The correct option (C) is true which says aerobic metabolism releases more energy at a slower rate.
Aerobic metabolism, which occurs without the presence of oxygen, uses carbohydrates to produce energy. This occurs when your muscles' demand for oxygen in your blood surpasses your lungs' ability to supply it. It is often reserved for short bursts of exercise like sprinting while running, cycling, or lifting large objects.
The mechanisms by which your body transforms food into molecules that cells can use as fuel and then uses those molecules to power bodily operations are referred to as metabolism. Your body releases enzymes to convert food into carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids.
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Which of the following statements about pattern formation are true? Select the four statements that are true.
1) Homeotic genes code for transcription factors that control the development of segment-specific body parts.
2) Homeotic genes establish major body axes.
3) Cells receive molecular signals that communicate their position in relation to other cells.
4)Differential gene expression affects the developmental process in animals.
5)Pattern formation begins in adult animals.
6)The process of pattern formation involves segmentation of the body but does not involve the development of segment-specific body parts.
7)Positional information controls pattern formation.
The correct ones are:
Differential gene expression affects the developmental process in animals.Positional information controls pattern formation.Homeotic genes code for transcription factors that control the development of segment-specific body parts.Cells receive molecular signals that communicate their position in relation to other cells.Gene expression is the process by which information from a gene is used in the synthesis of a functional gene product, allowing it to produce end products such as protein or non-coding RNA and, as a result, affect a phenotype.
A homeotic gene is any of a group of genes that control the pattern of body formation in organisms during early embryonic development. These genes encode proteins known as transcription factors, which direct the formation of various body parts.
Molecular signaling refers to molecules that transmit information between cells in the body. However, the molecular properties of signaling molecules can vary greatly.
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A cycle consists of a carefully balanced set of molecules. In order for the cycle to continue, this balance must be maintained. How many turns of the calvin cycle must occur before one molecule of g3p can leave?.
Three cycles of the Calvin cycle must occur before a molecule of G3P can leave as the molecule contains a total of three carbon atoms.
Calvin cycle is the first process of the light-independent reactions of photosynthesis. The process occurs in three steps: carbon fixation, reduction and regeneration. The reaction is carried out the inorganic environmental carbon into organic form.
G3P stands for Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate. It is also known by other names like triose phosphate or 3-phosphoglyceraldehyde. It s formed in the Calvin cycle by the process of reduction that involved the use of ATP. These are used for glucose synthesis as well as for RuBP regeneration.
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How is the movement of paramecium and volvox similar? Both -
move toward light.
O use cytoplasmic streaming.
O use cilia to move.
O move away from light.
Paramecium and Volvox are similar as Both use cilia to move.
Eukaryotes include Volvox, Paramecium, and Euglena. They are single-celled organisms of the Protista Kingdom. They are all made up of nuclei. They have both food and contractile vacuoles.
Volvox rousseletii is a multicellular spheroidal green alga with 5,000 cells that each have two flagella (cilia). Volvox, a spherical alga, swims using flagella on thousands of surface somatic cells.
Volvox are algae cell colonies that propel themselves similarly to ciliated microorganisms, but with synchronized flagella of many inward facing individuals rather than beating cilia.
Paramecium is a genus of eukaryotic, unicellular ciliates that is commonly studied as a ciliate representative. Paramecia are found in a variety of freshwater, brackish, and marine environments, and they are particularly abundant in stagnant basins and ponds.
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What is herbicide used for?
Herbicides are chemicals used to manipulate or control undesirable vegetation.
What are herbicides?
Herbicides are typically chemical agents used to eradicate or stunt the growth of undesirable plants, such as invasive species and weeds in residential or agricultural areas.
Since 2001, glyphosate, also referred to by many brand names, such as Roundup, has been the most frequently used herbicide in the US. Although herbicides are intended to kill plants, they can also be harmful to people and other animals. Herbicides differ greatly in terms of how they affect the environment, specifically in terms of how toxic they are and how long they last. By interfering with specific biochemical processes, they change the plant's normal biological function. They thus enter the plant as well as translocate to their site of action when applied to foliage or soil. Atrazine, glyphosate 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), and simazine are a few examples of translocated herbicides.
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which of the following represent mechanisms by which proteobacteria generate a proton motive force for atp synthesis?
The mechanism by which proteobacteria generate a proton motive force for ATP synthesis is: (1) aerobic oxidation of H2S; (2) light-driven proton pumps; and (4) anaerobic oxidation of glucose.
Proteobacteria is a large phylum of the Gram-negative bacteria. The microorganisms of proteobacteria are: hydrogenogenic CO oxidizers. These bacteria may have varying shapes and forms. They are also called purple bacteria and relatives.
Proton motive force (PMF) is a type of potential energy that drives the synthesis of ATP. It is comprised of charge and chemical components. PMF is created by the pumping out of the of protons by the respiratory chain complexes.
