Supercoiling term describes the tertiary structural organization of chromosomal dna that allows the long strand to be packed and fit into the cytoplasm of the cell
What does supercoiling mean?A higher-order DNA structure is described by DNA supercoiling. Two complimentary strands are wound around one another and around a shared helical axis to form the double-helical structure of DNA.Supercoiling happens when the molecule twists around itself to release the helical stress. Positive supercoiling results from overtwisting, whereas negative supercoiling results from undertwisting. In a circular model, twist can be changed by severing the circle, over- or undertwisting, and then re-connecting the ends.Small intranucleosomal DNA loops arise in conjunction with RNA polymerase II (Pol II) transcription through chromatin. DNA supercoiling builds up when Pol II is trapped inside a tiny loop,To learn more about Supercoiling refer to:
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The half-life of Ca-40.078 is 601 years. If one had 24g of fossil at the beginning, how many grams would be left after 1803 years has elapsed?
The half-life of an isotope is useful to determine how much time has an organism been dead or how much isotope is left in the organism. In the exposed example, after 1803 years there was 3 g of Ca⁻⁴⁰.
What is the half-life of an isotope?The half-life term refers to the time it takes for half the mass of an isotope to become its less radiocative daughter form.
Half-life is a reference. It means that an organism that has been dead for a certain time (in years) has half the isotope amount or concentration than the same organism had when it was alive.
Knowing the half-life of an element is useful to determine the age of the dead matter or the amount of isotope left.
Available data:
The half-life of Ca⁻⁴⁰ is 601 years24g of fossil at the beginning T₁ = human 1803 yearsWe can answer this question in two different ways,
1) We can make use of the following equation
A = A₀ (1/2)ˣ
Where,
A is the final amount = ?A₀ is the initial amount = 24gX = time / half-life = 1803 years / 601 years = 3A = 24 g (1/2)³
A = 24g * 0.125
A = 3 gr.
2) You can also think about is as follows,
601 years --------- 1 half-life
1803 years ------- X = 3 half-lives
The original isotopic sample had 24g
After 601 years (1 half-life), there was only 50% of the original sample left ⇒ 24/2 = 12.After 1202 years (2 half-lives), there was 50% left of half of the original sample ⇒ 12/2 = 6.
After 1803 years (3 half-lives), there was 50% left of the half of the half of original sample. This is 6/2 = 3.
In conclusion, after 1803 years there was 3 g of Ca⁻⁴⁰.
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When the muscle responds to stimulation by hormones or nerves, it is called _________.
When the muscle responds to stimulation by hormones or nerves, it is called ____Excitability_____.
What is muscle excitability?Excitability is the ability to respond to stimuli provided by motor neurons or hormones. Extensibility is the ability of a muscle to be stretched. Calcium is an important element. It ensures the structural integrity of the skeleton and regulates important physiological processes. H. Nerve excitability, muscle contraction and blood clotting. The dystrophin-associated protein complex maintains muscle excitability by regulating the localization of Ca²⁺ dependent K⁺ (BK) channels.
Quantitative understanding of muscle excitability of skeletal muscle tissue using muscle bioreactor systems, implantable muscle stimulators, and electrical impulses to induce muscle tissue contraction both in vitro and in vivo are important.
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In dna replication, the strands on the original molecule are used as blank______ for the synthesis of new dna strands.
In DNA replication, the strands on the original molecule are used as template for the synthesis of new DNA strands.
The process by which a double-stranded DNA molecule is copied to produce two identical DNA molecules is known as DNA replication. Replication is necessary because when a cell divides, the two new daughter cells must have the same genetic information, or DNA, as the parent cell.
Each DNA molecule contains one strand of the original DNA molecule and one strand that has been synthesized (created). As a result, DNA replication is referred to as semiconservative. Before cells can divide, their DNA must be replicated. This ensures that each daughter cell receives a copy of the genome, resulting in successful genetic trait inheritance. DNA replication is an essential process that is conserved across all organisms.
