Men more likely to experience great hearing loss than women in middle adulthood because They frequently work in noisy places like factories and construction sites.
Major reason for Hearing Loss?Using protective gear when working in noisy workplaces is the most crucial precaution men can take because excessive noise is one of the most important reasons in hearing loss in men. Make sure to wear ear protection if you work in construction or on a manufacturing floorMen are twice as likely as women to experience hearing loss, but they are less likely than women to seek treatment, according to the National Institute on Deafness and other Communication Disorders. Additionally, men are less inclined to discuss their hearing loss.Men are more prone than women to have severe hearing loss due to a variety of variables, including heredity, noise exposure, ageing, and way of life. Hormones may affect some of these variables.To learn more about hearing loss refer to:
https://brainly.com/question/23362896
#SPJ4
what test requires that the totality of circumstances in each case show that before suspects talked, they knew they had rights and knew they were giving them up?
The implicit waiver rule, which the Supreme Court established, requires that each case demonstrate that the suspects were educated and believed they were being waived before speaking.
A Supreme Court is what?The United States Supreme Court seems to be the highest court and the only branch of the federal court system that the Constitution expressly mandates. The Constitution does not specify the number of Supreme Court justices; Congress sets that number.
Who is the Supreme Court's boss?The Judiciary of both the United States is established in Section 1.It gives Congress the power to organize the Supreme Court and create lower courts. Additionally, it stipulates that justices should get compensation for their work and that they may continue to serve on the courts for almost as long as they exhibit "good Behavior."
To know more about Supreme Court visit:
https://brainly.com/question/1755400
#SPJ4
today, with more than one hundred overseas military installations throughout the world, the united states has adopted the role of what kind of country?
Today, with more than one hundred overseas military installations throughout the world, the united states has adopted the role of internationalist type of country. Also known as Internationalism
Internationalism has several interpretations and meanings, but is usually characterized by opposition to nationalism and isolationism; support for international institutions, such as the United Nations; and a cosmopolitan outlook that promotes and respects other cultures and customs.
Internationalism is most commonly expressed as an appreciation for the diverse culture in the world, and a desire for world peace. The most prominent examples of internationalism today include Intergovernmental Organisations (IGO's) such as the EU, African Union, World Bank, UN, NATO, ASEAN, IPCC, WTO, Mercosur, OECD, and the League of Arab States.
To know more about Internationalism click below:
https://brainly.com/question/2193664
#SPJ4
In families where both spouses work for wages, the second shift can best be described as.
In families where both spouses work for wages, the second shift can best be described as: the domestic tasks that fall disproportionately on women in addition to their paid work.
Recent trends imply that men and women's weekly hours of housework are convergent.
The rise in dual-earner households in recent decades begs the question of whether males are now sharing the housewife role as women are sharing the breadwinner position.
Theories of the distribution of unpaid labour, including as dependence and exchange methods, time availability, and gender presentation, emerged during a period in many Western nations when the male-breadwinner family was the prevalent family form.
To learn more about domestic tasks visit:
brainly.com/question/6397832
#SPJ4
buddhism was founded by siddhartha gautama. what type of family background was he born into? choose the two best words that relate to his early life.
Siddhartha Gautama, the prince of the Shaka clan, lived during the 5th century B.C. Gautama, the founder of Buddhism, was born into a wealthy family in present-day Nepal.
What five stages comprise the Buddha's life?The five stages of his life are as follows: birth, insight, enlightenment, the first conversation, and death. To represent the pivotal periods in the man's life, each stage comprises significant events and encounters. The main ideas of his teachings are likewise connected to these stages
How does the Buddha's Eight Fold Path work?Right perspective, right resolve, right speech, right behavior, right livelihood, right effort, right mindfulness, and right samadhi ('meditative absorption or union'; alternatively, equanimous meditative awareness) are the eight practices that make up the Eight-fold Path.
Has Buddha ever professed faith in God?For Buddha, existence of God was irrelevant. Although there are supernatural beings who can aid or obstruct humans on the path to enlightenment, Buddhists do not believe in any form of deity or god.
To know more about Buddhism, visit:
https://brainly.com/question/8920497
#SPJ4
The main idea of Germy Situations
Answer:
It is important to know how to wash your hands correctly.
