Why is taq dna polymerase used in pcr reactions rather than a normal dna polymerase?.

In a bcc unit cell, there is one atom in the body's center and eight others in each of the cell's eight corners. The unit cell is entirely made up of the atom at the center of the body. Each corner atom contributes one eight to the unit cell. Therefore, 818+1=2 atoms make up the entire number of atoms in the unit cell.

the body-centered cubic is named after the central atom. However, there are eight corners, each of which has a shared atom with seven unit cells nearby. As a result, each corner of the unit cell contains 1/8 of an atom, which adds up to 1 whole atom.

A unit cell is the smallest repeating arrangement of atoms found in a crystal. The body-centered cubic (BCC) unit cell, a third typical metal packing arrangement, includes one atom in the cube's core in addition to atoms at each of its eight corners. The corner atoms in each unit cell will be divided among eight unit cells because each corner atom is the corner of another cube. The central atom and the eight eighths from the corners make up the BCC unit cell's total of two atoms.

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The formal charges of all nonhydrogen atoms are -1.

Solution:-

O 7-4 = 3 O Double bond on one H 5-4 = 1

O-Cl-O 6-7 = -1x4 = -4 N 5-4=1 H-N-H 1-1=0

O 3-4= -1 O O 6-7 = -1(2)=-2 H 1-0=+1

6-6 = 0 1-2 = -1

It will percentage its last valence electron thru a single bond to the terminal oxygen atom. This is in agreement with carbon and hydrogen atoms that each need to form 4 and 1 covalent bonds respectively. because the terminal oxygen atom best has a single covalent bond, it'll have a proper rate of -1.

According to the lewis structure of SO2, The critical atom is sulfur and it is bonded with 2 oxygen atoms thru a double bond. each oxygen atom acquires 2 lone pairs of electrons and the primary sulfur atom has 1 lone pair of electrons.

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Simmons citrate agar includes other nutrients, the pH indicator bromthymol blue, sodium citrate as the only source of carbon, and ammonium dihydrogen phosphate as the only source of nitrogen. This test, which is a component of the IMViC assays, is useful for identifying various Enterobacteriaceae.

The primary source of nitrogen in atmospheric deposition is the combustion of fossil fuels like coal and oil. Nitrogen may be deposited in the atmosphere as dry particulates, gases, and droplets or as a wet form such as rain, snow, hail, fog, and freezing rain.

For life, the elements carbon and nitrogen are crucial. All living organisms depend on them for the molecular building blocks of their cells and tissues.

A widespread genus of Gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped, non-spore-forming bacteria belonging to the Enterobacteriaceae family is called Enterobacter. It belongs to the type genus of the Enterobacterales order.

Animal intestines serve as the organisms' primary natural habitat, hence the name Enterobacter (from the Greek enteron, which means "intestine"). Enterobacter are omnipresent in nature and are widely dispersed in sewage, water, and soil as a result of their presence in animal intestinal tracts.

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The balanced equation is CH4(g)+2O2(g)→CO2(g)+2H2O(g) In the burning reaction, methane (CH₄) reacts with oxygen (O₂) to produce carbon dioxide (CO₂) and water (H₂O): CH₄ + 2 O₂ → CO₂ + 2 H₂O

This reaction obeys the law of conservation of mass because nothing was created or destroyed just rearranged.

This means that the total mass of reactants and products involved in the equation must be the same. A balanced chemical equation always obeys the law of conservation of mass. According to this law, the mass of the product must equal the mass of the reactants. A chemical reaction is said to be balanced when the total mass of the atoms on both sides of the chemical reaction is equal.

According to this law, both physical and chemical changes follow the law of conservation of mass. Nuclear reactions are the only ones that do not obey the law of conservation of mass. In chemical reactions, atoms are neither created nor destroyed. Reactant atoms simply rearrange to form products. Therefore, there is no mass change in chemical reactions.