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Which of the following is NOT a cause
of earth's biomes?
A. wind and ocean currents
B. earth's seasons
C. temperature and moisture levels
The one that is not a cause of earth's biomes is wind and ocean currents. The correct option is A.
What is a biome?An place is categorized as a biome based on the species that call it home. Scientists can define a biome by defining the temperature range, soil type, amount of light, and water that are peculiar to a location and create niches for particular species.
There are eight main terrestrial biomes: temperate grasslands, temperate forests, boreal forests, Arctic tundra, and tropical rainforests, savannas, subtropical deserts, and chaparral.
Large-scale habitats known as biomes can be identified by their distinctive temperature ranges and precipitation rates.
Wind and ocean currents are the ones that are not a cause of the earth's biomes.
Thus, the correct option is A.
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Mitosis can occur in both haploid and diploid cells, but meiosis cannot occur in haploid cells. Why not?.
Because the cell is still haploid after mitosis, haploid cells can undergo mitosis. Meiosis takes place in gamete-producing germline cells (sperm and egg).
Why are haploid cells unable to undergo meiosis?Because meiosis needs pairs of homologous chromosomes, it cannot occur in haploid cells.
Can a haploid cell go through meiosis? Why, if at all, can a haploid cell undergo mitosis?Haplodiploid cells cannot undergo meiosis. Gametes are created by mitotic division in a haploid organism (n). After fertilisation, these gametes (n) are joined to create a diploid zygote. Following meiotic division, this zygote or diploid cell creates a new haploid organism.
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Compare the three types of specialized cells that you
viewed through the microscope to the generalized cell that you built in Part 1. List which
organelles each specialized cell might need in greater numbers than the generalized
cell. Offer a reason for each answer.
The three categories of specialized cells are as follows:
a nerve cell
reproductive cellular
muscular cells
Cells that are specialized are those that make up the body's organ systems.
The organism's other cells and these cells are interdependent on one another.
What are the three functions of the three instances of specialized cells?The body is made up of specialized cells that each play a specific job in maintaining health. Examples include red blood cells, which carry oxygen throughout the body, muscle cells, which contract and relax, and nerve cells, which transmit signals throughout the body.
Give me two examples of specialized cells, and define them.Cells that are specialized in a certain structure or set of bodily tasks. Specialized cells can be found in many different forms, such as: Blood.
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If your skin is cut and you see fatty tissue, what is the deepest layer of the skin that is damaged?.
Answer:the subcutaneous tissue or The hypodermis
Explanation:its the deepest layer :)
Dna replication relies on the blank______ of dna strands according to the blank______ rule.
DNA replication relies on the DNA helix of DNA strands according to the Semi conservative rule.
What is DNA replication?The act of copying and duplicating a DNA molecule is known as DNA replication. The procedure is run in a semi-conservative manner. In other words, the newly generated strand and the original strand will both be present in the new DNA molecule.
The genetic material that codes for a specific protein is included in DNA. To ensure that the two cells that result from cell division have the same genetic makeup, DNA molecules must be copied before cell division. DNA is copied during the early phases of mitosis and meiosis (prophase I) in order to get ready for the later phases, when the cell divides to produce two cells with copies of the DNA.
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DNA replication relies on the blank complementarity of DNA strands according to the blank AT/GC rule.
How does DNA replication's base pair rule work?According to Chargaff's Rule, all replication must match complementary purines, pyrimidines, or nitrogenous bases during the replication process. Adenine and thymine always couple with each other in DNA, but cytosine always pairs with guanine.
What DNA base pairing guidelines apply?Adenine always pairs with thymine according to the base pairing rule, while guanine always forms a bond with cytosine. They maintain the bond between the two strands of DNA, but they are too frail to withstand replication.
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Which of the following cnidarian classes is made up of animals that live mostly in the medusa stage and have short-lived polyp stages?
A. Ctenidaria
B. Anthozoa
C. Hydrozoa
D. Scyphozoa
A woman with type ab blood and a man with type o blood have a child. Which type of blood could the child have?.
