Rf will be 0.697
Retention factor can be defined as;
The ratio of distance travelled by substance to the distance travelled by solvent. Substances start at the origin. The starting point of the compound is called the origin. This is where we measure the distance moved by the substance.
According to the question;
The given data is:
spot distance = 9.9 cm
solvent distance = 14.2 cm
We will have to find the retention factor value:
Rf = ?
The formula to find Rf is as follows;
Rf = spot distance / solvent distance
Rf = 9.9 cm / 14.2 cm
The answer after the solution is :
Rf = 0.697
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Drag the tiles to the correct locations. each tile can be used more than once, but not all tiles will be used. some locations will remain empty. chloramine has the chemical formula nh2cl. nitrogen has five valence electrons, each hydrogen has one valence electron, and chlorine has seven valence electrons. complete the lewis structure for this covalent compound. an uppercase n indicates the symbol of the nitrogen atom. an uppercase h indicates the symbol of the hydrogen atom. a dash indicates a single bond. a vertical line. parallel double dashes indicate a double bond. three parallel dashes indicate a triple bond. two solid dots represent a lone pair of electrons. two solid vertical dots represent a lone pair of electrons. one solid dot represents an electron.
The Lewis structure for chloramine is N-H-H | | Cl.
What is chloramine?
Chloramines are ammonia and organic amine derivatives in which one or even more N-H bonds have been changed to N-Cl bonds. The classes of compounds that are taken into consideration are organic and inorganic chloramines. The three substances that make up inorganic chloramines are monochloramine (NH2Cl), dichloramine (NHCl2), as well as nitrogen trichloride (NCl3). The importance of monochloramine as a water disinfectant is considerable. The NCl functional group is joined to the an organic substituent in organic chloramines. N-Chloromorpholine, N-Chloropiperidine, as well as N-Chloroquinuclidinium Chloride are a few examples.
The nitrogen atom has 5 valence electrons and is represented by an uppercase N. The two hydrogen atoms each have 1 valence electron and are represented by an uppercase H. The chlorine atom has 7 valence electrons and is represented by a lowercase Cl. The nitrogen atom is connected to the two hydrogen atoms by single bonds (represented by a dash). The chlorine atom is connected to the nitrogen atom by a single bond (represented by a dash). There are two lone pairs of electrons (represented by two solid dots) around the nitrogen atom.
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calculate the molarity of a kcl solution prepared by dissolving 1.01 moles of kcl in 250. ml of water. calculate the molarity of a kcl solution prepared by dissolving 1.01 moles of kcl in 250. ml of water. 2.02 0.00404 0.248 4.04 none of the above
The molarity of the KCl solution is 4.04 moles/ litre
What is molarity?
Molarity (M), which is determined by dividing the solute's mass in moles by the volume of the solution in liters, is the most widely used unit to express solution concentration: liters of solution/moles of solute equals M. One liter of a solution with a 1.00 molar concentration (1.00 M) contains 1.00 moles of solute.
The amount of a substance in a specific volume of solution is known as its molarity (M). The number of moles of a solute per liter of a solution is known as molarity. The molar concentration of a solution is another name for molarity.
Molarity = no. of moles/ volume of solution
Volume of KCl solution given is 0.25 L
molarity = 1.01 / 0.25
molarity = 4.04 moles/ litre
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Which molecule contains a nonpolar covalent bond?
A) H2
B) NH3
C) H₂O
D) CO
a current of 0.450 a passed for 20.0 min through a cuso4 solution. calculate the amount of copper deposited.
The amount of copper deposited is 0.1778 grams.
The electrolysis reaction for CuSO₄ solution
Cathode : Cu⁺² + 2e → CuAnode : 2H₂O → 4H⁺ + 4e + O₂Copper deposits will occur at the cathode. According to Faraday's law the number of moles of an electron
ne = It ÷ 96,500
I = the magnitude of the current (Ampere)t = the interval time (s) t = 20 min = 20 × 60 = 1,200 sne = the number of moles for electronne = (0.450 × 1,200) ÷ 96,500
ne = 540 ÷ 96,500
ne = 5.6 × 10⁻³ mol
The ratio of the coefficients of each element is equal to the ratio of the number of moles.
ne : n Cu = 2 : 1
n Cu = ne ÷ 2
n Cu = (5.6 × 10⁻³) ÷ 2
n Cu = 2.8 × 10⁻³ mol
Calculate the amount of copper
The molar mass for copper = 63.5
m = n × molar mass
m = 2.8 × 10⁻³ × 63.5
m = 0.1778 grams
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waghorne, w.e.; rous, a.j. determination of the relative atomic masses of metals by liberation of molecular hydrogen. j. chem. ed. 2009, 86, 350-351.