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We know; Neurons communicate using both electrical and chemical signals.

What is neuron?

The basic building blocks of the brain as well as nervous system are neurons. They are the cells that receive sensory information from the outside world, send motor commands to our muscles, as well as transform and relay electrical signals at each stage along the way. Beyond that, our interactions with them shape who we are as people. However, our approximately 100 billion neurons can interact closely with other cell types that are generally referred to as glia. Neurogenesis, which can occur in adults, is the process of the brain producing new neurons. Consider a neuron as a tree for an effective analogy. Dendrites, axons, and the cell body, or soma, are the three main components of a neuron.

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Crust and mantle are the layers made up of rock whereas the inner core and outer core are not made up of rock.

The mantle is present below the crust which is about 2900 km thick. It comprises hot, dense rocks made up of iron and magnesium. The crust and the upper portion of the mantle make up the lithosphere which is divided into plates that is large and small.

Earth has three layers i.e. the crust, mantle, and core. The crust is made of solid rocks as well as minerals. The mantle layer is present beneath the crust layer which is also mostly made up of solid rocks and minerals as well as semi-solid magma.

So we can conclude that Crust and mantle are rocky layers whereas the inner core and outer core are not.

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The two options are forms of kinetic energy are : the sound energy and the thermal energy.

The two forms of kinetic energy are : the sounds energy and the thermal energy. The kinetic energy is the type of energy that an object posses because of its motion. The five forms of the kinetic energy are : The mechanical energy , the electrical energy , the light energy , the thermal energy and the sound energy. so, the kinetic energy is the energy due to the motion of object.

Thus, The two options are forms of kinetic energy are : the sound energy and the thermal energy.

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Ocean acidification refers to a reduction in the pH of the ocean over an extended period of time, caused primarily by the uptake of carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere.

Because of human-driven increased levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, there is more CO2 dissolving into the ocean. The ocean's average pH is now around 8.1, which is basic (or alkaline), but as the sea continues to absorb more CO2, the pH decreases and the ocean becomes more acidic.

How does ocean acidification affect us?

Ocean acidification can modify the abundance and chemical composition of harmful algal blooms in such a way that shellfish toxicity increases and, therefore, human health are negatively affected.

How we can reduce ocean acidification?

The most effective way to limit ocean acidification is to act on climate change, implementing solutions to dramatically reduce the use of fossil fuels. If we dramatically cut our global warming emissions, and we limit future warming, we can significantly reduce the harm to marine ecosystems.

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The final temperature of the solution based on the heat change is 21.1

°C.

The final temperature of the solution formed when 50.0 mL of 0.800 M calcium nitrate are added to 50.0 mL of 1.600 M sodium fluoride is calculated as follows:

moles of Ca⁺ = 50 * 1/1000 * 0.8

moles of Ca⁺ = 0.04 moles

moles of F⁻ = 50 * 1/1000 * 1.6

moles of F⁻ = 0.08 moles

Equation of precipitation reaction:

Amount of heat released by 0.04 moles of Ca²⁺ = -11.5 * 0.04

Amount of heat released by 0.04 moles of Ca²⁺ = 0.46 kJ or 460 kJ

mass of solution = volume * density

mass of solution = 100 * 1 g/mL

mass of solution = 100 g

Temperature change = 460 / (100 * 4.18)

Temperature change = 1.1 °C

Final temperature = 20.00 + 1.100 °C

Final temperature = 21.1 °C

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Complete question:

When 50.0 mL of 0.400 M Ca(NO3)2 is added to 50.0 mL of 0.800 M NaF, CaF2 precipitates, as shown in the net ionic equation below. The initial temperature of both solutions is 30.00°C. Assuming that the reaction goes to completion and that the resulting solution has a mass of 100.00 g and a specific heat of 4.18 J/(g ∙ °C), calculate the final temperature of the solution.