A or B blood groups were likely to be found in the children of an AB blood type mother and an O blood type man.
What is blood explain blood?Liquids and solids make your blood. Water, salts, and protein help compensate the plasma, which is the liquid component. Your blood contains more than 50% plasma. Red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets make up your blood's solid portion.
What are the 4 main functions of blood?oxygen is transported from the lungs to the tissues. transport of digested food from small intestine to various body structures and cells. carries immune-system-fighting cells and antibodies.
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Li Qiu wants to trace the path of adrenaline as it sends a message that causes the heart to beat faster, beginning with the first step in the process and ending with the last. Where should Li Qiu start and where should he end?
A. heart beats faster; gland produces adrenaline
B. adrenaline carries message; heart beats faster
C. gland produces adrenaline; adrenaline carries message
D. gland produces adrenaline; heart beats faster
Li Qiu should start with the gland produces adrenaline and ends with heart beats faster.
The nerves that are connected to the adrenal glands are activated, which causes the adrenaline to be secreted and increases the levels of adrenaline in the blood, as the main mechanism by which adrenaline is released.
The adrenal glands, which produce adrenaline, release it into the body during stressful or dangerous situations. When faced with a stressful "fight or flight" situation, your body prepares to handle it.
Your adrenal gland releases the chemicals noradrenaline and adrenaline (epinephrine), which are both accessed by the neurotransmitter noradrenaline (norepinephrine). These hormones are transported throughout your body by your blood.
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humans do not have significantly more genes than some other animals, for instance, the nematode worm c. elegans. what accounts for the diversity of cell types and functions in humans relative c. elegans or d. melanogaster? select all that apply.
Different protein combinations, differential gene expression, and the ability of many human genes to encode multiple proteins all contribute to complexity.
What are some examples of genes?Many of your characteristics, including your skin tone and hair color, are determined by dna is passed down to you. Maybe Emma's mother had one gene for brown hair the other for red hair, therefore she gave Emma the red hair gene. Her red hair could be explained by the possibility that her father carries two red hair genes.
What distinguishes a gene from DNA?Your human anatomy is created and maintained by DNA. Genes are sections of your DNA that give you the physical traits that make you special. Your body's cells are guided by a detailed guidebook that is present throughout.
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the human x and y chromosomes . group of answer choices are both present in every somatic cell of males and females are the same size and have the same number of genes are called autosomes include genes that determine an individual's sex
Human x and y chromosomes are called "sex chromosomes" because they determine an individual's sex.
Somatic cells in human females contain two X chromosomes, and all of the somatic cells in human males contain one X and one Y chromosome. Many genes are unique to the Y chromosome, but genes in areas known as pseudo autosomal regions are present on both sex chromosomes.
There are 23 pairs of chromosomes in somatic cells out of which one member of each pair is paternal that comes from the father and one maternal that comes from the mother. There are 22 matched pairs of autosomal chromosomes, plus one pair of sex chromosomes X and Y.
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A woman with type ab blood and a man with type o blood have a child. Which type of blood could the child have?.
A or B blood types are likely to be present in the children of an AB blood type mother and an O blood type man. O or AB blood types couldn't be accommodated.
Define human blood types.The three distinct alleles that make up the human blood type are A, B, and O, sometimes known as Ia, Ib, and I, respectively. Every person has two blood types, which they receive from each of their parents, or one allele from each parent. Six genotype combinations are possible because there are three different types of alleles: AA or Ia Ia, BB or Ib Ib, AO or Ia I BO or Ib I and OO or I i. Because A and B alleles are more common than O, people with the AO genotype exhibit the A phenotype. whereas those with the BO genotype would have the B phenotype.
An Ia Ib genotype will be present in a female with an AB blood type. An O blood type male will possess an I I genotype.
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. During?, food molecules are
broken down to form CO₂ and H₂O
and release large amounts of energy.
(cellular respiration or fermentation)
Cellular respiration glucose is broken down in the presence of oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and water.