( I THINK )
Explanation:
Who has authority to set increases in public university tuition and fees in almost every state?.
The local governing boards have the authority to set an increased rate of public tuition fees.
A majority of states have decided that their local governing boards are best suitable to set tuition fees and make increments when they see fit. The states do this because many non-resident students come from families that do not pay taxes of any form. The major income for tuition classes comes from non-rest or out-of-state students.
State Governments normally fund college and university tuition. School tutors are normally authorized by local unions. These are normally formed in schools as school unions and will be handled by a head if it is conducted in schools.
To know more about local governing boards,
brainly.com/question/29616670
describe the process that led to an unexpected ruling by the supreme court on the challenge to the affordable care act concept application
Democrats introduced fines for those who don't pay for government healthcare following an unexpected Supreme Court decision that rejected the Affordable Care Act's concept application to move the legislation.
Republicans protested against it, saying that not having to pay for healthcare violated the constitution, but a court upheld it. Fines don't matter; taxes do.
The Affordable Care Act includes tax measures that affect people, families, companies, insurers, tax-exempt organizations, and governmental agencies in addition to comprehensive health insurance changes. Important changes are made by these tax rules, including how people and families submit their taxes.
The ACA backs initiatives to prevent illness among the population. It established the Prevention and Public Health Fund, which has funded national public health initiatives.
To learn more about the Affordable Care Act
https://brainly.com/question/29398295
#SPJ4
consider having two jars with numbers 1,23. find the probability of drawing two numbers from both the jars whose product is even skyp / xrKePJWl7VKZ
The probability of drawing two numbers from both jars whose product is even is 5/9.
What is the probability?A random event's occurrence is the subject of this area of mathematics. The range of the value is 0 to 1. Mathematics has incorporated probability to forecast the likelihood of various events. The degree to which something is likely to happen is basically what probability means.
Total number of outcomes =9
Favorable cases = (1,2), (2,1), (3,2), (2,3), (2,2)
The probability of drawing two numbers from both the jars whose product is even will be:
= 5/9
Learn more about probability on:
https://brainly.com/question/24756209
#SPJ1
Complete question
consider having two jars with numbers 1,23. find the probability of drawing two numbers from both the jars whose product is even
Annual starting salaries for college graduates with degrees in business administration are generally expected to be between and. Assume that a confidence interval estimate of the population mean annual starting salary is desired.
Since the sample size is huge, it is not recommended to strive to acquire the $100 margin of error during sampling.
What is sampling and how it should explained/used?Sampling is a tool used to determine how much data to collect and how frequently it should be collected. This tool specifies the samples that must be collected in order to quantify a system, process, issue, or problem. Samples are used to draw conclusions about populations. Because samples are practical, cost-effective, convenient, and manageable, they are easier to gather data from.
To begin, the planning value will be = (45000/30000) / 4 = 3750.
The result will be: [tex]= 1.96 (3750/500)^{2} = 217[/tex]
Also, for error 200, the desired margin is: = 1.96 (3750/100)2 = 5403.
To know more about sample size visit:
brainly.com/question/27860316
#SPJ4
Which of the following statements is supported by the maps presented above?
A.The Sierra Madres mountain range, northern latitude, and close proximity to the Pacific Ocean provideoptimal conditions for the high temperature and low precipitation characteristic of the temperaterainforest of north America.
B.The Appalachian Mountain Range and close proximity to the Atlantic Ocean provide optimal conditionsfor the consistent precipitation that is characteristic of the temperate forests in the eastern United states.
C.The Appalachian and Rocky Mountain ranges trap moisture in the air that is eventually responsible forthe large amount of rainfall characteristic of the grasslands found in the mid-United States.
D.An abundance of flat land in the western United States provides optimal conditions for the highprecipitation and low temperatures characteristic of the desert biome of the United States.
The Sierra Madres mountain range, northern latitude, and close proximity to the Pacific Ocean provide optimal conditions for the high temperature and low precipitation characteristic of the temperate rainforest of north America.
What is precipitation?Any product of the condensation of atmospheric water vapor that falls due to the gravitational pull of clouds is referred to as precipitation in meteorology.
Rain, sleet, snow, ice pellets, graupel, drizzle, and hail are the main types of precipitation.