The given question is incomplete, the complete question is:
Which of the following represent mechanisms by which proteobacteria generate a proton motive force for ATP synthesis?
aerobic oxidation of H2S light-driven proton pumps reduction of CO2 by H2 anaerobic oxidation of glucose photolysis of H2OTo know more about proteobacteria, here
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sign the components on the following apoptotic pathway, which operates in human immune cells. a death signal is received when a molecule called fas binds its cell-surface receptor. the binding of many fas molecules to receptors causes receptor clustering. the intracellular regions of the receptors, when together, bind proteins called adaptor proteins. these in turn bind to inactive molecules of caspase-8, which become activated and then activate caspase-3. once activated, caspase-3 initiates apoptosis.
The apoptotic pathway in human immune cells is signed:
the binding of many Fas molecules to receptors causes receptor clustering. → the intracellular regions of the receptors, when together, bind proteins called adaptor proteins → a death signal is received when a molecule called Fas binds its cell-surface receptor → these in turn bind to inactive molecules of caspase-8, which become activated and then activate caspase-3. → once activated, caspase-3 initiates apoptosis.How does the apoptotic pathway work?There are two main pathways to apoptosis which are extrinsic and intrinsic. It is mediated by proteolytic enzymes known as capsules that trigger the death of cells by splitting proteins specific to the cytoplasm and the nucleus.
The Fas binds to Fas receptors located in cell surfaces and recruits an adaptor protein, FADD that contains a death domain. The death effector from the domain recruits inactive caspase 8 that splits to generate an active caspase 8 that triggers inactive caspase 3 and activates it to split substrates within the cell and initiate apoptosis.
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If laci were mutated such that the lac repressor could no longer bind dna, what effect would this have on the regulation of the lac operon?.
The repressor protein would not function properly, and the lac operon would be over expressed
What is Lac operon ?An operon, or collection of genes, with a single promoter, is the lac operon. The genes in the operon produce proteins that enable lactose utilisation by the bacteria.
Constitutive expression results from mutations in the repressor that prevent it from binding to the operator. A non-inducible phenotype results from mutations that block the inducer's ability to bind without affecting the operator's ability to bind.The function of LacI is to prevent the lac operon's protein mRNA from being produced. LacZYA mRNA is only very minimally transcribed, but transcription is not entirely eliminated.Learn more about Lac operon here:
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A scientist looks into a microscope and sees that replicating chromosome pairs are lined up in the center of a cell. The scientist then sees the mitotic spindle from each side of the cell attach to a chromosome. Which mitotic phase is the scientist likely witnessing?.
The mitotic phase which the scientist is likely witnessing when the mitotic spindle from each side of the cell attach to a chromosome is referred to as the metaphase.
What is Mitosis?This is referred to as the type of cell division which involves a single cell dividing into two identical daughter cells and is a common process during the growth of cells in the body.
Mitosis has different phases such as metaphase which is characterized by the replicating chromosome pairs being lined up in the center of a cell and the mitotic spindle from each side of the cell attach to a chromosome.
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Gene A and Gene B are neccessary for normal hearing. A deaf man married with a deaf women. all childrens have normal hearing. What is the - Geno type of their Parents?
AAbb x aaBB is the Genotype of their Parents.
Normal hearing depends on genes A and B. The marriage of a deaf man and a deaf lady. They give birth to kids with normal hearing abilities. All of the children must have inherited one dominant A or B gene from each parent in order to hear normally. The mother and father's genotypes will therefore be AAbb x aaBB.
An organism's genotype is made up of all of its genetic components. The alleles or variations that an individual carries in a specific gene or genetic region are also referred to as the genotype.
There are three genotype types: homozygous dominant (PP), homozygous recessive (PP), and heterozygous (Pp). The traits are the same in homozygous dominant and heterozygous genotypes.
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different genotypes can produce the same phenotype. true or false. answer: what information can be obtained by working with a punnett square? check all that apply. a. possible genotypes of offspring b. possible phenotypes of offspring c. possible gametes of parents d. possible advantages of trait
The statement is true because different genotype is able to produce the same kind of phenotypes. The information on possible genotypes of offspring could be obtained by working with a Punnett square.
So, the correct option is A.
Different environments can result in different traits in people with a specific genotype because the phenotype is the result of how genes and the environment interact. Moreover, a phenotype might result from many genotypes having distinct genotypes. Genetic allele diversity accounts for this. Only if a person possesses two copies of the gene will a recessive allele manifest its effects.
The percentages of various genotypes that are anticipated to be present in the children of two parents may be calculated using a Punnett square. The percentages of traits that will be present in a cross's progeny from known genotypes may be predicted using a Punnett square. They are beneficial because they can forecast the genetic likelihood of a specific trait developing in a couple's kids.