Aerobic cellular respiration has three steps, glycolysis, the citric acid cycle and the electron transport chain. Stage of cellular respiration in which carbon dioxide release takes place is the citric acid cycle.
During the process of photosynthesis carbon dioxide is converted into carbohydrate . In plant cell, the water is oxidized, and loses electrons, while the carbon dioxide is reduced, or gains electrons. This makes water into oxygen and the carbon dioxide into glucose.
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What are the extra parts of the immune response in vertebrates that are adaptations to intracellular pathogens?
Answer:
The extra parts of the immune response in vertebrates that are adaptations to intracellular pathogens are the production of antibodies, the activation of the complement system, and the production of interferon.
Even in the absence of any mutations or crossing over, what process would still ensure genetic variability in the gametes produced by a single individual?.
None of these procedures would still guarantee genetic diversity in the gametes that a single person produces.
How does genetics work?The study of genetic makeup and heredity, or how particular characteristics or characteristics are passed through mother to daughter as a result of developments in DNA sequence, is known as genetics. A genome is a section of DNA that has the instructions needed to create one or more enzymes that support bodily function.
Which traits are genetic?Parents pass on traits or characteristics to their children through their DNA, such as brown eyes and genetic makeup. There are many diseases and medical conditions that can be passed on genetically. Sometimes a same feature might exist in several various forms.
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Select all of the following pieces of evidence Dr. Corbett cites to demonstrate the development and value of the NIH/Moderna vaccine?
neutralizing antibodies were observed even in older adult cohorts
antibodies increase in response to dose in animals and humans
individuals who received the placebo vaccine did not have neutralizing antibodies
a proof of concept mRNA vaccine against a mouse coronavirus was very effective at protecting against a lethal exposure
Neutralizing antibodies had been discovered even in older grownup cohorts.
Antibodies growth in reaction to dose in animals and humans
A proof of idea mRNA vaccine towards a mouse coronavirus changed into very effective at protective towards lethal publicity.
The Moderna vaccine after two doses and a first booster dose has been proven to have very high effectiveness in opposition to extreme disorder, hospitalizations, and demise, and modest effectiveness in opposition to symptomatic contamination.
The records helping the FDA's authorization of an unmarried booster dose of the Moderna COVID-19 Vaccine, Bivalent for each the 6 years via 11 years age organization and 12 thru 17 years age organization is based on the FDA's previous evaluation of immune reaction and safety records from a clinical observe in adults 18 years of age.
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What happens when the xist gene from an x chromosome is inserted into an autosome?.
When the xist gene from an x chromosome is inserted into an autosome the autosome with Xist is inactivated like an X chromosome.
What does the Xist gene do?On the X chromosome of placental mammals, the non-coding RNA known as Xist (X-inactive specific transcript) plays a key role in the X-inactivation process. Along with two more RNA genes (Jpx and Ftx), two protein genes, and two other components, it is a part of the Xic, or X-chromosome inactivation centre (Tsx and Cnbp2).
The long, non-coding RNA Xist is essential for mammalian XCI (X-inactive specific transcript). It is generated from the Xist gene, which is located in the X inactivation centre (Xic), a region on the X chromosome that contains clustered genes and regulatory regions important in the X inactivation process.
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Which way do particles move during active transport? Choose 1 answer: Choose 1 answer: (Choice A) A From one area of high concentration to another area of high concentration (Choice B) B From areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration (Choice C) C From one area of low concentration to another area of low concentration (Choice D) D From areas of low concentration to areas of high concentration
Answer:
(Choice D) D From areas of low concentration to areas of high concentration
Explanation:
It is called active transport because moving molecules from areas of low concentration to areas of high concentration requires energy. Active = takes energy. Molecules moving from a low concentration to a high concentration requires energy. Hope that helps keep it straight.
which of the following choices list all of the components of connective tissue (ct)? which is the most widespread ct in the body?
The connective tissue component consists of: cells arranged in an extracellular matrix and spread out.