When an area of the atmosphere reaches 100% relative humidity, or saturation with water vapor, precipitation occurs when the water condenses and "precipitates" or falls.
Because the water vapor does not enough condense to precipitate, fog and mist are instead colloids rather than precipitation. Air can become saturated as a result of two processes, perhaps working in tandem: chilling the air or introducing water vapor.
Smaller droplets collide with larger raindrops or ice crystals within a cloud to combine into precipitation.
Learn more about precipitation, here
https://brainly.com/question/18109776
#SPJ1
social psychologists have proposed that aggression is caused by biological influences, frustration, and____behavior.
Social psychologists have proposed that aggression is caused by biological influences, frustration, and learned behavior.
Social psychology is a field in which the emotions, ideas and perceptions of different people and groups are interpreted and analyzed by experts known as social psychologists. These people study inter personal relationships and various social norms such as religious intolerance, bullying, partial behaviors etc. to arrive at some concluding principles.
Aggression is the condition of extreme anger wherein the person is unable to take decisions based on intellect and morality and ends up committing mistakes. Frustration is the feeling of irritation and low mood. It is quite natural for a frustrated person to be aggressive. Biological, psychological, and socioeconomic influences must be studied to determine the causes of aggression.
Learn more about social psychologists at:
brainly.com/question/25959940
using the powers granted in the fisa act, what standard of proof must the government meet in order to obtain a warrant to investigate threats of terrorism?
its electronic surveillance and physical search authority are legal and very effective methods for monitoring the activities of foreign powers and agents of foreign powers while they operate within the United States.
How are FISA warrants issued?The FISA warrant. A different judge of the court hears each application for one of these surveillance warrants (also known as a FISA warrant). The court may accept amici curiae briefs from outside parties.The FISA Amendments Act creates processes for the approval of physical searches, business records, trap and trace devices, pen registers, and electronic monitoring for the purpose of acquiring foreign intelligence.Structure and Jurisdiction. The four classic FISA operations—electronic surveillance, physical searches, pen/trap surveillance, and compelled production of tangible items—are subject to hearings before the FISC, which also has the authority to issue orders approving those actions.The Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978 created a federal court.Learn more about FISA warrants refer to :
https://brainly.com/question/28903915
#SPJ4
which type of therapy uses the empty-chair technique, which involves role-playing an imaginary exchange between the client and another person?
The Empty Table Technique is a crucial technique used in Gestalt therapy. This straightforward method is intended to help you resolve any internal or interpersonal disagreement.
How can I tell if I require therapy?When something bothers you and interferes with your life, the American Psychiatric Associations encourages you to think about seeking therapy, especially if: You spend at least an hour a day talking about or dealing with the problem.
What may a person expect from therapy?It enhances coping skills, boosts self-esteem, lessens anxiety, and enhances social and community performance. Clients can manage with problems related to the mental health issues which have an impact on the rest of the lives, through the use of supportive therapy.
To know more about Therapy visit:
https://brainly.com/question/28272587
#SPJ4
following world war ii, the united states faced a foreign policy decision. what best describes the policy the u.s. pursued?
The policy of the U.S pursued is to become the global leader
In the years following World War II, the United States was typically led by containment, the strategy of preventing communism from spreading past the nations where it already had a foothold. The Cold War, a conflict between the United States and the Soviet Union, had divided the world at the time the programme was implemented.
The United States and Soviet Union's alliance during World War II quickly gave birth to a string of diplomatic issues that split the victorious into two opposed blocs. As a result, the United States and its allies engaged in a Cold War with the Soviet Union and other communist nations.
Hence, the correct answer is B
The question incomplete, the complete question is
Following world war ii, the united states faced a foreign policy decision. what best describes the policy the U.S pursued?
a. Become the communist nation.
b. Become the global leader
c. Become the trade expert
d. Become the poor country.
To know more about global leader here:
https://brainly.com/question/29728738
# SPJ4
a shia religious authority, with religious authority to interpret revelation and law infallibly, is known as
A Shia religious authority, with religious authority to interpret revelation and law infallibly, is known as Imam.
What is Shia?Shia is one of the two main branches of Islam which followed by about a tenth of Muslims around the world, mostly in Iran, which denies the first three Sunni caliphs and regards Ali, the fourth caliph, as Muhammad's first true successor.