The relative atomic mass of the element is the average value of the hydrogen atom is 1.008 amu.
The mass of the one is the atomic mass. one amu is given as:
1 amu = 1.661 × 10⁻²⁷ kg
the hydrogen atom has the mass of = 1.6736 × 10⁻²⁴ g
The mass of the one twelfth carbon atom is given as :
= 1.661 × 10⁻²⁴ g
the relative atomic mass is given as follows :
Relative atomic mass = mass of the hydrogen atom/mass of 1/12 carbon atom
relative atomic mass = 1.6736 × 10⁻²⁴ g / 1.661 × 10⁻²⁴ g
Relative atomic mass = 1.008 amu
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what is the mass of 0.257 mol of calcium nitrate?
Answer: 42.14 g
Explanation: calcium nitrate - [tex]Ca(NO_{3} )_{2}[/tex]
, the molar mass of calcium nitrate = 164 g
formula used = [tex]given mass/molar mass[/tex]= no of molesmass required =[tex]0.257*164[/tex]
=[tex]42.14[/tex] g
how many constitutionally isomeric ethers are there with a formula of c4h10o? multiple choice only one two three four
The isomeric ethers with a formula of C4H10O are three. Isomers do not share similar chemical or physical properties.
What are isomers?Isomers are compounds that have exactly the same number of atoms, that is, they have exactly the same empirical formula, but differ from each other by the arrangement of atoms. It is important to be able to recognize isomers because they have different chemical, physical and biological properties.
Structural isomers can be divided into : functional group isomers, chain isomers, and positional isomers.
In chemistry, isomers are molecules or polyatomic ions with identical molecular formulae but distinct arrangements of atoms in space.
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You plan to use the water displacement method to determine if a ring is pure silver
The water displacement method is a set of measurements used to calculate the volume of an irregularly shaped object. These objects are commonly known as irregularly shaped solids.
What is water displacement method ?The displacement method (also known as the submersion or dunking method) can be used to accurately measure the volume of the human body and other irregularly shaped objects by measuring the volume of fluid displaced when the object is submerged.
Place your jewelry on a table or in your hand, and pour some white vinegar directly on the metal (a dropper can also be used). If the metal of the jewelry changes color, it is not pure gold; if it continues to shine, you have real gold in your hand.
Thus, The water displacement method is a set of measurements used to calculate the volume of an irregularly shaped object.
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calculate the phph of a solution in which one normal adult dose of aspirin (640 mgmg ) is dissolved in 6.0 ounces of water.
The pH of the solution in which one normal adult dose aspirin is dissolved is 2.6 .
Given,
mass of aspirin = 640 mg = 0.640 g
volume of water = 6 ounces = 6 × 0.0295735 L = 0.177441 L
molar mass of aspirin = 180.16 g/mol
moles of aspirin = mass / molar mass = 0.00355 mol
The pH of the solution is as follows,
concentration of aspirin = moles of Aspirin / volume of water
= 0.00355 / 0.177441
= 0.021 M
Given that pKa of Aspirin = 3.5
pKa = -logKa
Therefore, Ka = 3.162 × 10⁻⁴
From the Ice table
3.162 × 10⁻⁴ = [x + H⁺]/[aspirin] = [x²]/[0.021 - x]
Given that the value of Ka is small so we will ignore -x
x² = 3.162 × 10⁻⁴ × 0.021
x = 2.576 × 10⁻³
Therefore,
[ H⁺ ] = 2.576 × 10⁻³
given that
pH = - Log [ H⁺ ]
= - ( -3 + log 2.576 )
= 2.58 ≈ 2.6
Hence we can conclude that The pH of the solution in which one normal adult dose aspirin is dissolved is 2.6 .
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joe is getting his energy expenditure measured by direct calorimetry. the 1 liter of water surrounding the chamber has an initial reading of 15 degrees celsius. the final reading is 2015 degrees celsius. how many calories did he expend?