The most widespread connective tissue is loose connective tissue
Connective tissue is a network that has a function to bind and support other parts of the network. Connective tissue constituents are cells arranged in an extracellular matrix and arranged spread out. This matrix consists of two main components, namely the basic material in the form of liquid and protein fiber.
Loose connective tissue is the most abundant connective tissue in the body of vertebrates. This tissue binds the epithelium to the underlying tissue, so that the connective tissue functions as a binder between the epithelial tissue and the tissue beneath the epithelial tissue.
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In the 17th century, british biologist robert hooke discovered the cell. A little more than a century later, french botanist rené henri dutrochet concluded that all living things arise from cells, and all cells are derived from other cells. Dutrochet's proposal indicates that —.
The cell was discovered by Robert Hooke. The highest level of organization found in a living thing are cells.
A cell is what?All living things, including the tissues of the body, are made up of cells, which are the smallest unit capable of supporting life on its own. It is a little portion of the organism that houses the nucleus.
The three essential parts of a cell are the cell membrane, nucleus, and cytoplasm. The cell membrane keeps outside chemicals out and controls how they enter and leave the cell.
Robert Hooke introduced the name "cell" in 1665, deriving from the Latin cella, which meaning "storeroom or chamber," after using a very early microscope to study a piece of cork. Additionally, it stated that the rectangular chambers reminded him of some monastic cells.
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consider the following sequence of messenger rna: what was the sequence (and polarity) of the template strand of dna that encoded this mrna? 3' g a u a u g g g u g u a c c u g a 5'
The sequence (and polarity) of the template strand of DNA that encoded this mRNA is
5' C T A T A C C C A C A T G G A C T 3'
Types of nucleotides
DNA nucleotides come in four different varieties since there are four naturally occurring nitrogenous bases: adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G), and cytosine (C).
The genetic code found in mRNA is read during translation and utilised to create a protein. The fundamental principle of molecular biology, DNA, RNA, and protein, sums up these two processes.
DNA is always generated with the 5'-to-3' orientation, therefore nucleotides are only added to the forming strand's 3' end. The 5'-phosphate group of the following nucleotide binds to the 3'-OH group of the final developing strand nucleotide.
The lagging strand is the one that begins to open in the 3' to 5' direction toward the replication fork.
The strand that moves in the 5' to 3' direction is the one at the front of the replication fork.
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A cycle consists of a carefully balanced set of molecules. In order for the cycle to continue, this balance must be maintained. How many turns of the calvin cycle must occur before one molecule of g3p can leave?.
One molecule of glucose would be created by six cycles, or six CO2 start text, six CO2 end text, six CO2 start subscript, two end subscript, six ATP turns, and twelve NADPH turns.
What is Calvin cycle?The Calvin cycle is also known as the C3 cycle, the nighttime reaction of photosynthesis, or the light-independent reaction. However, it is most active during the daytime when there is a surplus of ATP and NADPH. The plant cells employ the building blocks produced by the light reactions to create organic molecules:
Energy: The endergonic reactions are propelled by ATP, which is produced by cyclic and noncyclic photophosphorylation.
2. Reducing power: Photosystem I's NADPH serves as the source of both the hydrogen and the powerful electrons needed to bind it to carbon atoms. During photosynthesis, a large portion of the light energy is stored in the sugars' energy-dense C—H bonds.
Carbohydrates, especially starch and sucrose, are the primary forms of light energy that plants store.
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Two G3Ps are needed to make a glucose molecule with six carbons since a G3P molecule has three fixed carbon atoms.
How many times must the Calvin cycle run before one G3P molecule is produced?One carbohydrate molecule requires six rounds of the Calvin cycle to produce since it contains six carbon atoms (one for each carbon dioxide molecule fixed). RuBP is renewed by the remaining G3P molecules, allowing the system to get ready for the carbon-fixation stage.
