One molecule of glucose would be created by six cycles, or six CO2 start text, six CO2 end text, six CO2 start subscript, two end subscript, six ATP turns, and twelve NADPH turns.
What is Calvin cycle?The Calvin cycle is also known as the C3 cycle, the nighttime reaction of photosynthesis, or the light-independent reaction. However, it is most active during the daytime when there is a surplus of ATP and NADPH. The plant cells employ the building blocks produced by the light reactions to create organic molecules:
Energy: The endergonic reactions are propelled by ATP, which is produced by cyclic and noncyclic photophosphorylation.
2. Reducing power: Photosystem I's NADPH serves as the source of both the hydrogen and the powerful electrons needed to bind it to carbon atoms. During photosynthesis, a large portion of the light energy is stored in the sugars' energy-dense C—H bonds.
Carbohydrates, especially starch and sucrose, are the primary forms of light energy that plants store.
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Two G3Ps are needed to make a glucose molecule with six carbons since a G3P molecule has three fixed carbon atoms.
How many times must the Calvin cycle run before one G3P molecule is produced?One carbohydrate molecule requires six rounds of the Calvin cycle to produce since it contains six carbon atoms (one for each carbon dioxide molecule fixed). RuBP is renewed by the remaining G3P molecules, allowing the system to get ready for the carbon-fixation stage.
How many turns are necessary to make G3P?Since one G3P contains three carbon atoms and is exported from the chloroplast, it takes three "turns" of the Calvin cycle to fix enough net carbon to do so.
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The _________ regulates homeostasis, the autonomic nervous system, the endocrine system, and the sleep/wake cycle.
The hypothalamus regulates homeostasis, the autonomic nervous system, the endocrine system, and the sleep/wake cycle.
Hypothalamus is the part of the brain that almond-sized and present at the base of the brain. It is the part of the limbic system which controls the behavioral and emotional responses. It is also known as the body's smart control coordinating center.
Homeostasis is the state of dynamic equilibrium in the body. It is when the net loss of the body is equal to net gain. For example, the accurate blood pressure, body temperature, nutrient concentrations are all conditions of homeostasis. If any one concentration changes, then it should be balanced by the action of other.
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A scientist is examining a pedigree that includes several generations of an organism with XX/XY chromosome sex determination.
Which pattern of inheritance would support the hypothesis that the trait being studied is a recessive sex-linked trait found on the X chromosome?
B
A. The trait is only expressed in males who have a father with the trait. The trait is expressed in half of the female organisms and all of the
male organisms.
C. The trait is mostly expressed in males who have a maternal grandfather with
the trait.
D.
The trait is mostly expressed in females who have a paternal grandmother with the trait.
Answer:
C. The trait is mostly expressed in males who have a maternal grandfather with the trait.
Explanation:
A pedigree chart displays a family tree and shows the members of the family who are affected by a genetic trait.
g which choice among a-e below is false? a. transferrins: an iron-binding protein in your body b. fever: increases t cell activity and lowers iron availability c. amps: peptides of the innate immune system that possess antimicrobial activity d. interferon: acts on increfhypothalamus to elevate body temperature set point causing fever e. alternative complement pathway: complement activated by binding to pathogen surface glycolipids f. none are false; a - e are all true
False, Interferon acts on the hypothalamus to raise the body's natural temperature, resulting in fever.
What class of medication is interferon?Immunomodulators are a class of drugs that includes interferon alfa-2b. By reducing the amount of virus in the body, interferon alfa-2b treats hepatitis C virus (HCV) and hepatitis B virus (HBV).
What is the purpose of interferon?Hepatitis B and C, lymphoma (lymph node cancer), malignant melanoma (skin cancer), genital warts, hairy cell leukemia (blood cell cancer), and Kaposi sarcoma are all conditions that are treated with interferon alfa-2b injection. In order to combat infections and tumors, the body's cells produce substances called interferons.
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What do we need protein for in our bodies?
