A rapid temperature increase about 55 mya created tropical conditions around the world. What did these conditions cause?.

A sample of an ideal gas at 12.4 atm and 15.0 l is allowed to expand against a constant pressure 3.00 atm at a constant temperature.  -13.2kJ  is the work done (in kj) by the expanding gas.

Since the heat energy created during a state change is used up by altering the state of matter as well as by breaking many bonds or attractive forces, the temperature of any substance stays constant during the process.

Isothermal processes are defined as those that occur at constant temperature. There are many isothermal processes that are used often. At constant temperatures, the working fluid undergoes a change in phase during the boiling and condensing processes.

That's right; using Boyle's Law to determine V2 requires P2, which is based on the constant external pressure of 2.00 atm.

But after that, you must look for a job. w= P(ΔV)

Constant pressure = 3.00 atm

Since the gas is releasing energy, our pressure is negative in this situation.

Consequently, w= -2.00atm*(65L)= -130Latm

But because the inquiry requests working in kJ, it must first be transformed to J before kJ.

-13.169J/1000J/kJ = -130L/atm (101.3J/L/atm)

So the final answer is -13.2kJ .

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The volume that a gas will occupy at a volume of 215cm³ and a temperature of 23.5°C is 0.165L.

How to calculate volume?

The volume of a given gas can be calculated using the combined gas law equation as follows:

P₁V₁/T₁ = P₂V₂/T₂

Where;

At standard temperature and pressure (STP), the following applies;

0.215 × 0.835/296.5 = 1 × V/273

0.0006055 × 273 = V

V = 0.165L

Therefore, 0.165L is the volume of the gas at STP.

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Mass of calcium hydroxide is formed when 10g of calcium oxide reacts with 10g of water is 13.024 gram

Mass is a measure of the amount of matter in a substance or an object.

Here given data is

Calcium oxide =  10g

Water = 10g

We have to calculate mass of calcium hydroxide = ?

The reaction is

CaO + H₂O → Ca(OH)₂

1 mole of CaO reacted with 1 mole of H₂O to form 1 mole of Ca(OH)₂

Moles = mass/molar mass

Mole of CaO = 10g/56g/mol = 0.179 mole

Mole of H₂O = 10g/18g/mol = 0.556 mole

CaO is the limiting reagent therefore by using of mole ratio of CaO : Ca(OH)₂ is 1 : 1 mole of Ca(OH)₂ = 0.179 mole

Mass = mole × molar mass

Mass = 0.176 × 74g/mol

Mass = 13.024 gram

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Molecular Weight - The grams of solute that are needed is 3.5 g.

What is molecular weight?

The mass of the a given molecule is its molecular mass (m), which is expressed in daltons. Because they contain various isotopes of an element, different molecules of same compound can have distinct molecular masses. According to IUPAC, the related quantity comparative molecular weight is a unitless comparison between the mass of a molecule and the truly united atomic mass unit (also called the dalton).

GIVEN:

c =  Molarity = 0.1 M

M = Molar mass = 350 g/mol

V = Volume of solution = 100 mL = 0.1 L

n = Number of moles

m = Mass of solute

C = n/v

n =0.01 moles

M=m/n

m= 3.5g

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When determining the mass of an atom, scientists disregard electrons is because they are 2000 times smaller than protons and neutrons. They are meaningless in terms of mass.

What is atomic mass?

The ideal definition of atomic mass is 1/12 of the mass of a carbon-12 atom in its ground state. The total mass of protons and neutrons, which is almost equal to the atomic mass, can be used to account for the mass of an atom. The loss of binding energy mass is what caused this minor alteration.

1 amu = 1.66 ×10−24 g

When divided by unified atomic weight or Daltons, the atomic weight of an atom is a dimensionless number.

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Many factors make it extremely difficult to analyze patterns in terrorism. Simply said, there is a severe paucity of comparable and trustworthy data, and there is a tendency to compartmentalize analyses to address specific threats, countries, and regions. When the analysis tries to address topics as sensitive as the connections between Islam and terrorism, the issue becomes even worse.

Nearly all of the governments of the engaged nations are actively battling  terrorism, and the majority are allies of Western nations who collaborate closely with the security, armed forces, and anti-terrorist organizations of non-Muslim nations.

Muslims around the world differ greatly not just in terms of their religious beliefs but also in terms of their political and societal philosophies, including how they perceive the government, the law, and human rights; what they believe should be taught in schools; and whether or not they are violent.