How many turns are necessary to make G3P?Since one G3P contains three carbon atoms and is exported from the chloroplast, it takes three "turns" of the Calvin cycle to fix enough net carbon to do so.
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which of these is not part of the peripheral nervous system (pns)? which of these is not part of the peripheral nervous system (pns)? spinal cord cranial nerves afferent nerve fibers spinal nerves
Spinal cord is not part of the peripheral nervous system (pns).
Peripheral nervous system (PNS) is composed of all the cranial nerves, spinal nerves, and ganglia (groups of nerve cells). Brain, brain stem and spinal cord are all components of the central nervous system (CNS).
Three part of Peripheral nervous system are Sensory that Connects the brain and spinal cord to your skin and allow you to feel pain and other sensations. Secondly Autonomic that helps to Controls involuntary function like blood pressure, heart rate. The third one is Motor that helps to Connects the brain and spinal cord to muscles to stimulate movement.
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how are photosynthesis and respiration related to each other?
Answer:
Photosynthesis converts carbon dioxide and water into oxygen and glucose. Glucose is used as food by the plant and oxygen is a by-product. Cellular respiration converts oxygen and glucose into water and carbon dioxide. Water and carbon dioxide are by- products and ATP is energy that is transformed from the process.
Answer:
photosynthesis converts cabon dioxide and water into oxygen and glucose
while respiration converts glucose and oxygen into water and carbon dioxide
mrs. franklin has a congenital condition in which one kidney is located in an abnormal position. the medical term for this condition is a/an?
The term "structural abnormalities" was used to describe conditions such as aberrant kidney size for one's age, increased echogenicity, hydronephrosis/hydroureter, or obstruction of the urinary tract from a congenital or acquired condition, such as stone disease.
A set of disorders affecting the kidneys or other urinary system structures is known as congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT). The bladder, the tubes from each kidney to the bladder (the ureters), and the tube that empties the bladder of urine are additional elements of the urinary tract that may be impacted (the urethra). Congenital (present from birth), CAKUT is caused by abnormal urinary system development, though the abnormality may not be noticed until later in life.
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Cholesterol is an important component of each of the following, EXCEPT? A.cell membranes.B.fluid that coats the liver.C.protective nerve sheaths.D.sex hormones.
Cholesterol is an important component of each of the following except sex hormones.
Cholesterol is an important issue of mobileular membranes, that are the systems that border each mobileular withinside the human body. Without ldl cholesterol, T-cells (a kind of white blood mobileular), for example, might now no longer preserve their mobileular membranes, main to rupturing of the cells.
Cholesterol is likewise wanted for the manufacture of steroid-primarily based totally hormones, specifically intercourse hormones like testosterone and progesterone. Other hormones, produced especially with the aid of using the adrenal gland, additionally require ldl cholesterol for production. Aldosterone (the hormone that makes the kidneys keep water) and cortisol (the hormone this is critical in suppressing irritation withinside the body) are such examples.
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Dna replication proceeds outward from two , which are the sites where the template strands are unwound and new dna is synthesized.
Forks are the locations where the templates strands be unwound and fresh dna is created during replication.
How is something synthesized?Simply put, synthesizing is mixing. You combine the ideas and facts of various sources to make a larger statement rather than summarizing the key points of every source individually. This essentially entails comparing and contrasting the information from your sources.
What does writing synthesis mean?Synthesis is the process of combining different elements to create a whole. When instructing students to produce a research study or any work that calls for the utilization of numerous sources, writing instructors frequently use this term.
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which of the following is an adaptation of seed plants? answer spores vascular tissues flagellated sperm pollen
Seed plants produces flagellated sperm .
Many primitive gymnosperms have flagellated sperm cells, In many seed plants the use of resistant far-traveling airborne pollen to bring gametes together in a terrestrial adaptation.
Sperms are the male gametes manufactured in pollen grains or microspores. Flagellated sperms mean that the male gametes have the flagella, the organs for movement so they are also known as motile sperms. Hence ,seed plants that have flagellated sperm are Ginkgo and Cycadales.
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