Answer:
We need proteins for a lot of very vital functions in our bodies. We would not survive without them. Here are some examples below:
Enzymes are mostly proteins. They carry out the chemical reactions in the body. This includes digestion and energy production.Transportation proteins bind and carry molecules throughout the body. Proteins in your cell membrane controls what pass in and out of the cell.Messenger proteins, such as certain types of hormones, sends signals to oversee the biological processes between the different structures in your body.Proteins help provide structure and support for the cell. An example would be keratin, which is found in your nails.Answer: We need protein to help the body repair cells and make new cells
Explanation:
The human body is made up of proteins. The most basic form of proteins is chains of amino acids. Every cell in the human body contains proteins. Proteins are essential for the growth and development of our body. It helps the body repair cells to form new cells. Protein is important for building bones, muscles, cartilage, and skin, oxygenation of the body since red blood cells contain a protein compound, digestion, and speeding recovery.
Lack of protein can make us lose body mass, and strength and slows down our metabolism rates. The body cannot function normally without protein and its essential amino acids. Low protein levels in our body can lead to nausea, headache, mood changes, weakness, fatigue, low blood pressure, diarrhea, etc.
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Part 1 Questions
1. You have a battery and a light bulb. What else must you have to complete the circuit to light the bulb. Why is this component necessary?
2. How is a parallel circuit different from a series circuit? Provide an example to support your statement.
3. What is the role of resistance in an electrical circuit? Provide an example to support your statement.
4. Ohm’s law is represented by the following equation
I= V/R
Explain how the current would change if the amount of voltage increased, but resistance stayed the same.
1) A switch is required
2) The series circuit has end to end connection while we connect a parallel circuit to a common junction
3) The resistance would reduce the current in the circuit.
4) The current would increase.
What is a circuit?The term circuit has to do with a path that have been provided for the flow of current. There are the components that must be present so as to be able to make up a circuit. All of these components have various roles and they help the circuit to be able to function well.
1) Since we have the battery and the light bulb, we need a switch and the switch would complete the circuit because it is going to help us to open and close the circuit.
2) In a parallel circuit, the connection is done to a common junction while in a series circuit the connection is done end to end.
3) The resistance is the opposition that is offered to the flow of current in a cicuit. It serves to decrease the flow of current in the circuit.
4) If the voltage is increased and the resistance remains the same then the current would be increased in the circuit.
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The external brain structure found between the pre-central gyrus and the post-central gyrus is the.
The precentral gyrus lies in front of the postcentral gyrus - totally on the lateral (convex) aspect of each cerebral hemisphere - from which it is separated by the important sulcus.
The relevant sulcus often maintains a quick distance onto the medial floor of the hemisphere. Anterior and posterior to it lie the medial extensions of the precentral and postcentral gyri growing the morphological entity known as the paracentral lobule.
The superolateral surface shows the valuable sulcus that separates the pre-imperative and put-up-critical gyri. The parietal lobe is divided with the aid of the interparietal sulcus into supra-parietal and infra-parietal lobes. The occipital lobe includes the primary visible area surrounded by peristriate and parastriate regions.
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The major histocompatibility complex (mhc) is important in a t cell's ability to?
MHC molecules is to bind peptide fragments derived from pathogens and display them on the cell surface for recognition by the appropriate T cells.
MHC is the tissue-antigen that allows the immune system to bind to, recognize, and tolerate itself . MHC is also the chaperone for intracellular peptides that are complexed with MHCs and presented to T cell receptors (TCRs) as potential foreign antigens.
Both classes of proteins share the task of presenting peptides on the cell surface for recognition by T cells. Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I and class II proteins play a important role in the adaptive branch of the immune system.
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In an important experiment with e. Coli, meselson and stahl established that during dna replication, each of the two strands that make up the double helix were used as a template for the new strands of dna. The scientists described the replication method as semi-conservative. What does this indicate?.
In an important experiment with e. Coli, Mseason and Stahl hooked up that in DNA replication, every one of the 2 strands that make up the double helix had been used as a template for the new strands of DNA to just take the test.
The presence of 1 parental subunit for every daughter DNA double helix supported semi-conservative replication. The 1/3 conclusion made with the aid of Meselson and Stahl said that for every parental DNA molecule, new molecules were made. consequently, the quantity of DNA after each replication is elevated via an issue of two.
Meselson & Stahl reasoned that these experiments confirmed that DNA replication changed into semi-conservative: the DNA strands separate and everyone makes a copy of itself so that each daughter molecule accommodates one "vintage" and one "new" strand.
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PLEASE HURRY QUICK!!!!!!!!!