Ca²⁺ (aq) + 2 F⁻ (aq) → CaF₂(s)  ΔH° = -11.5 kJ

Answer:

Use a school

Explanation:

You could use a building like a school then you could use the lights as thermal energy then you make up an example of potential energy and when is this assignment due?

The most common form of kinetic energy that is released from chemical energy in chemical reactions is Thermal Energy.

What do you mean by Thermal energy in chemistry?

Thermal energy is also referred to as heat energy. It is produced when a rise in temperature which causes atoms and molecules to move faster and collide with each other. The energy that is generated due to the temperature of the heated substance is called thermal energy.

Examples of thermal energy include : Solar Energy. Solar radiation, Geothermal Energy ,Heat Energy From the Oceans and  Fuel Cell Energy.

There are three types of thermal energy transfer

Hence, the most common form of kinetic energy that is released from chemical energy in chemical reactions is Thermal Energy.

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The bond order for any molecule having an equal number of bonding and antibonding electrons is zero.

The "degree" of the bond is best described by the bond order. For instance, the bond order of a triple bond is 3, while the bond order of double bond is 2. One can imagine that each electron contributes to the bonding or antibonding characteristic. Half of the bonding feature is contributed by each electron in a bonding molecular orbital. Half of the antibonding feature is contributed by each electron in an antibonding molecular orbital. Bond order is zero when bonding and antibonding character are equal. Therefore, the bond order is 0 when the number of bonding and antibonding electrons is equal.

Mathematical proof is also possible.

Bond Order: ½(Antibonding electrons - bonding electrons)

When both are equal. Suppose number of both electrons is x then,

Bond Order: ½(x – x) = 0

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Acetone is avoided because can harm the nervous system. Symptoms include headache nausea dizziness lightheadedness and confusion. Severe exposure may result in unconsciousness. Skin Contact May cause slight irritation.

Do not breathe vapors. Avoid contact with eyes skin and cloth. Keep the container tightly closed when not in use. The storage area should be cool, well-ventilated, and away from sources of ignition and heat. Breathing or swallowing large amounts of acetone in a short period of time can cause headaches confusion nausea increased heart rate changes in blood cell size and count and unconsciousness or coma.

Inhalation of acetone may irritate the nose throat lungs and eyes. Acetone occurs in humans as a byproduct of fat metabolism. Excessive accumulation of acetone to levels that the liver has difficulty breaking down results in severe acetone toxicity. Volumes of 10-20 liters have no serious effects. However, volumes over 50 L are considered toxic.

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Any material such as in this case the gummy bear’s “skin” acts as a selectively permeable membrane if it allows the passage of certain substances from both sides of the barrier.

A selectively permeable membrane is any barrier that allows the movement of substances to both sides in regard to concentration gradients or the presence of certain structures such as channel proteins in the case of the cell membrane.

Therefore, with this data, we can see that a selectively permeable membrane such as the cell membrane allows the movement of substances between both sides of the barrier in a selective way.

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Fermentation can be defined as an anaerobic process in which energy can be released from glucose even if oxygen is not available.

Explain the above process.

1.Sucrose in presence of yeast gives Ethanol + CO2

The evolution of CO2 is the reason of inflation, if sugar is not present in the any of the flask reaction doesn't occur and no inflation.

2.The optimum temperature range for yeast fermentation is 32-35 degree Celsius.

Optimum pH range is 4.0-8.5

Carbohydrates containing food are best for fermentation.

Products of fermentation are alcohol and CO2. Type of alcohol depends on the type of food used for fermentation.

3. Litmus paper turns red because the product is alcohol.

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The enthalpy of solution per mole NaOH (s) is 0.075 J.

Enthalpy, belonging to a thermodynamic gadget, is the sum of the machine's inner strength and the made of its stress and volume. it's far a state function used in many measurements in chemical, organic, and bodily systems at a steady pressure, which is without problems furnished by way of the massive ambient environment.