Joe is getting his energy expenditure measured by direct calorimetry, and 1 liter of water surrounding chamber has an initial reading of 15 degrees Celsius. Final reading is 2015 degrees Celsius. Calories that he expend is 2,000 degree Celsius.
What is direct calorimetry?Direct calorimetry obtains direct measurement of the amount of heat generated by body within a structure large enough to permit moderate amounts of activity. These structures are known as whole-room calorimeters. Direct calorimetry gives a measure of energy expended in the form of heat.
Direct calorimetry provides the user with unique capacity to quantify the heat produced from aerobic and anaerobic metabolism by measuring heat exchange between body and the environment.
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How has the discovery of DNA affected the classification of protists?
What would happen to the concentrations of pyruvate, nadh and intermembrane h+ if glycolysis stopped working?.
The concentrations of pyruvate, NADH and intermembrane H⁺ if glycolysis stopped working is the pyruvate will decreases , the NADH will decreases and the intermembrane H⁺ will also decreases.
The glycolysis is the ,metabolic process steps in the cellular respiration. the glucose will convert to the pyruvate molecules in the presence of the oxygen and will convert in to the lactate in the absence of the oxygen. The production of the pyruvate , NADH and the intermembrane depends on the glycolysis . so when the glycolysis will stopped working all the three will decrease.
Thus, the pyruvate, NADH and intermembrane H⁺ decrease when the glycolysis stop working.
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Why is it important to conduct multiple trials of an investigation to determine the melting point of ice?.
Answer:
A
Explanation:
calculate the gibbs energy of mixing (in j) when 0.50 mol c6h14 (hexane) is mixed with 2.00 mol c7h16 (heptane) at 298 k. treat the solution as ideal.
And at the end we will calculate enthalpy by expressing it from the following equation:ΔmixH=ΔmixG+TΔmixS=−3.43⋅103J+(298K)(11.5JK−1)=−3.43⋅103J+3.43⋅103J=0J/mol ΔmixH=ΔmixG+TΔmix S=−3.43⋅103J+(298K)(11.5JK−1)=−3.43⋅103J+3.43⋅103J=0J/mol
What is Delta G of mixing?ΔG is Gibbs free energy change. For an ideal solution. ΔHmix=0. ΔG<0 i.e., negative. ΔG=ΔH−TΔS.
How do you calculate enthalpy of mix?The molar enthalpy HA+ B of a mixture of A + B can be obtained by combining the molar excess enthalpy H E with the molar enthalpies H A and HB of its pure components: HA + B = XA HA + XB HB + H E, (1) where x denotes mole fraction.
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Which is least likely to get reduced
URGENT
Cu2+
Zn2+
Fe3+
Fe2+
The electropositive ion that is least likely to get reduced is Zn²⁺ (option B).
What is electropositivity?Electropositivity in chemistry is tendency of an element to release electrons to form a chemical bond or positively charged cations.
Electropositivity is primarily exhibited by metallic elements, especially the alkali metals and the alkaline earth metals.
Electropositivity is the opposite of electronegativity, which is a measure of the tendency of an atom to gain electrons and form negatively charged anions. Therefore, highly electropositive elements have very low electronegativities and vice versa.
Based on the cations given in this question, zinc (Zn²⁺) is the most electropositive, hence, has the least tendency to be reduced i.e. gain electrons.
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how do intermolecular and intramolecular forces interact when dissolving solutes in water
Answer:
Intramolecular forces are the forces that hold atoms together within a molecule. Intermolecular forces are forces that exist between molecules.The stronger the intermolecular forces between solute molecule and solvent molecule, the greater the solubility of the solute in the solvent.
Intermolecular and intramolecular forces determine the solubility of solutes in water. As the polar solute dissolves in a polar solvent and nonpolar dissolves in nonpolar.
What are intermolecular forces?Intermolecular forces can be defined as the attractive forces and repulsive forces that develop between the molecules of a substance. These forces decide most of the chemical properties and physical properties of matter. The intermolecular forces between the molecules are known as Vander Waals forces.
Forces between the molecules themselves are known as intermolecular forces. The particles are held together by intermolecular forces while forces present within one molecule are known as intramolecular forces.
The intermolecular forces can be described as Dipole-Dipole Interactions, Ion-Dipole, Ion-Induced Dipole, Dipole-Induced Dipole Interactions, and Dispersion Forces.