Radiation -
- Heat from a fire warming hands
- Cooking popcorn using a microwave
Conduction -
- Grabbing a warm coffee mug to warm hands
- Putting an ice pack over an injury
Convection -
- An oven that cooks by cycling warm air through the bottom and out the top
- Warm water rising to the surface of the ocean and cooler water sinking
Hope that helps lol.
a mechanic tries to change as many tires as possible in a short time by bringing more cars into the garage before previously repaired cars can be removed. eventually no more work can be done until the fixed cars are removed. what enzyme function is this like?
Feedback inhibition is the enzyme function in this scene
Feedback inhibition is an essential biochemical process that modulates several enzymatic reactions using noncompetitive inhibitors. The final product of this process blocks the enzyme that catalyzes the first series of reactions. Synthesis of some amino acids is regulated by feedback inhibition. A simple example of feedback cancellation is a thermostat connected to a heater. A sensor detects the temperature in the that room, and when the temperature was reaches a predetermined set of point, the thermostat was signals the stove to turn it off. Feedback inhibition occurs when there end product of the reaction interferes with the enzyme that actually helped produce it. Inhibitors do this by the binding to the second active binding site that is actually different from that bound to the first and the reactant. The enzyme then changes shape and can no be longer catalyze the reaction
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Which organelle is responsible for packaging proteins for transport outside the cell?.
Proteins are packaged by the Golgi apparatus for transportation outside of the cell.
What is the structure of cells?The outer layer, the nucleus, and the cytoplasm are the three components that make up a cell. Intricate arrangements of microscopic fibers and thousands and thousands of tiny, unique structures known as organelles can be found in the cytoplasm.
Which cell is the smallest?The pathogenic bacteria Mycoplasma gallicepticum is thought to be the tiniest known organism capable has autonomous reproduction. It lives in the respiratory, genital, and urine systems of primates. Mycoplasma is the name of the cell type that was used in the experiment. It has a 0.0001 mm diameter.
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can anyone help with: In one or two paragraphs summarize Cellular Respiration. Be sure to include the following words: Cellular respiration, Mitochondria, Cytoplasm, Glycolysis, pyruvates, Krebs cycle, Carbon Dioxide, NADH and FADH2 (high energy electron carriers), electron transport chain, Oxygen, Water, and ATP.
Cellular Respiration is a metabolic process in which mitochondria and cytoplasm work together during Glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain. The reactants of these metabolic processes include Oxygen, Water, and the products include pyruvate (in glycolysis), ATP, Carbon Dioxide, NADH and FADH₂ (high energy electron carriers).
What is the process of cellular respiration?The process of cellular respiration is a group of metabolic pathways that generates ATP in aerobic conditions, i.e. in the presence of oxygen which acts as an electron acceptor during the electron transport chain.
The processes of cellular respiration include:
GlycolysisThe Krebs cycleThe electron transport chainTherefore, with this data, we can see that Glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain are part of the cellular respiration processes and they work together to generate energy in the form pf ATP.
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When muscles are active, cells use nutrients and oxygen at a higher rate and produce waste
chemicals and heat more rapidly. Describe how the interaction of two or more body systems helps
to maintain homeostasis during periods of high muscle activity. (Be sure to identify the two
systems you refer to in your answer.)
The interaction of two or more body systems helps to maintain homeostasis during periods of high muscle activity because to eliminate the waste substances, the circulatory system collaborates with the excretory system.
The circulatory system delivers the oxygen that is taken in by the respiratory system to the cells. An increased heart rate will speed up the delivery of oxygen to the cells since they consume it more quickly. Waste will be created when muscular activity rises, and the excretory system will remove it.
The circulatory system, the digestive system, the excretory system, and the respiratory system are the four major systems that collaborate when there is considerable muscular activity.
Finally, the excretory system eliminates waste from the body that is produced throughout all the activities mentioned above. The circulatory system carries all vital nutrients to every cell in the body, including muscle cells.
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the number of chromosomes in gametes is hapoid.why ?
Answer:
Haploid cells have only one set of chromosomes due to meosis.
Explanation:
Gametes are sex cells.
Gametes contain half the chromosomes contained in a normal diploid cell.
Gametes are produced as a result of meiosis.