Shias trust that God always gives a guide, first in the direct descendants of Ali, known as Imams, and then Ayatollahs, or experienced Shia scholars who are desired as a source of emulation. The sect disintegrated due to differences over the proper line of succession among Ali's descendants.
Learn more about Shia at: https://brainly.com/question/23062765
#SPJ4
Which two statements from the Declaration speak of independence from England specifically, as opposed to independence as a general concept?
The two statements from the Declaration speak of independence from England specifically, as opposed to independence as a general concept are:
1) "The history of the present King of Great Britain is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations, all having in direct object the establishment of an absolute Tyranny over these States".
2.) "We, therefore, the Representatives of the united States of America, in General Congress, Assembled, appealing to the Supreme Judge of the world for the rectitude of our intentions, do, in the Name, and by Authority of the good People of these Colonies, solemnly publish and declare, That these United Colonies are, and of Right ought to be Free and Independent States; that they are Absolved from all Allegiance to the British Crown, and that all political connection between them and the State of Great Britain, is and ought to be totally dissolved".
What is Independence?A group, nation, country, or state is said to be independent when some or all of its members exercise self- government and, constantly, sovereignty over its home. The condition of a dependent home is the contrary of independence.
Finally, Sections of the proclamation that deal with separation from England as a result include those that have formerly been covered. In July 1776, America formally declared its independence from England.
Learn more about Independence here: https://brainly.com/question/21328216
#SPJ1
The losing party of an election that keeps an eye on the winning party to make sure they do not abuse their authority is called what?
Answer:
A political party
Explanation:
By definition that is the answer
Answer: The Opposition Party
Explanation: They hold government accountable to the public
Based on the research by Barbara Ehrenreich, who tried to live by working at low-wage jobs, we would expect most people in such jobs to be able to move ahead to better paying work.true/false
The given statement of low wage job were true.
What do you mean by a low wage job?
Generally speaking, wages are considered to be low if they are less than two-thirds of the national median or the national mean of gross hourly wages. This means that the wages are lower than the average wages that are earned by people in the same country or region. Low wages can have a significant impact on a person's quality of life, as they may not be able to afford basic necessities or have enough money to save for the future.To know more about Wages from the given link
https://brainly.com/question/27108725
#SPJ4
based on what you read in the policy box about american versus european responses to new technology, identify the characteristics that would minimize controversy over a new technology in the united states.
The vehicle, the radio, the high-speed trains, and even the minitel, an early form of the internet, were all inventions of the European continent.
What technical advances can you point to in Europe?The vehicle, the radio, the high-speed trains, and even the minitel, an early form of the internet, were all inventions of the European continent. Nokia and Ericsson were top-tier technological corporations just fifteen years ago. Europe once had a separate space program.Together, the US and EU control much of the world's economy, foreign diplomacy, and military power. For a large portion of the rest of the globe, what each one says is extremely important. The majority of EU member nations, as well as the US, are participants in the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO).To learn more about European refer to:
https://brainly.com/question/24877599
#SPJ4
How did the Magna Carta and the English Bill of Rights influence the Framers’ ideas about the structure of the United States government?
The way that the Magna Carta and the English Bill of Rights influence the Framers’ ideas is that:
American views on government were significantly affected by the Magna Carta and the English Bill of Rights. The Magna Carta, which embodied the principles of limited government and common law, had an impact on modern conceptions of the Supremacy Clause, habeas corpus, and limited government.What impact did the Magna Carta have on America?The Bill of Rights, the first 10 amendments to the Constitution that were enacted by the states in 1791, is where Magna Carta's effect is most visibly seen.
The Fifth through Seventh Amendments, in particular, lay out guidelines for a prompt and impartial jury trial, and the Eighth Amendment forbids the use of high bail and fines.
Therefore, the Magna Carta gave rise to ideas that influenced the creation of the Bill of Rights and state constitutions. These ideas included that a government should be constitutional, that everyone should be subject to the law of the land, and that some rights and liberties were so fundamental that violating them constituted an abuse of governmental power.
Learn more about Magna Carta from
https://brainly.com/question/25378155
#SPJ1
Which is an ideal of life. Make a long summary
Answer: Ideal Life or the perfect life which is desired by all. After all who does not wants a perfect life for themselves and be an inspiration for others.
