Answer:
La respiration cellulaire est l'ensemble des processus du métabolisme cellulaire convertissant l'énergie chimique contenue dans le glucose en adénosine triphosphate (ATP). Ces processus impliquent une succession de réactions chimiques formant des voies métaboliques qui appartiennent au catabolisme, c'est-à-dire qu'elles consistent à cliver les grosses molécules biologiques en molécules plus petites, ce qui libère de l'énergie ainsi qu'un certain nombre de déchets. Ces réactions sont globalement exothermiques, c'est-à-dire qu'elles produisent de la chaleur, la plupart étant des réactions d'oxydoréduction. De ce point de vue, la respiration s'apparente chimiquement à une combustion des nutriments, jouant le rôle de donneurs d'électrons (réducteur), en présence d'un accepteur d'électrons (oxydant).
La respiration est l'une des voies essentielles permettant aux cellules de produire de l'énergie métabolique pour leur développement et leur activité. Parmi les nutriments utilisés par les cellules des animaux et des plantes, on compte les glucides (ose), les peptides (acides aminés) et les lipides (acides gras), tandis que l'oxydant le plus fréquent dans les systèmes biologiques est l'oxygène moléculaire O2. L'énergie biochimique récupérée sous forme d'ATP peut ensuite être utilisée par des processus qui consomment de l'énergie tels que les biosynthèses, la locomotion ou encore le transport actif de substances chimiques à travers les membranes biologiques. La respiration aérobie requiert du dioxygène O2 pour produire de l'ATP. C'est la voie prépondérante de dégradation du pyruvate, issu de la glycolyse. Celle-ci se déroule dans le cytosol, mais le pyruvate doit pénétrer dans les mitochondries pour y être entièrement oxydé par le cycle de Krebs, lequel se déroule dans la matrice mitochondriale. Le cycle de Krebs convertit le pyruvate en dioxyde de carbone CO2 et en coenzymes réduites (NADH et FADH2), coenzymes dont les électrons à haut potentiel de transfert contiennent l'essentiel de l'énergie chimique des molécules dégradées. Ces coenzymes réduites sont alors oxydées par la chaîne respiratoire dans la membrane mitochondriale interne. L'énergie des électrons à haut potentiel de transfert permet de pomper des protons hors de la matrice mitochondriale vers l'espace intermembranaire. Il s'établit un gradient de concentration de protons à travers la membrane interne, lequel génère un gradient électrochimique suffisant pour actionner l'ATP synthase, une enzyme capable de phosphoryler l'ADP en ATP grâce à l'énergie emmagasinée dans ce gradient électrochimique. On appelle phosphorylation oxydative l'ensemble formé par la chaîne respiratoire et l'ATP synthase couplés par gradient électrochimique.
Les manuels de biologie indiquent généralement que chaque molécule de glucose entièrement oxydée par la respiration cellulaire est susceptible de produire 38 molécules d'ATP : 2 ATP issus de la glycolyse, 2 ATP issus du cycle de Krebs, et 34 ATP issus de la chaîne respiratoire. Ce rendement nominal n'est cependant jamais atteint en raison des pertes par dissipation du gradient électrochimique à travers la membrane interne des mitochondries ainsi qu'en raison du coût énergétique du transport actif du pyruvate depuis le cytosol jusqu'à la matrice mitochondriale, de sorte que les estimations actuelles s'établissent autour de 30 à 32 molécules d'ATP formées par molécules de glucose oxydée1.
La respiration aérobie est jusqu'à 15 fois plus efficace que la respiration anaérobie, qui produit seulement 2 ATP par molécule de glucose oxydée. Cependant, certains organismes anaérobie, comme les archées méthanogène, sont capables d'accroître ce rendement en utilisant d'autres accepteurs d'électrons finaux que l'oxygène.
Glycolyse
La glycolyse est une voie métabolique qui se déroule dans le cytosol des cellules de pratiquement tous les êtres vivants. Elle peut fonctionner de manière aérobie ou anaérobie, c'est-à-dire respectivement en présence ou en l'absence d'oxygène. Chez l'homme, elle conduit au pyruvate en conditions aérobies et au lactate en conditions anaérobies.
En conditions aérobies, ce processus convertit une molécule de glucose en deux molécules de pyruvate, avec production concomitante de deux molécules d'ATP. Plus précisément, il commence par consommer deux molécules d'ATP pour accroître la réactivité du glucose en vue de son clivage par l'aldolase puis en produit quatre par phosphorylation au niveau du substrat, avec production de deux molécules de NADH. La réaction globale de la glycolyse peut s'écrire :
glucose + 2 NAD+ + 2 Pi + 2 ADP → 2 pyruvate + 2 NADH + 2 ATP + 2 H+ + 2 H2O + chaleur.