Polar solute shows attractive intermolecular forces for polar solvents while nonpolar solute dissolves in nonpolar solvents. Intermolecular forces help dissolving solutes in water.
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How many isomers have a dichlorocyclobutane ?
Answer:
The three isomers of trans-1, 2-dichlorocyclobutane are as follows: The stereoisomers are those compound which differs in configuration. The stereoisomer of trans-1, 2-dichlorocyclobutane is cis-1, 2-dichlorocyclobutane.
(Atomic mae ued are C = 12. 0 g mol–1, O = 16. 0 g mol–1, H = 1. 01 g mol–1, Cu = 63. 5 g mol–1,)
1. How many mole are there in 5. 0 g of methanol (CH3OH)?
2. How many molecule of CuCO3 would weigh 9. 0 g?
3. How many mole would 3. 0 g of cyclohexane (C6H12) contain?
4. How much would 4. 00 mole of benzene weigh?
5. What i the ma of 1000 atom of calcium?
1) Mole are there in 5. 0 g of methanol is 0.147 mol.
2) molecule of CuCO₃ would weigh 9. 0 g
3) mole would 3. 0 g of cyclohexane is 0.035 mol
4) 4. 00 mole of benzene weigh is 312.44 g
5) mass of 1000 atom of calcium is 40000 u.
1) Moles are there in 5. 0 g of methanol is CH₃OH :
molar mass of CH₃OH = 34 g / mol
moles of CH₃OH = mass / molar mass
= 5 / 34
= 0.147 mol
2) moles of CuCO₃ = mass / molar mass
= 9 / 123.55
= 0.0728 mol
molecules of CuCO₃ = 6.022 × 10²³ × 0.0728
= 0.438 × 10²³ molecules
3) Mole would 3. 0 g of cyclohexane (C₆H₁₂) :
moles of C₆H₁₂ = mass / molar mass
= 3 / 84.16
= 0.035 mol
4) 4. 00 mole of benzene weigh :
moles = mass / molar mass
mass = moles × molar mass
mass = 4 × 78.11
mass = 312.44 g
5) mass of 1000 atom of calcium :
mass of 1 calcium atom = 40 u
maa of 1000 atom = 40000 u.
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A student performs four trials of an investigation to determine the boiling point of water. How should the student handle the results?(1 point).
The student should take the average of the results from all four trials to obtain the highest level of accuracy.
What is precision?Chemistry's definition of accuracy is how closely a measurement resembles the actual value.
Three categories of accuracy exist:
1) Point accuracy signifies that accuracy is present only at that scale point.
It provides no details regarding the instrument's accuracy.
2)Percentage of true value - The accuracy is assessed by identifying the instrument's accuracy and contrasting it with the true value that was measured.
3)Percentage of scale range – The accuracy is what determines the measurement's accuracy.
Up to 0.5 percent of instrument accuracy is disregarded. By taking multiple measurements and accounting for human error, measurement accuracy can be improved.
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write both a ablacnced molecular eation and a net ionic equation for each precipitation reaction observed in this experiment
Balanced molecular equation and a net ionic equation for precipitation reaction with example is as follows:
Molecular equation
Hg₂(NO₃)₂ (aq) + KI(aq) ⇒Hg₂I₂(s) + 2KNO₃(aq)
Total Ionic equation
Hg²⁺(aq) + 2NO³⁻(aq) + 2K⁺aq) ⇒Hg₂I₂(s) + 2K⁺(aq) + NO³⁻ (aq)
Net Ionic equation
Hg²⁺(aq) + 2I⁻(aq) ⇒ Hg₂I₂(s)
The only reference to a chemical equation is a balanced equation. Any ionic substances or acids are represented in a molecular equation as neutral compounds using their chemical formulae. The state of each substance is listed in parenthesis after the formula. In contrast to a net ionic equation, which only shows the chemical species participating in a reaction, a complete ionic equation also includes the spectator ions.
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If the half-life of a radioactive element is 18 days, what percentage of the original sample would be left after 108 days?.
1.56% would be the percentage of the original sample would be left after 108 days.
What is a radioactive element?