Explanation: Most of us have this fantasy of a perfect life in our minds, a radical departure from our everyday life, that we aspire to live. Well, I am no different either. I too have this grand vision of a perfect life in my mind that I often dream about. My idea of a perfect life encompasses what I want to experience, what I want to grow into and what I want to contribute to others.
For living an ideal life one should follow what his heart wants to do obviously with thinking with mind too. One of the most profound feelings that I want to experience is the joy of travelling the world and enjoying what each culture has to offer. Given that neither time nor money is a concern, I would love to travel to all the countries in the world atleast once. An ideal life must comprises of values , morals but alongside that it should also have a hint of the sheer thrill of free accelerating minds.
To learn more about Ideal life read -
https://brainly.com/question/17745487
which term is used to describe the powers or privileges guaranteed to u.s. citizens and protected from arbitrary removal at the hands of government or individuals?
The term "civil rights" denotes to the freedoms bestowed to American citizens and protected from being unilaterally canceled by the authority or a person.
How do civil rights work?The U.S. and federal legislation adopted by Congress, like the 1964 Civil Rights act as well as the Americans without Disability Act of 1990, provide and safeguard civil rights, which are individual freedoms. Legal discrimination is protected by civil rights.
What five civil rights do you have?Speech, press, organization, and the power to petition are among the five liberties it defends. United United States of America's citizens are the most liberated in the world thanks to these five fundamental liberties.
To know more about civil rights visit:
https://brainly.com/question/21057720
#SPJ4
which field of psychology would be most interested in the study of dreams? group of answer choices cognitive sociocultural behavioral
Behavioral field of psychology would be most interested in the study of dreams.
In behavioral psychology," stimulation" is what causes a response in one's geste and stations. The" response" is the response that the encouragementcauses.The generalities of encouragement and response can not be understood independently. Any middle event becomes a encouragement if it's followed by a response. These terms are of abecedarian significance so that we can study the relationship between terrain and geste in a specific and more precise way.
stimulants are" effects" that affect the sense organs, which when agitated cause whim-whams impulses to be transmitted to the brain or medulla and hence to the muscles and glands. It's from this sequence that the stimulants-affiliated responses affect in behavioral psychologists.
Learn about behavioral psychology:
https://brainly.com/question/10088571
#SPJ4
will media consolidation affect public opinion or limit access to a variety of viewpoints? why or why not?
Will media consolidation affect public opinion or limit access to a variety of viewpoints.
The statement is true.
Public opinion is the general consensus throughout a society regarding a particular issue or voting intention. The opinions of the populace on issues that concern them.It directs government activities, shapes public policy, and provides legislators with input. It allows for democratic self-government. Opinions are not set in stone; rather, they evolve when fresh information is revealed by interest groups, politicians, new regimes, etc.Most public relations campaigns have three main goals: to change or neutralize negative opinions, to crystallize vague or latent opinions, or to maintain positive opinions by reinforcing them. Persuasion is used to do this.To know more about public opinion here
https://brainly.com/question/1086518
#SPJ4
The sorting that occurs during blank______ separates homologues from each other.
The sorting that occurs during MEIOSIS separates homologues from each other.
Meiosis serves just one purpose in the human body: the creation of gametes (s-ex cells, such as sperm and eggs). Its purpose is to produce daughter cells that have exactly half the number of chromosomes as the beginning cell.
To put it another way, meiosis is the process by which a diploid cell (one with two sets of chromosomes) becomes a haploid cell (one with a single set of chromosomes). The haploid cells produced during meiosis in humans are sperm and eggs. When a sperm and an egg fertilise each other, the two haploid sets of chromosomes combine to produce a complete diploid set: a new genome.
To learn more about meiosis visit:
https://brainly.com/question/29383386
#SPJ4
It was estimated that what fraction of the American population came out to mourn the death of President Abraham Lincoln? A. 1/2 (50%) B. 1/4 (25%) C. 1/5 (20%) D. 1/3 (33%)
It was estimated that option D. 1/3 (33%) fraction of the American population came out to mourn the death of President Abraham Lincoln.
How did Abraham Lincoln impact society?Lincoln's legacy is founded on his historic accomplishments: he successfully led a political uprising and civil war that preserved the Union, abolished slavery, and made it possible for African-Americans to enjoy civil and social freedom.
