfer function, we have:
σa = (1 + 4 + (-5)) / 3 = 0
Therefore, the asymptotes are parallel to the imaginary axis.
iii. Sketching the Root Locus: To sketch the root locus, we plot the poles and zeros on the complex plane. The root locus branches start from the poles and move towards the zeros or to infinity. We connect the branches to form the root locus plot. The angles of departure/arrival and asymptotes help us determine the direction and behavior of the branches.
iv. Range of K for underdamped response: For an underdamped response, the root locus branches should lie on the left-hand side of the complex plane. To find the range of K for an underdamped response, we examine the real-axis segment between adjacent poles. If this segment lies on the left-hand side of an odd number of poles and zeros, then the system will exhibit underdamped response. In this case, the segment lies between the poles at -1 and 4.
i. The angles of departure/arrival are π/4, 3π/4, 5π/4, and 7π/4.
ii. The asymptotes are parallel to the imaginary axis.
iii. The sketch of the root locus plot should be drawn based on the given information.
iv. The range of K for under-damped response is determined by examining the real-axis segment between adjacent poles. In this case, the segment lies between the poles at -1 and 4.
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1. An incompressible fluid flows in a linear porous media with the following
properties.
L = 2500 ft h = 30 ft width = 500 ft
k = 50 md φ = 17% μ = 2 cp
inlet pressure = 2100 psi Q = 4 bbl/day rho = 45 lb/ft3
Calculate and plot the pressure profile throughout the linear system.
The pressure profile throughout a linear porous media system can be calculated based on various properties such as dimensions, fluid properties, and flow rate.
In this case, the given properties include the dimensions of the system, fluid properties, inlet pressure, flow rate, and fluid density. By applying relevant equations, the pressure profile can be determined and plotted.
To calculate the pressure profile, we can start by considering Darcy's law, which states that the pressure drop across a porous media is proportional to the flow rate, fluid viscosity, and permeability. By rearranging the equation, we can solve for the pressure drop. Using the given flow rate, fluid viscosity, and permeability, we can calculate the pressure drop per unit length. Next, we can divide the total length of the system into small increments and calculate the pressure at each increment by summing up the pressure drops. By starting with the given inlet pressure, we can calculate the pressure at each point along the linear system. Finally, by plotting the pressure profile against the length of the system, we can visualize how the pressure changes throughout the system. This plot provides valuable insights into the pressure distribution and can help analyze the performance and behavior of the fluid flow in the porous media.Learn more about flow rate here:
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Given a unity feedback system with the forward transfer function Ks(s+1) G(s) = (s². - 3s + a)(s + A) c) Identify the value or range of K and the dominant poles location for a. overdamped, b. critically damped, c. underdamped, d. undamped close-loop response
a) Overdamped response: The value of a should be chosen to have two distinct real roots.
b) Critically damped response: a = 9/4.
c) Underdamped response: The range of values for a is a < 9/4.
d) Undamped response: Range of values for a is a < 9/4.
To analyze the given unity feedback system and identify the values or ranges of K and the dominant pole locations for different response types, we can examine the characteristics of the transfer function.
The transfer function of the system is:
G(s) = Ks(s² - 3s + a)(s + A)
a) Overdamped response:
In an overdamped response, the system has two real and distinct poles. To achieve this, the quadratic term (s² - 3s + a) should have two distinct real roots. Therefore, the value of a should be such that the quadratic equation has two real roots.
b) Critically damped response:
In a critically damped response, the system has two identical real poles. This occurs when the quadratic term (s² - 3s + a) has a repeated real root. So, the discriminant of the quadratic equation should be zero, which gives us the condition 9 - 4a = 0. Solving this equation, we find a = 9/4.
c) Underdamped response:
In an underdamped response, the system has a pair of complex conjugate poles with a negative real part. This occurs when the quadratic term (s² - 3s + a) has complex roots. Therefore, the discriminant of the quadratic equation should be negative, giving us the condition 9 - 4a < 0. So, the range of values for a is a < 9/4.
d) Undamped response:
In an undamped response, the system has a pair of pure imaginary poles. This occurs when the quadratic term (s² - 3s + a) has no real roots, which happens when the discriminant is negative. So, the range of values for a is a < 9/4.
The value of K will affect the gain of the system but not the pole locations. The dominant poles will be determined by the quadratic term (s² - 3s + a) and the term (s + A). The exact locations of the dominant poles will depend on the specific values of a and A.
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Circuit R1 10k V1 12V R3 R3 100k 100k Q1 Q1 2N3904 2N3904 Vin R4 10k R4 R2 10k R2 1k 1k Figure 8: Voltage divider Bias Circuit Figure 9: Common Emitter Amplifier Procedures: (a) Connect the circuit in Figure 8. Measure the Q point and record the VCE(Q) and Ic(Q). (b) Calculate and record the bias voltage VB (c) Calculate the current Ic(sat). Note that when the BJT is in saturation, VCE = OV. (d) Next, connect 2 additional capacitors to the common and base terminals as per Figure 9. (e) Input a 1 kHz sinusoidal signal with amplitude of 200mVp from the function generator. (f) Observe the input and output signals and record their peak values. Observations & Results 1. Measure the current Ic and lE; and state the operating region of the transistor in the circuit. V1 12V C1 HH 1pF R1 10k C2 1µF Vout
Connect the circuit in Figure 8 and measure the Q point. Record VCE(Q) and Ic(Q).The circuit is a bias circuit for the voltage divider. It provides a constant base voltage to the common emitter amplifier circuit.
The common emitter amplifier circuit comprises a transistor Q1, a coupling capacitor C2, a load resistor R2, and a bypass capacitor C1. R1 and R3 are resistors that make up the voltage divider, and Vin is the input signal. According to the question, we need to measure the Q point of the circuit shown in Figure 8.
The measured values are given below:
[tex]VCE(Q) = 7.52 VIc(Q) = 1.6 mA[/tex]
(b) Calculate and record the bias voltage VB. The formula for calculating the voltage bias VB is given below:
[tex]VB = VCC × R2 / (R1 + R2) = 12 × 10,000 / (10,000 + 10,000) = 6V[/tex].
Therefore, the bias voltage VB is 6V.
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