Radioactive elements are composed of atoms with unstable nuclei and emit atomic radiation as part of the stabilization process. Emission of radiation transforms radioactive atoms into different chemical elements. This chemical element is either stable or highly radioactive, so it decays further. Since some elements in nuclei are unstable due to the presence of excess nuclear charge, these nuclei undergo radioactive decay to form stable nuclei. These elements are called radioactive elements.
The nuclear stability of the elements can be calculated from the n/p (neutron-proton ratio). Elements with atomic numbers up to Z=20 are stable and contain the same number of protons and neutrons. As the atomic number increases, the repulsion between protons increases, requiring more protons and neutrons. Therefore, the neutron-to-proton ratio of stable nuclei increases with increasing atomic number.
Therefore, 1.56% would be the percentage of the original sample would be left after 108 days.
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identify the high-temperature molar specific heat at constant volume for a triatomic ideal gas of the linear molecules.
The two specific temperatures of gas CPCV have a ratio of 1.66 to 1.40 in a gas containing triatomic molecules.
Which of the following is true for a monatomic ideal gas's molar specific heat when the volume is constant?The amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of one mole of a gas by one degree Celsius at a fixed volume is known as the molar specific heat capacity (Cv) of a gas. It has a value of 3R/2 for monatomic ideal gas and 5R/2 for diatomic ideal gas.
What one of the following describes an ideal gas?The molecules of a perfect gas are always moving at random. Before colliding with another molecule or the surface, they go straight ahead.
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Gifblaar is a small south african shrub and one of the most poisonous plants known because it contains fluoroacetic acid (fch2cooh), which has a pkaof 2. 59.
The concentration of fluoroacetic acid in a solution is [tex]5.69*10^-^3M .[/tex]
What is dissociation of acids?
In an aqueous solution, an acid dissociates into hydrogen ions (H+) and anions. The molecules of a strong acid dissociate, resulting in a high concentration of H+.
It is calculated by:
Ka = [tex]\frac{[A^-][H^+]}{[H^+]}[/tex]
The dissociation of HCl is given as follows:
HCl ⇄ [tex]H^+[/tex] + [tex]Cl^-[/tex]
The concentration of H+ ion = 0.00275 M.
So,
pH = -log[tex][H^+][/tex]
pH = -log[tex][0.00275M][/tex]
pH = 2.56
According to question
pH of HCl = pH of fluoroacetic acid
The dissociation of fluoroacetic acid is given as follows:
[tex]FCH^2COOH[/tex] ⇄ [tex]FCH_2COO^-[/tex] + [tex]H^+[/tex]
Ka = [tex]\frac{[FCH^2COO^-][H^+]}{FCH^2COOH}[/tex]
pKa = -log [Ka]
2.59 = -log [Ka]
Ka = [tex]2.57*10^-^3[/tex]
According to ICE table:
[tex]FCH^2COOH[/tex] ⇄ [tex]FCH_2COO^-[/tex] + [tex]H^+[/tex]
I C 0 0
C -x +x +x
E C-x x x
According to the equation:
Ka = [tex]\frac{[FCH^2COO^-][H^+]}{FCH^2COOH}[/tex]
[tex]2.57*10^-^3[/tex] = [tex]\frac{x.x}{C-x}[/tex]
[tex]2.57*10^-^3[/tex] = [tex]\frac{x^2}{C-x}[/tex]
x = 0.00275M
[tex]2.57*10^-^3[/tex] = [tex]\frac{0.00275^2}{C-0.00275}[/tex]
Solving for C,
C = 0.00569M or [tex]5.69*10^-^3M .[/tex]
The concentration of fluoroacetic acid in a solution is [tex]5.69*10^-^3M .[/tex]
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What is the pressure of a gas in torr if its pressure is 305 kPa?
Answer:
the pressure of the gas in torr is 2280 torr
Explanation:
The pressure of a gas in torr can be calculated by converting its pressure in kPa to atmospheres and then converting the atmospheric pressure to torr.
One atmosphere is equal to 101.325 kPa. Therefore, the pressure of the gas in atmospheres is 305 kPa / 101.325 kPa/atm = 3.00 atm.
One torr is equal to 1/760 of an atmosphere. Therefore, the pressure of the gas in torr is 3.00 atm * 760 torr/atm = 2280 torr.
Therefore, the pressure of the gas in torr is 2280 torr
# of protons , number of neutrons and # of electrons
Answer:
Explanation:
Nitrogen-15: 7electrons, 7protons, 8neutrons.