Thus, global terrorism has affected the Islam as a religion in the eye of world.

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The statement which is not correct about global environment indicator is that global grain production has grown continuously since 1950, but grain production per person has fallen sharply over that time.

Global grain output has increased since 1950 as a result of enhanced irrigation, fertilization, new variety of crops, and other advancements. Global grain production has dropped, but, per person. The increase in the human population is to blame for this. The distribution of enough food per capita declines as the amount of habitats rises.

Therefore, despite a reasonably consistent increase in global grain production since 1950, grain production per person has fallen sharply throughout that time. However, this does not indicate the global environment as do the other options.

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The complete question is:

Which statement regarding a global environmental indicator is NOT correct? (a) Concentrations of atmospheric carbon dioxide have been rising quite steadily since the Industrial Revolution. (b) World grain production has increased fairly steadily since 1950, but worldwide production of grain per capita has decreased dramatically over the same period. (c) For the past 130 years, average global surface temperatures have shown an overall increase that seems likely to continue. (d) World population is expected to be between 8 billion and 10 billion by 2050.

Answer:bond order of one

Explanation:

The dilithium molecule is shown in the final diagram (Li2). The bonding orbital is filled by the 2s electrons rather than the 1s electrons, who are not involved in the bonding. Li2 has a bond order of 1 and is a molecule that is stable in the gas phase.

The number of chemical bonds that exist between two atoms is known as bond order.

Dilithium (Li2)

Bond Number = 2

Bonding electrons = 0 and anti-bonding electrons = 1

The p electrons entirely occupy the bonding orbital without the 1s electrons participating in bonding, leaving the antibonding orbital empty and resulting in a bond order of 1, suggesting a stable molecule (in this case, in the gas phase).

Lithium possesses 3 electrons in its neutral state because of its atomic number. Li2 will also have six electrons. However, the chemical formula we are given (Li2) has a negative charge, hence this compound also contains an additional electron (RED). Consequently, there are 7 electrons in all. The following diagram represents the MOT for this chemical. As seen in the diagram, we have four electrons in bonding molecular orbitals (BMO) and three in anti-bonding molecular orbitals (ABMO)

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The mass of glucose required here is  4068 grams, we get this freezing point depression.

Freezing point depression generally refers to the lowering of the freezing point of solvent upon the addition of solutes.

It is a colligative property of the solutions that is generally proportional to the molality of solute that is added. The depression in the freezing point of a solution can be described by the following formula;

Δ[tex]T_{f}[/tex] = [tex]K_{f}[/tex] × molality × i

4.2[tex]^{o}C[/tex] = 1.86 × m × 1

m = 2.26

molality = moles of solute

                mass of solvent

2.26m = mole of solute

                10.0Kg

mole of solute = 22.6mol

mole of glucose = mass of glucose

                              molar mass

22.6 = mass of glucose  

                180

Mass of glucose = 22.6 × 180

Mass of glucose = 4068 grams

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The ingredients are classified below as acidic or basic as follows:

Acidic: Sodium Lauryl Sulfate, Carrageenan, Glycerin, Methylparaben, Propylparaben, Eugenol, Sorbitol,

Basic: Calcium carbonate,  Aqua, Silica, Aroma (Flavour), Salvadora persica (Miswak/Al-Arak) extract, Cellulose gum (Sodium Carboxy Methylcellulose), Sodium Silicate, Sodium Benzoate, Sodium saccharin,  

Acids are substances that produce hydrogen ions as the only positive ion when dissolved in water.

Acids can also be defined as substances that donate a proton.

Substances that are acidic have a pH of less than 7.

Bases are substances that react with acids to produce salt ad water only.

Bases can also be defined as substances that accept a proton.

Substances that are basic have a pH of less than 7.

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When preparing solutions in cuvettes, handle the cuvettes by the rough side and avoid touching the smooth side. Wipe the cuvette before inserting it into the spectrophotometer.

The cuvette is made of silica quartz. Therefore, care should be taken before using cuvettes. Always wear powder-free gloves when handling cuvettes. Fingerprints are the most common cause of cuvette malfunction and unreliable readings. The cuvette should always be held at the top of the cuvette to avoid damaging the bottom of the cuvette where the light enters.

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Answer:

Explanation:

Synthesis

The compounds in order of increasing magnitude of lattice energy are KF < CaO < MgO < Al2O3.