Explanation:más inteligente por favor
In Figure 7-2, which picture shows ice wedging: A, B, or C?
Answer:
In Figure 7-2, which picture shows ice wedging: A, B, or C?
The picture that shows ice wedging is A.
Explanation:
I did the test and got it right with the answer above.
Nucleotides are referred to by_____they contain .
Answer:
Nucleotides are referred to by dideoxynucleotides they contain.
Which of the following emotions is the last to develop in an infant?
Select one:
a. pride
b. fear of strangers
c. anger
d. curiosity
Pride is the last emotion to develop in an infant. So the correct option is A.
When do emotions develop in an infant?
From the moment of birth, babies are able to convey their curiosity, pain, disgust, and enjoyment through their body language and facial expressions. Around 2 to 3 months old, babies start smiling spontaneously, and around 4 months old, they start laughing. Infants also display other emotions, such as anger, sadness, surprise, and fear, between the ages of 2 and 6 months. Babies start to show signs of stranger fear between the ages of 5 and 6 months.
They will express their displeasure openly when someone holds or plays with them since they do not enjoy it. They used to grin at everyone and let people hold them. Babies are nevertheless learning at this time how to recognize the sentiments of others as well as how to express their own. Infants can start recognizing the various emotional emotions of others at the age of 4 months. Babies don't start mimicking emotions and facial expressions until they are approximately 6 months old.
Babies generally treat their caretakers interchangeably at birth because they lack the ability to recognize individual differences. They do, however, start to develop a strong attachment or relationship with their primary caretakers as the months of their first-year pass and their perceptual and processing capacities advance.
Therefore, the correct option is A.
Read more about infant emotions, here
https://brainly.com/question/28257389
#SPJ2
Describe what an ecosystem is.
Answer:
An ecosystem is a geographic area where plants, animals, and other organisms, as well as weather and landscape, work together to form a bubble of life. Ecosystems contain biotic or living, parts, as well as abiotic factors, or nonliving parts. Biotic factors include plants, animals, and other organisms.
Explanation:
As wind passes over a mountain, the side over which the wind rises tends to be ____________________ and the side that experiences the downward movement of air tends to be ____________________.
drier; moist and rainy
moist and rainy; drier
rainforest; desert
desert; rainforest
Given what we know about the effects of air currents on mountain ranges we can confirm that the correct option is option B, moist and rainy on one side while being dier on the other.
Mountains are described as having two sides in regards to their relationship with the air currents. The side of the mountain on which the wind rises is known as the windward side, whilst the side on which air descends is known as the leeward side. The windward side is typically in contact with warmer, moist air from the ocean and other bodies of water.
When coming in contact with the mountain, the air is forced to rise and begins to cool, which often leads to rain or snow. The leeward side of the mountain receives the air that has now already lost the majority of its moisture with its pass through the windward side of the mountain. This air also tends to become warmer as it descends, which explains the dry nature of the leeward side of mountains.
To learn more visit:
https://brainly.com/question/1027998?referrer=searchResults
Answer:moist and rainy; drier
Explanation:
The video mentioned that there are two types of seismic waves that occur in the ground during an earthquake, primary (P
waves) and secondary (s waves). What important differences are there between P waves and S waves?
Answer:
P waves are longitudinal, whereas S waves are transverse.
P waves can travel through solids and liquids, whereas S waves can only travel through solids (this is why it can't travel through the core and the waves refract).
P waves travel faster than S waves.
Answer:
P waves travel faster and are less damaging than S waves.
Explanation:
Exact answer from Edmentum
Part D
What did the video mean when it used the phrase “citizen-scientists”? How can citizens-scientists help with the prediction of future earthquakes?
Answer:
Citizen-scientists are people who are not scientists but have an interest in science. In the case of earthquake detection, citizen-scientists help collect data. Their efforts can help scientists develop effective earthquake warning systems down the road.
Explanation:
PLATO answer
Answer:
Citizen- scientist are people who are not scientist but think science is a amazing, They can help with detecting the earthquake as well they can also help with data and things like that, and all their efforts will help scientist along the way.
this is the edmentum Answer I just rephrased it
What protein is critical to the function of compact bones?
why cellular respiration and photosynthesis are a
cycle?
Answer: Cellular respiration and photosynthesis are considered a cycle because the product (end material) of one reaction serves as the starting material for the other reaction. The starting material for cellular respiration is sugar and water and the products are carbon dioxide and water.