During meiosis, the chromosome number is reduced to half and each daughter cell receives half the set of chromosomes.
These gametes unite together to form a zygote.
If both the gametes were diploid, the zygote will have double the number of chromosomes of somatic cells, which in turn results in an abnormal organism.
Thus, gametes have a haploid number of chromosomes.
Which of the following describes an organism under stress?
They expend more energy to maintain homeostasis.
They use less energy for homeostasis and instead use it for reproduction.
They will not reproduce at all.
Fewer of their offspring will survive.
The following which describes an organism under stress is that they expend more energy to maintain homeostasis and is denoted as option A.
What is Homeostasis?This is defined as the process in which an organism possesses the ability to maintain internal stability which is usually in response to the changes in the environment.
The part of the brain which is referred to as hypothalamus is responsible for the homeostatic activities which occur in the cells of the body. Fir example in the case of the weather being hot, the brain sends signals so as to ensure that there is less production of urine so as to ensure that the individual is hydrated.
This process involves the use of more energy to maintain it and is therefore the reason why option A was chosen as the correct choice.
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In contrast to positive ssRNA viruses such as coronaviruses and polioviruses, the genome of retroviruses
A) lacks genes encoding for tRNA primers.
B) must first integrate into the host's genome before transcription.
C) is negative ssRNA.
D) lacks ribonuclease activity
In contrast to positive ssRNA viruses such as coronaviruses and polioviruses, the genome of retroviruses must first integrate into the host's genome before transcription.
What do you mean by single-stranded RNA?Over one-third of all known virus genera are positive-sense RNA viruses. This covers numerous viruses on official lists of possible bioterrorism agents as well as significant infections. In all phases of viral infection, including entry and replication, these viruses employ host factors. Perhaps more significantly, +ssRNA viruses can co-opt host components to modify the host's defenses and gene expression.
A +ssRNA virus' genomic RNA, which is also a messenger RNA, only contains the genes required for the infectious cycle. Its packing is thought to be an adaptation to tolerate mutations and depends on a number of different segments.
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Select all that are possible sources of fixed acids.
a. Body cells
b. Diet rich in animal protein
c. Vegetarian diet
d. Antacids
The appropriate choices are A and B: Body cells and high animal protein diet Compared to bird lungs, human lungs are far less efficient at capturing oxygen from the air.
This is essential for birds because they need more oxygen to absorb the energy from the food they eat because they burn a lot of energy while they fly. Additionally, there are times when birds fly very high in the sky, where there is less oxygen. Health professionals hypothesize that protein from animal sources adds to an increased risk of heart disease since people who consume diets heavy in animal protein often experience more heart attacks than people who obtain their protein largely from plant sources.
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drag the description of each dna sample to the appropriate location to identify the expected appearance of the dna band(s) after density-gradient centrifugation.
The only double helices in DNA that is composed of both 14N and 15N strands are 14N/15N
What is DNA sample?Blood, buccal swabs, hair, teeth, fingernails, tissues from internal organs (including the brain), muscle, and skin can all be taken as samples from unidentified bodies. Oral buccal swabs are the most widely used and trustworthy form of sample collection for DNA testing. In addition to being used as evidence in court, it is also utilized to locate biological relatives, identify bodies, and find disease remedies.
DNA Evidence Types and Analysis:
Short Tandem Repeats (STR), Y-Chromosome, and Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR).Cell mitochondrial DNA
Different bands are formed as a result of the different densities of the double helices of the elements 14N/14N, 14N/15N, and 15N/15N. The bands 14N/14N at the top, 14N/15N in the middle, and 15N/15N at the bottom all have a similar shape.
There are only 15N/15N double helices in DNA from cells grown in 15N.
There are only 14N/14N double helices in the DNA of cells grown in 14N.
Both 14N/14N and 15N/15N double helices can be found in a 1:1 mixture of DNA produced by cells grown in 14N and 15N.
It contains 14N/14N, 14N/15N, and 15N/15N double helices when DNA from cells grown in 14N and 15N is heated and then cooled in a 1:1 ratio
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when the pathway shown here is activated, the cellular response is gene transcription. what will happen to gene transcription if the signaling molecule (ligand) is absent, but the ras protein is always bound to gtp and why?
Because Ras-GTP is the active version of the signal transduction protein for cell division, cell division would increase.