When ions in the gаseous phаse form а solid ionic compound, it releаses energy which defines the bond strength of thаt ionic compound. This strength, which cаn be estimаted using the Born-Hаber cycle, is cаlled the lаttice energy. Generаlly, it is influenced by fаctors such аs the rаdius аnd the chаrge of the ions, аnd it helps chаrаcterize the properties of the compound such аs its hаrdness, volаtility, аnd solubility.

Lattice energy is determined by the charge on the atoms making up the lattice and by the atomic radii of those atoms.

Thus, in order of increasing lattice energy, we have KF < CaO < MgO < Al2O3.

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41.788 mg of sample contains 100 mg, remains after 2000 years when the half-life of radium-226 is 1590 years.

Radium is a radioactive element. All radioactive elements are first order reactions with half-life constants.

For first-order reactions, the half-life is inversely proportional to the rate constant. The formula is:

for first-order reaction

[tex]t_{1/2} = \frac{ln2}{k} \\k = \frac{ln2}{t_{1/2}} \\\\k= \frac{0.693}{1590} \\\\\\k= 0.000436 years[/tex]

Radioactive decay period is:

t = 2.303 × log(a/a-x)/k

Where,

t ⇒ Decay time of radioactive element.

a ⇒ initial amount

a-x ⇒ remainder after t time

k ⇒ rate constant

put the value in formula

t = 2.303 × log(a/a-x)/k

2000 = 2.303 * log(100 / a-x) / 0.000436, so,

log(100 / a-x) = 2000 * 0.000436 / 2.303

                   =0.379

100 / a - x = log 0.379

100/a-x=2.393

a - x = 100 / 2.393

a - x = 41.788 mg

So after 2000 years,  41.788 mg of radium-226 will remain

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Lithium becomes Li+ by losing 1 electron and chlorine becomes Cl− by accepting electrons. Therefore it ionic compound, LiCl is formed.

Lithium belongs to Group 1 of the periodic table which means that Lithium has one electron in its valence shell and this electron is located in the 2s orbital. The single electron is represented as dot around the Lithium symbol.

The ionic bond formation of lithium chloride involves transfer of electrons from lithium to chlorine and forming, Li+ and Cl− in LiCl.

A bond between metal and nonmetal is said to be ionic in nature or is said that it has high ionic character. Therefore, we can say that  LiCl bond is an ionic bond.

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The heat of fusion for water is 79.7 J/g. This can be determined by using the specific heat capacity of water and solving for the heat of fusion.

What is fusion?
Fusion is the process of two atoms coming together to form a heavier atom, including when two hydrogen atoms combine to form a single helium atom. The sun is powered by this process, which produces vast amounts of energy—many times more than fission. Additionally, no radioactive fission products are produced. The extreme temperature and pressure needed to fuse the nuclei together are being studied by scientists, but they are difficult to sustain for long periods of time.

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0.30 ev is the energy of the second excited rotational state above the ground state .

What is energy ?

In physical, energy are quantitative properties given to a body or physical system, perceivable in the form of work performance and heat and light. Energy is Conserved - The law of conservation of energy states that energy can be transformed into form, but cannot be created or destroyed. The unit of measure for energy in the International System of Units (SI) is the joule (J).

Common forms of energy include the kinetic energy of a moving object, the potential energy stored by an object (due to its position in the field, etc.), the elastic energy stored by a fixed object, chemical energy, the energy associated with a chemical reaction, Includes radiation. is the energy transported by electromagnetic radiation and is the internal energy involved in a thermodynamic system. All living things absorb and emit energy all the time. Due to the equivalence of mass and energy, an object that has mass when it is at rest (called rest mass) has an equivalent amount of energy with a shape called rest energy plus an additional amount given to the object above that rest energy. It also has energy (in any form). Increases the object's total mass and increases its total energy.

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Cu3(PO4)2   (Copper (11) Phosphate)

→ Inorganic compound.

→ It is cupric salt of phosphoric acid.

→ Insoluble in water and ethanol.

Solubility is defined as the maximum amount of a substance that will dissolve in a specified amount of solvent at a specified temperature. Solubility is a characteristic property of a particular solute/solvent combination, and different substances have very different solubilities.