Therefore, Many Americans experienced shock, sorrow, and even delight as they learned of the president's passing. Many voiced their sentiments in public, while others wrote in their letters and diaries to convey their joy or despair. Disbelief was the initial response to Lincoln's passing and thus research indicate that 33 percent of American people came out to mourn him.
Learn more about President Abraham Lincoln form
https://brainly.com/question/856804
#SPJ1
how did franklin d. roosevelt avoid the usual checks and balances necessary when working with foreign governments?
By negotiating an executive agreement to help Britain fight Nazi Germany, Franklin Delon Roosevelt sidesteps the usual checks and balances that come with working with foreign governments.
What is an executive agreement?An executive agreement, an agreement between the United States and a foreign government, is less formal than a treaty and is not subject to the constitutional requirement of two-thirds ratification by the U.S. Senate.The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), signed on January 1, 1994, is an example of an executive agreement signed under the authority of Congress. NAFTA was originally negotiated by the President and submitted to Congress for approval.When does the president make executive agreement?In recent decades, presidents have often included the United States in international treaties without Senate advice or approval. These are called “enforcement agreements”. Under international law, enforcement agreements are binding on the parties even if they are not submitted to the Senate for approval.
Who is Franklin Delon Roosevelt?Franklin Delon Roosevelt, often referred to by his initials FDR, was an American politician and lawyer who served as the 32nd President of the United States from 1933 until his death in 1945. He became a central figure in world affairs in the first half of the 20th century with his record four presidential wins as leader of the Democratic Party.
To learn more about executive agreement visit:
https://brainly.com/question/29392363
#SPJ4
Resilience is defined as the ability to adapt and learn from a difficulty. Reflect on a time that you have exhibited resilience. What growth did you see in yourself after this experience?.
Every one of us has faced adversity or faced a barrier in life at some point.This issue is something that many institutions can ask you to write about in your essays.
What changes did you notice in yourself as a result of this experience? The "Overcoming Challenges" essay prompt is designed to help colleges assess your potential for handling the difficulties of college.They are also interested in how you change, advance, and discover as a result of hardship.Avoid using the cliches that are prevalent for this subject, such earning a terrible grade or losing a game, and instead choose a topic that is particular to you.You wish to describe a situation in which you made a wise or constructive response.Having said that, avoid picking a tired topic like receiving a poor grade on a test.Select a topic that speaks specifically to your life experiences so that admissions officers can learn more about you.Consider the personality traits and skills you have that are not highlighted in other parts of your application.Consider the areas of your life or personality that feel unfinished, and try to come up with examples that demonstrate these characteristics.
To learn more about Resilience refer
https://brainly.com/question/911437
#SPJ4
Giovanni is having difficulty learning english. He keeps putting verbs at the end of sentences. For example, instead of saying "the dog ate the bone," he says, "the dog the bone ate. " giovanni is having trouble with.
If Giovanni is having difficulty learning english. He keeps putting verbs at the end of sentences. For example, instead of saying "the dog ate the bone," he says, "the dog the bone ate. " giovanni is having trouble with SYNTAX.
Syntax is the study of how words and morphemes combine to generate bigger units such as phrases and sentences in linguistics. Word order, grammatical connections, hierarchical sentence structure (constituency), agreement, the nature of crosslinguistic variation, and the link between form and meaning are all central topics of syntax (semantics).
There are several approaches to syntax, each with its own set of core assumptions and purposes.
To learn more about syntax visit:
https://brainly.com/question/28182020
#SPJ4
dr. schwiesow, a clinical psychologist, is utilizing cognitive-behavioral therapy with a young client diagnosed with ocd. as a part of this therapy, she is encouraging her patient to spend time in a bathroom without washing her hands. this is most likely which part of cbt?
The most likely part of CBT that we would have to be talking about here is the exposure and response prevention.
What is meant by cognitive-behavioral therapy?A talking therapy called cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) can assist you in managing your issues by altering the way you think and act. Although it can help with other mental and physical health issues, anxiety and depression are the two conditions it is most frequently used to treat.
Recognizing one's own thinking errors that are problematic and then reevaluating them in the context of reality. improving one's knowledge of other people's motivations and behaviors.
Read more on cognitive-behavioral therapy here: https://brainly.com/question/7773389
#SPJ1