Explanation: hope it helped
the offspring resulting from a cross between two organisms differing in one or more genes
Answer:
In other cases, each parent provides a different allele of a given gene, and the offspring is referred to as heterozygous ("hetero" meaning "different") for that allele.Which end of an earthworm contains an organ that can detect smells?
Answer:
The anterior (front) end of an earthworm contains an organ that can detect smell.
:)
what is one variable that friction depens on
A. how much light there is
B. the color of the objects
C. how hard the surface of the objects are being pressed together
Proszeee o poommoooc
Answer:
Explanation: Proszeee o poommoooc
Why is Dr. Elizabeth Cochrans sensor important to earthquake research? How can it help develop an earthquake warning system?
Answer:
Because Without Earthquake Research Earth Will Be DESTROYED
Answer:
Because with an early earthquake warning system everywhere people will have time to take cover
Explanation: please give me a brainlist
thanks
Why shoud temperature and oxygen be measured in a fish salinity tolerance experiment?
First, the solubility of oxygen decreases as temperature increases ¹. This means that warmer surface water requires less dissolved oxygen to reach 100% air saturation than does deeper, cooler water.
5
Drag each label to the correct location.
Classify the natural resources as renewable or nonrenewable.
solar energy
minerals
animals
Renewable
Nonrenewable
coal
Answer:
Renewable:
- solar energy
- animals
Nonrenewable:
- coal
- minerals
Explanation:
Hope this helps :)
Answer:
Renewable:
- solar energy
- animals
Nonrenewable:
- coal
- minerals
Explanation:
PLEASE SOMEONE HELP ME PLZ!!!!!Photosynthesis is/ is not an example of the Law of Conversation of Mass
Evidence and Reasoning
Answer:
Evidence and Reasoning
Explanation:
Photosynthesis converts water, sunlight, and CO2 into plant food.
how can natural disasters hurt the balance between biotic and abiotic elements??? I need an answer soon pleaseeeee!!! I know how it would affect the biotic and abiotic elements but the balance?!?
Answer:
Earthquakes, landslides, volcanic eruptions and natural bush fires all affect the many different ecosystems on our planet. Initially, these disasters negatively affect the biodiversity of wetlands, forests and coastal systems by causing the spread of invasive species, mass species mortality and loss of habitat.
Write a sentence that relates your model to processes that take place inside your own cells. Your answer should include some form of the terms mitosis, nucleus, and cell division.
Answer: Cell division or mitosis is a nuclear cell division that results to two daughter cells having the same genetic code as the parent cell. The division starts at the nucleus. The chromosomes divide into two and a spindle is formed at middle of the cell. The spindle shortens and breaks resulting to two daughter cells.
Explanation:
Which neurologic disorder is characterized by cortical nerve cell processes that have become twisted and dilated
Answer:
Alzheimer disease is a neurologic disorder characterized by cortical nerve cell processes that have become twisted and dilated
Explanation:
I hope this helps!
1)What are some examples of specialized cells
and what do they do?
2) Why is the specialization of cells in organisms
significant and important for homeostasis?
any spams or scams will be reported and given a low rating
why do muscle cells have more mitochondria than the other types of cells?
Answer:
Muscles require more and quicker release of energy.
Explanation:
Muscles need energy quickly and in high amounts so more mitochondria are needed to fulfill this energy demand.
I need help with dis plz?
21. Which of the following is not a biologically important property of water?
A. Has a low heat of vaporization
B. Acts as an excellent solvent for polar and ionic substances,
2. Has a high specific heat,
D. Is less dense as a solid that as a liquid,
Answer: A because water has a high heat vaporization
might be wrong
Explanation:
HELP ASAP HURRRRRRRYYYY
I need help on dis plz
Answer: Anaphase
Explanation:
do you see how the two sides of the mitosis are almost completely separated this means that this specific mitosis has already gone through metaphase, and this next step would be anaphase.
Hope this helps, have a good day.☺
I need help question 15
Answer:
Perpendicular
Explanation:
The lines for both equations intersect.
Answer:
perpendicular
Explanation:
-2x+6y=3 ------> y=1/3x+13
It is flipped and as opposite sign.
MENE
Which is the word equation for photosynthesis?
A. carbon + hydrogen + oxygen → glucose + water
B. glucose + water → carbon dioxide + oxygen
C. carbon dioxide + water → glucose + oxygen
D. glucose + oxygen → carbon + water + oxygen
Answer:
C. Carbon dioxide + water → glucose + Oxegyn
Explanation:
Number form 6CO2+6H20+ energy+ C6h1206+602
Carbon dioxide^ Water^ sunlight^ Glucose^ Oxegyn^
biology chapter 12 assessment
Answer:
what is the question so that I will solve it
What effect would the removal of a nucleotide have on the protein?