Solubility indicates the maximum amount of a substance that can be dissolved in a solvent at a specific temperature. Such a solution is called saturated. Solubility is the formation of new bonds between solute and solvent molecules. In terms of quantity, solubility is the maximum concentration of a solute that will dissolve in a solvent of known concentration at a given temperature.

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The Stanley miller apparatus demonstrated , The new data about the composition of the early atmosphere had which of the following effects on origin-of-life hypotheses : A new organic soup hypothesis was proposed to account for the new data for the atmosphere.

The Stanley miller  hypothesis proposed the evolution of life on the earth. from the several theories the acceptance is on soup theory. The organic soup theory proposed the new data for the atmosphere also called as primordial soup theory.

Thus, The Stanley miller apparatus demonstrated , The new data about the composition of the early atmosphere had which of the following effects on origin-of-life hypotheses : A new organic soup hypothesis was proposed to account for the new data for the atmosphere.

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The molarity and molality of the student's Stilbene solution is 0.72 M and 0.85 m.

Molarity is calculated by the formula - number of moles of solute ÷ volume of solution in litres

Molality is calculated by the formula - number of moles of solute ÷ mass of solvent in kilograms

Molar mass of Stilbene = 180 gram/mole

Number of moles = mass ÷ molar mass

Number of moles = 13 ÷ 180

Performing division

Number of moles = 0.072 mol

Volume of solution= 100 ml

As per the fact, 1000 ml = 1 l

Volume = 0.1 l

Mass of solvent = volume × density

Mass of solvent = 100 × 0.85

Mass of solvent = 85 gm

1000 gm = 1 kg

85 gm = 0.085 kg

Molarity = 0.072/0.1

Molarity = 0.72 M

Molality = 0.072/0.085

Molality = 0.847 m

Molality = 0.85 m

Thus, the molarity and molality is 0.72 M and 0.85 m.

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The complete question is attached in the diagram.

An atom of Fluorine  element has the strongest attraction for the electrons in a bond.

One of the most important properties of electrons is their mutual Coulomb repulsion. As electrons are negatively charged species we know that they will be attracted to the nucleus. We know that these electrons moved in their fixed energy levels called as the orvbitals ,which in turn decides the size of an atom as well.

In the periodic table as we move from left to right in the periodic table we see that the even though the number of electrons are increasing, but the size of the atoms will decrease. This happens because for each atom when the upcoming electrons are added they get added to the same shell . Due to this the nucleus will attract these electrons towards itself.

This is the main reason why from left to right in the periodic table the size of the atoms decreases, so it means smaller the size greater will the attraction faced by the electrons . Since Fluorine is the element present on the right most corner of the periodic table, it has the strongest attraction faced due to its smaller size.

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The statement which best explains the importance of the blank spaces in Mendeleev’s version of the periodic table of elements is that they predicted the existence of elements that had not yet been discovered.

This is referred to as the tabular arrangement of elements into groups and periods based on their common properties and features. There are 18 groups and seven periods in which elements are grouped under.

Mendeleev intentionally left blank spaces in his working version of the periodic table of elements because he predicted the existence of elements that had not yet been discovered.

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the molarity of "acidity" in the vinegar is 0.00386 .

What is molarity ?

Molarity (also called molarity, bulk concentration, or substance concentration) is a measure of the concentration of a chemical species, especially a solute, in solution, expressed as the amount of substance per unit volume of solution. In chemistry, the most commonly used unit of molarity is moles per liter, symbolized in SI units as mol/L or mol/dm3. A solution with a concentration of 1 mol/L is called 1 molar, commonly called 1 M.

Molarity or molarity is most commonly expressed in moles of solute per liter of solution. For broader use, it is defined as the amount of solute material per unit volume of solution, or per unit volume available to a species, and is expressed in lower case.

this %mass means:

basis --> 100 g of solution, then 5 g are vinegar

assume d = 1 g/ml then we have V = 100 ml of solution

m = 5 g of Acetic acid

MW of acteic Acid = 60

mole = mass/MW = 5/60 = 0.08333 mol of acetic acid

By definition

M = mol/V = 0.0833/0.1 = 0.8333 M of Acetic acid

Ka = 1.8*10^-5

Ka = [H+][A-]/[HA]

1.8*10^-5 = (x)(x) / (0.8333-x)

x = [h+]

solve for H+

[h+] = 0.00386

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No, the experimental mole ratio is exactly the same as the theoretical mole ratio.