What is mean by cell division?The process by which a parent cell divides into two daughter cells is known as cell division. Cell growth and chromosome replication precede cell division, which often happens as part of a longer cell cycle.
The process of making new cells for the body, known as mitosis, is usually meant when the term "cell division" is used. Meiosis, a cell division process, is what creates egg and sperm cells.
New cells are created as cells divide. One cell divides into two, which divide into four more cells, and so on. Because new cells are created as old cells divide, we refer to these processes as "cell division" and "cell reproduction."
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Dha and epa, eicosanoids derived from omega-3 fatty acids, reduce blood clot formation and promote heart health. The richest food source of dha and epa is ____________.
Dha and epa, eicosanoids derived from omega-3 fatty acids, reduce blood clot formation and promote heart health. The richest food source of dha and epa is fatty fish.
What are the benefits of EPA and DHA?EPA and DHA have a large number of benefits for our body, the main source of these acids is in fatty fishes such as tuna, anchovies, or salmon. There has an indirect source of EPA in flaxseed oil, leafy vegetables, and nuts. They do not have EPA, they have ALA, which the body converts into EPA, but only really small quantities can be converted.
Fish and seafood or the marine sources are the highest food source of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Among the marine sources, fish such as salmon, herring, mackerel and anchovy have the highest content of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA).
Therefore, The richest food source of dha and epa is fatty fish.
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one of the reasons that viruses are such effective infectious organisms is their ability to gain entry into host cells. which component of a virus is primarily responsible for this feat?
Viral envelope is the component of a virus is primarily responsible for causing infection.
The topmost coat of many different types of viruses is called a viral envelope. When moving between host cells during their life cycle, it safeguards the genetic material. Not every virus has an envelope. Even though some viral glycoproteins are present, the envelopes are typically made from remnants of the host cell membranes. This envelope is produced by a process known as "budding off" from the infected cell, or host. Newly formed virus particles are "enveloped" or wrapped in an outer layer made of a small fragment of the cell's plasma membrane during the budding process.
A small membrane protein known as the virus envelope protein is a minor part of the virus particles. It is crucial for virion assembly and morphogenesis, altering host cell membrane permeability, and virus-host interactions.
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Which of these are steps in the binary fission process for single cells?
Select all that apply.
A) A new cell wall forms in the center of the cell, splitting it in two.
B) The chromosomes copy themselves and move to opposite sides of the cell.
C) The cell membrane pinches in the middle.
D) The plasmids divide and move so that each new cell gets the same number.
Which cellular structure must substances pass through to enter or leave the cell.
plasma membranes
Explanation:
Plasma membranes must allow certain substances to enter and leave a cell, while preventing harmful material from entering and essential material from leaving. In other words, plasma membranes are selectively permeable—they allow some substances through but not others.
A mutant dna polymerase that increases the frequency of strand slippage would increase the frequency of which type of mutation?.
A mutant DNA polymerase that increases the frequency of strand slippage might increase the frequency) triplet-repeat growth mutation.
Triplet enlargement is resulting from slippage at some stage in DNA replication or at some stage in DNA repair synthesis. because the tandem repeats have an identical collection to one another, base pairing among two DNA strands can take region at more than one factor alongside the sequence.
Repeat expansion issues are a category of genetic illnesses which are a result of expansions in DNA repeats. The DNA repeats are available in diverse sizes from single nucleotides to dodecamers or longer. the threshold at which the repeat expansions emerge as symptomatic varies with the unique disease.
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Which of the following statements is correct regarding the functions channel members perform?
A. Channel members do not get involved in financinglong dash—in other words, the acquisition and use of funds to cover the costs of the channel work.
B. Finding and engaging customers and potential buyers is not a function performed by channel members.
C. Channel members fulfill a variety of functions, but in doing so do not take any risks.
D. Channel members create greater efficiencies than manufacturers could achieve on their own.
E. Manufacturers can decrease costs by taking on more channel functions.
D. Channel members create greater efficiencies than manufacturers could achieve on their own.
An organization or group of organizations that transports a good from a manufacturer to a customer is known as a marketing channel (Stern et al., 1996, p. 8). An company or agency that purchases, sells, or transfers ownership of goods or services as they go from the producer to the consumer is referred to as a marketing channel (Rosenbloom 1987, p. 5). Other organizations that just enable the exchange of commodities or services and don't engage in "negotiatory tasks" are excluded (e.g., buying, selling, or transferring title to goods and services).