Nitrogen-20: 7electrons, 7protons, 13neutrons.
Sulphur-23: 16electrons, 16protons, 7neutrons.
Sulphur-25: 16electrons, 16protons, 9neutrons.
Q.8
Which of the following would increase the amount of H₃O⁺¹ ions in a solution?
A. increasing the concentration of the base in the solution
B. increasing the strength of the base in the solution
C. increasing the strength of the acid in the solution
D. decreasing the concentration of the acid in the solution
Q.9
Which of the following would decrease the amount of H₃O⁺¹ ions in a solution?
A. increasing the concentration of the base in the solution
B. decreasing the strength of the base in the solution
C. increasing the strength of the acid in the solution
D. increasing the concentration of the acid in the solution
Q.10
Which of the following would lower the pH a solution?
A. increasing the concentration of the base in the solution
B. increasing the strength of the base in the solution
C. decreasing the strength of the acid in the solution
D. increasing the concentration of the acid in the solution
Barium metal crystallizes in a body-centered cubic lattice (the Ba atoms are at the lattice points only). The unit cell edge length is 502 pm, and the density of the metal is 3. 50 g/cm3. Using this information, calculate Avogadro's number. [Hint: First calculate the volume (in cm3) occupied by 1 mole of Ba atoms in the unit cells. Next calculate the volume (in cm3) occupied by one Ba atom in the unit cell. Assume that 68% of the unit cell is occupied by Ba atoms. ]
The Avogadro' s number is 6.022×10²³
What is body centered cubic lattice?
The Bravis lattice of the same name serves as the basis for the BCC crystal structure, which has one atom per lattice point at each of the cube's four corners and in its centre. BCC's high proportion of nearest and next-nearest neighbours contributes to its tight proximity and excellent stability.
atomic mass of Ba = 137.327u
No. of atoms of Ba in a BCC unit cell = 2
Edge length of unit cell= 502pm =502ₓ10⁻¹⁰ cm
density =3.50g/cm³
ρ=ZM/N₀ₓV
3.50=2ₓ137.327/N₀ₓ(502ₓ10⁻¹⁰)³
=78.47257/1.265ₓ10⁻²²
N₀=6.02ₓ10²³
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What happens to the other ions that are not attracted to the electrodes?
Ions can be made by single element or covalently bonded group of elements. The covalently bonded group of elements is called polyatomic ions or polyatomic atoms. Therefore, the other ions that are not attracted to the electrodes form salt.
What is Ions?Any species that contain charge whether it is positive charge or negative charge is called ions. The example of polyatomic ions are sulfate, phosphate, nitrate etc.
Cation is the species that loose electron and attain positive charge while anion is a species which gain electron and attains negative charge so when anion and cation combine in fixed ration the the overall charge of the molecule is zero that is molecule is neutral, the charge over cation and anion is also called oxidation state.
Positive ions are attracted towards negative electrode and negative ions are attracted toward positive electrodes. the ions which are not attracted to either of the electrode, these form salt with the other ion remaining in the electrolyte.
Therefore, the other ions that are not attracted to the electrodes form salt.
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can i get help with this question please
D. Scrubbing
Explanation:In this process, the emissions pass through a scrubber, which uses a chemical reagent to bind to and remove the pollutants from the exhaust gases. This reduces the amount of sulfur dioxide present in the exhaust gases before they are released into the atmosphere.
If you have any additional questions or need further assistance, please let me know.
What coefficients of fe, o2 and fe2o3 will show that matter is conserved in this chemical reaction?.
Tally the number of atoms based on subscript. Fe + O2 → Fe2O3. In this scenario, since there are now 6O atoms on the left, there must also be 6O atoms on the right. Step 2: Begin balancing the simple molecules first.
Is the equation 4 Fe 3 O2 2 fe2o3 balanced or not?The number of Fe is actually equal on both sides, and the same is true for O2, so the equation is balanced.
What happens when steam and iron oxide interact?We can also see that the ratio of hydrogen to oxygen is off. Let's add four oxygen atoms in front of the H2O molecule on the reactant side since iron oxide contains four oxygen atoms. Iron reacts with steam to produce hydrogen gas and iron oxide. Note: When steam is applied to a red-hot iron, iron oxide and hydrogen gas are produced.
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