A mole ratio is a ratio among the amounts in moles of any compounds worried in a balanced chemical reaction. The stability chemical equation affords a comparison of the ratios of the molecules necessary to finish the response.

The mole ratio is the proportion of the theoretical mole ratio, of moles of any two chemical entities concerned in a compound or a chemical reaction. studying the mole ratio is crucial to calculate the reaction yield, determining the stoichiometry, and screening the response kinetics.

The ratio of moles of 1 substance to the moles of another substance in a balanced equation. To decide the mole ratio between  materials, all you want to do is examine the balanced equation for the coefficients in the front of the materials you are interested in

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The statement that best completes the sentence "whether a substance is a gas, liquid, or solid is dependent on the natural attractive forces between molecules and" is: the kinetic energy of the molecules;

Hence, the correct option is D.

Intermolecular forces are forces of attraction that exist between molecules of the same substance that enable the substance to exist in different states of matter.

The stronger the intermolecular forces between the molecules of a substance, the more ordered the particles of the substance will be.

Hence, solids have the strongest intermolecular forces whereas gases have the weakest intermolecular forces.

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As per the given statement the right answer is C, The chemical reaction is in an open system and a gas is being released into the atmosphere.

A chemical reaction is a process that leads to the chemical transformation of one set of chemical substances to another.

Now ,The Law of Conservation of Mass States that Mass cannot be created nor destroyed, it can only change form.

In a chemical reaction, the sum of the masses of the reactants and products remains unchanged.

So, whenever there is a change in the mass of product it is the result of occurring in the open system and some of its paricle(mass) may escaped in the form of gas or during conversion of state.

Hence, the right answer is C, The chemical reaction is in an open system and a gas is beingreleased into the atmosphere.

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The Calvin cycle is the regeneration of RuBP.

For the technology of one carbon dioxide molecule from the pathway, six carbon molecules are required, so six turns of the cycle are required for the regeneration of 1 molecule of RuBP one ATP is required and for the technology of six molecules of RuBP, six ATP molecules are required. A G3P molecule carries three constant carbon atoms so it takes two G3Ps to construct a six-carbon glucose molecule.  

Due to the fact the carbohydrate molecule has six carbon atoms, it takes six turns of the Calvin cycle to make one carbohydrate molecule. Six turns of the Calvin cycle are required to generate one mole of glucose. A molecule of glucose is made up of six carbon molecules. consequently, six turns will be required for the synthesis of 1 molecule of glucose by way of the Calvin cycle.

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The product of the fully balanced chemical equation is single bond compound.

Hydrogenation reactions include the reaction of hydrogen and nitrogen to form product depending on the choice of catalyst.

Hydrogenation is a chemical reaction that provides hydrogen to a molecule. Hydrogenation is not thermodynamically favorable at regular temperatures, so a catalyst is needed. Normally this catalyst is a metal. Examples of hydrogenated products consist of margarine, mineral turpentine, and aniline.

An example of an alkene addition response is a technique called hydrogenation. In a hydrogenation reaction, two hydrogen atoms are brought across the double bond of an alkene, ensuing in a saturated alkane.

Hydrogenation is used to solidify, preserve or purify many products, raw materials, or ingredients. Ammonia, fuels (hydrocarbons), alcohols, pharmaceuticals, margarine, polyols, numerous polymers and chemicals are products dealt with using a hydrogenation manner.

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Disclaimer:- your question is incomplete, please see below for the complete uestion.

predict the product(s) and provide a fully balanced chemical equation for each of the following hydrogenation reactions:

The molar concentration of a 600 mL solution that contains 250 grams of iron (II) chloride would be 3.28 M.

The concentration of a solution is the amount of solute present in the solution relative to the volume of the solution. The concentration of solutions can be expressed in different forms. These include:

The molar concentration of a solution refers to the number of moles of solutes per liter of the solution. The mass concentration, on the other hand, refers to the mass of solutes in a solution per liter of the solution.

In this case, we want to find the molar concentration of the iron (II) chloride solution.

The molar mass of the compound is 126.75 g/mol.

Recall that: mole = mass/molar mass

Mole of 250 grams iron (II) chloride = 250/126.75

                                                           = 1.97 moles

Volume of the solution = 600 mL

                                       = 600/1000 liter

                                        = 0.60 liter

Molar concentration of the solution = 1.97/0.60

                                                           = 3.28 mol/liter

In other words, the concentration of the solution is 3.28 M.

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