A producer feeds a wholesaler, who in turn supplies a retailer, making up a highly styled channel. (We will run across increasingly intricate channel topologies during the coming weeks.)
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How would the environment change if there were fewer plants to carry out photosynthesis?.
If the number of plants that carry out photosynthesis is less, then we would have more carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and lesser oxygen than what it is at present. This is because the recycling of carbon dioxide will be less.
Photosynthesis requires sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water as starting reactants. After the process is complete, photosynthesis releases oxygen and produces carbohydrate molecules, most commonly glucose. Thus, fewer plants would mean less oxygen, ATP, and glucose and more carbon dioxide.
Photosynthesis provides the carbon needed for organic molecules. Through the process of carbon fixation, photosynthesis takes carbon from Carbon dioxide and converts it into sugars (which are organic).
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macrophages arise from which of the following? macrophages arise from which of the following? monocytes eosinophils neutrophils lymphocytes basophils
Macrophages arise from monocytes. Therefore, the first option (monocytes) is the correct answer.
Monocytes are a type of white blood cell that carry out phagocytosis and destroy antigens. They are the largest white blood cells and are involved in innate immunity.
This type of immune cell circulates through the blood for 1–3 days and then migrates to the tissue. In the tissue, they differentiate into dendritic cells and macrophages.
These macrophages help detect and degrade dead cells, tumor cells, and foreign materials. Macrophages are large phagocytic cells. But they are smaller compared to monocytes. They are specialized cells, so they don't differentiate.
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which of the following characteristics are true about bony fish? (select all that apply.)
a. All bony fish possess gills.
b. Bony fish can hover in the water and swim backward.
c. Most bony fish possess a swim bladder to maintain buoyancy.
All these characteristics are true about bony fish, such as their ability to hover in the water and swim backward. They possess gills and a swim bladder to maintain buoyancy. So all three options, a, b, and c, are correct for the statement.
What is the adaptation of a bony fish?The bony fish have a skeleton made up of bones, so the larger bony fish who live in the ocean have an air bladder. This air bladder keeps them buoyant and prevents them from sinking. Fish have gills for breathing as they take in oxygen and release carbon dioxide. Some fish can hover and swim backward.
Hence, all the options, such as a, b, and c, are correct regarding bony fish.
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what does transformation involve in bacteria? a. the creation of a strand of dna from an rna molecule b. the creation of a strand of rna from a dna molecule c. assimilation of external dna into a cell d. the infection of cells by a phage dna molecule
Transformation in bacteria involves assimilation of external DNA into a cell, which means option C is the right answer.
Transformation in bacteria is the process by which the bacteria takes in external DNA. This process is used in DNA cloning. DNA means deoxyribose nucleic acid, which the genetic or hereditary material present in all organisms. All the organisms have different DNA sequencing. During transformation, it is needed that bacteria is competent enough to take up foreign genetic material. Bacteria are prokaryotic in nature that is they do not have membrane bound nucleus, due to which it is easy for them to take DNA material from their surrounding environment. This process is widely used by researchers to obtain medicines for several diseases such as human insulin for diabetes.
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What is the name given to the process by which a parent cell becomes two identical daughter cells?.
The mitotic process produces two identical daughter cells from a parent cell.
How does mitosis work?The process of cell duplication, or reproduction, is called mitosis. where two genetically identical daughter cells are produced from one parent cell. The process of mitosis involves the duplication and distribution of the chromosomes, which contain the genetic code.
As the means of asexual reproduction in single-celled eukaryotes, it is a crucial process. Mitosis' primary purpose is to multiply cells.
In a multicellular creature, which is created from two gametes, life begins with a single cell. As this single celled multicellular organism only carries genetic information in the form of DNA and lacks sufficient cells, mitosis occurs, dividing one cell into two. These two cells divide again via mitosis to produce four, eight, sixteen, and finally thirty-two cells.
It is vital to life because it produces new cells that support growth and replace damaged ones. Depending on the type of cells, it could take a few minutes or several hours. Time, temperature, and chemicals all play a role.
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