Calculation:-

H = mΔHf

ΔHf = H/m

       = 3.90/52

      = 0.075

Enthalpy is the quantity of inner electricity contained in a compound while entropy is the amount of intrinsic disorder inside the compound. Enthalpy is zero for elemental compounds consisting of hydrogen gas and oxygen gas; consequently, enthalpy is nonzero for water (no matter segment.

In thermochemistry, the enthalpy of solution is the enthalpy exchange related to the dissolution of a substance in a solvent at regular strain resulting in limitless dilution. The enthalpy of the answer is most usually expressed in kJ/mol at a steady temperature.

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Season is the northern hemisphere experiencing in the image above is winter

Northern hemisphere is the half of the earth that lies north of the equator and earth tilted axis causes the season and throughout the year different part of the earth receive the sun most direct rays and so when the north pole tilt toward the sun and when its south pole tilt toward the sun its winter in the northern hemisphere and our northern winter is in dec, Jan and Feb

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Sprinkling a sieved powder into the vortex created by slowly stirring the medium can decrease the presence of air bubbles in carbomers

To simulate ebullition from lake sediments, air bubbles are injected into a Carbopol column that has a water cap on top. When the first bubble rises through the carbopol, it creates an invisible path. In contrast to the original bubble, subsequent bubbles rise along this path and split into two distinct bubbles. The smaller breakdown bubble separates and is confined inside the carbopol as the larger leading bubble rises through the water column.

Water from the upper layer progressively fills a conduit that forms above this breakup bubble.

This conduit grows until it reaches an equilibrium depth, at which point it begins to contract. The rising bubbles in the conduit resemble Taylor bubbles but are moving at speeds that are 5-7 times greater than their maximum speed.

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The correct answer is B and C only.

Nonlinear arrows with barbs on one-stop are used to signify electron waft. A double-barbed arrow suggests the motion of an electron pair, while an unmarried-barbed arrow indicates the movement of an unmarried electron. A full head on the arrow indicates the movement or shift of an electron pair A partial head at the arrow indicates the shift of an unmarried electron.

The factor of the curved double-headed arrow is to expose the movement of an electron pair. They start on the tail and end up at the pinnacle. Arrows are universally acknowledged for indicating guidelines. they may be broadly used on signage and for wayfinding, and are frequently used in avenue surface markings. Upward arrows are frequently used to indicate a growth in a numerical fee and downward arrows suggest a decrease.

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Answer:

2H2O+4NO2+O2=4HNO3

Explanation:

LEFT HAND SIDE(L.H.S)                    RIGHT HAND SIDE(R.H.S)

N=1X10X2  =20                                      N=1X10X2=20

H=2X5X2   =20                                    H=1X10X2=20

O=1X5X2+10X2X2+2 X5                      O=3X10X2=60

   =60

First multiply H2O by 2 to get an even no. of oxygen on L.H.S

make a similar chart at every turn to record the changes in number.

then multiply R.H.S by 2 to equate the hydrogen

multiply N by 2 on LHS to equate them.

the no of O changes

Multiply RHS by 2 again,

equate the LHS by multiplying NO2 by 2 again, i.e total 4

you now have the answer

The lenght multiply with the tall and the tichkness

Ice water used to cool the distillate in the E1 experiment because the distillate is volatile in nature and present in vapour form.

Distillation is the process of separating the components or substances from a liquid mixture by using selective boiling and condensation.

Unsaturated compounds are produced during elimination processes. An alkene is created during the removal of alcohol. Alkyl halides also go through elimination processes. We will do an acid-catalyzed elimination using a secondary alcohol that is second order (E1), meaning that the rate of reaction depends on how quickly the intermediate carbocation may be produced.

Ice water helps in condensing or cooling down the vapours coming to the condensing tube (i.e. distillate).

Because the resulting alkene has a low boiling point, the receiver flask is put in an ice water bath to keep it cool throughout the reaction and distillation.

Hence, Ice water used to cool the distillate in the E1 experiment because the distillate is volatile in nature and present in vapour form.

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Phenol and bromomethane are the major products obtained upon treatment of methyl phenyl ether with excess HBr.

What do you mean by Phenol and Bromomethane?

Phenols  are a class of chemical compounds which consist of a hydroxyl group (—OH) bonded directly to an aromatic hydrocarbon group. The simplest of the class is phenol, C6H5OH. Friedlieb Ferdinand Runge discovered Phenol in the year 1834. It was extracted from coal tar.

Bromomethane, commonly known as methyl bromide, is an organobromine compound with formula CH3Br. It is a colorless, odorless, nonflammable gas which is produced both industrially and biologically.  It consist of a  a tetrahedral shape and is  recognized as a ozone-depleting chemical.

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Density is different from the rest based on those two categories. density is a physical property.

Physical properties can be observed or measured without changing the composition of matter. Physical properties are used to observe and describe matter. Two types of it intensive and extensive properties. This classification relates to the dependency of the properties upon the size or extent of the system or object in question.

An intensive property is a bulk property, meaning that it is a physical property of a system that does not depend on the system size or the amount of material in the system. Examples of intensive properties include temperature, refractive index, density, and hardness of an object.

Chemical properties of matter describes its "potential" to undergo some chemical change or reaction by virtue of its composition. What elements, electrons, and bonding are present to give the potential for chemical change. For example : Metals in general have they chemical property of reacting with an acid.

Flammability - The susceptibility to combustion is a chemical property and the susceptibility to combustion is unknown. Fire tests are performed to determine how difficult or easy it is to burn a particular material.

Heat of Combustion - This chemistry is the amount of energy released as heat when a substance burns with oxygen.

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.

Measuring the change in molarity after adding the KI, the heat generated by adding the KI, or the time it takes the I2 precipitate to form would not provide information about the limiting reactant, as they are not directly related to the amount of iodine that can be formed.

What is Precipitation?

Precipitation is a chemical reaction that results in the formation of a solid product from a homogeneous solution. The solid product is called a precipitate and is formed when the dissolved ions or molecules in a solution react chemically with each other to form a compound that is insoluble in the solvent.

To determine the limiting reactant in the given reaction, the student could measure the weight of iodine (I2) precipitate that forms at the end of the reaction. This is because the limiting reactant is the reactant that is completely consumed during the reaction, and in this case, the reactant that limits the amount of iodine that can be formed.

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Quantum mechanics, although mathematically complex is 4

What is quantum number ?

A total of four quantum numbers are used to fully describe the motion and trajectory of each electron in an atom. The combination of  quantum numbers of electrons is described by a wavefunction corresponding to the Schrödinger equation. Each electron has a unique set of quantum numbers. According to  Pauli exclusion principle, no two electrons share the same combination of he four quantum numbers. Quantum numbers are important because they can be used to determine the electron configuration of atoms and the putative positions of atomic electrons. Quantum numbers are also used to understand other properties of atoms such as: B. Ionization energy and atomic radius. Atoms have four quantum numbers.

Principal (n), orbital angular momentum  (l), magnetic  (ml), electron spin  (ms).

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The number of moles of He atoms present in 5.55 g of He is 1.3 moles

Mole is the SI unit of amount of substance of a specified elementary entity and the the helium is the chemical element and inert gas element

Here given data is

He =  5.55 g

Molar mass of He = 4.0g/mol

So number of moles =  5.55 g of He × 1 mol/4.0g/mol

Number of moles = 1.3 mole

The number of moles of He atoms present in 5.55 g of He is 1.3 mole

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Answer:

tellurium

Explanation:

Thus, elements under the same group share similar chemical properties. Among the given elements, only tellurium belongs to group 16, and is, hence, the only element among the choices that is similar chemically to sulfur.