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Eukaryotic chromosomes tend to be much larger than prokaryotic chromosomes. In order to package these large chromosomes into the nucleus, which family of proteins are used by the cell?.
Eukaryotic chromosomes tend to be much larger than prokaryotic chromosomes. To package these large chromosomes into the nucleus, histones are used by the cell.
What are histones?
Histone is a type of protein that packages the chromosome so it can comfortably adjust into the cell nucleus.
From the question, eukaryotic chromosomes are usually larger than prokaryotic chromosomes. Eukaryotic chromosomes are found in organisms that the cell has a nucleus. This is common with organisms such as animals and plants. However, prokaryotic chromosomes are present in organisms that don't have a cell nucleus.
So, histones play a major role to ensure the large chromosomes in eukaryotes are perfectly fitted into the cell nucleus.
In summary, histones belong to a family of proteins that allows large eukaryotic chromosomes to wrap around them.
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stimulates t lymphocyte activity can be initiated by specific types of pathogens intensifies the effect of antiviral interferons accelerates microbial growth by increasing iron absorption from the digestive tract
The given statement is true about the accelerates microbial growth by increasing iron absorption from the digestive tract that stimulates t lymphocyte activity affect it.
What are t lymphocyte?T cells, also known as T lymphocytes, are a vital component of the immune system and are a type of leukocyte (white blood cell). The specificity of the immune response to antigens (foreign substances) in the body is determined by one of two main types of lymphocytes, T cells, with B cells being the other type.
T cells develop in the thymus after emerging from the bone marrow. T cells proliferate and differentiate into memory T cells, helper, regulatory, or cytotoxic T cells in the thymus. They then travel through the blood or lymphatic system or are sent to peripheral tissues. Helper T cells secrete chemical messengers known as cytokines after being triggered by the proper antigen, which encourages B cells to differentiate into plasma cells (antibody-producing cells).
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Restriction enzymes cleave double-stranded dna at the sites that show a particular type of symmetry; these sequences read the same on both strands and are called palindromes. Which of the sequences is not a palindrome?.
Option C) 5′-CCTCAGG-3′ is not a palindrome as it does not read the same on both the sides.
Endonucleases known as restriction enzymes sever phosphodiester bonds between adjacent nucleotides within or close to particular DNA sequences known as recognition sites. The locations on a polynucleotide strand that are recognized by a restriction enzyme for cleavage are often palindromic in nature. Option C is not a plaindrome because it's complementary strand of DNA would be 3'-GGAGTCC-5' which does not read the same.
When the polarity is maintained in both strands, DNA sequences called palindromic sequences are read in the same direction whether they are read forward or backward. Given in the picture is an example of the restriction enzyme EcoR I's recognition site which is a palindrome.
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Complete question is:
Restriction enzymes cleave double-stranded DNA at the sites that show a particular type of symmetry: These sequences read the same on both strands and are called palindromes. Which of the following sequences is NOT a palindrome?
A)5′-AGATCT-3′
B)5′-CCTGCAGG-3′
C)5′-CCTCAGG-3′
D)5′-CGGCCG-3′
E)5′-GGTACC-3′
A biologist is studying two organisms, X and Y. She knows that at least one of them is an animal. Organism X only reproduces sexually. Organism Y reproduces both sexually and asexually.
Which conclusion is best supported by the information?
Organism X is an animal, and organism Y is not.
Organism Y has the benefit of not having to find a mate.
Organism X has offspring that are not genetically diverse.
Organism Y is a heterotroph, and organism X is not.
Organism X has offspring that are not genetically diverse.
Genetic diversity is characterised by genetic diversity within a species. Recombination of genetic material during the inheritance process results in genetic diversity. It alters as space and time pass. Because it produces distinct offspring by fusing the DNA of the parents, sexual reproduction is crucial for sustaining genetic diversity.It happens as a result of gene recombination during the inheritance process.The genetic diversity varies over time and space.One of the most important components of genetic diversity is sexual reproduction, which uses a combination of parental genes to create unique children.Genetic variety is also a result of gene mutation, genetic drift, and gene flow.Individuals of the species can adapt to challenging environmental conditions thanks to genetic variety.The ability to adapt to unfavorable environmental conditions, illness resistance, and other physical qualities are given to the individuals.To know more about Genetic check the below link:
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Answer:B
Explanation:
dr. garcia is interested in the genetic and environmental influences on musical ability. which of the following methods would be most useful for determining how heritable musical ability is (i.e. how much it depends on genes vs. environment)?
The question above isn't complete, as there are no options for us to choose from. That being said, the most common method for determining musical heritability is comparison.
Heritability is generally defined as a statistic that estimates the degree of variation in a trait in a population that is due to genetic variation between individuals in that population. To determine how heritable musical ability is, one can compare participants coming from musical families with participants coming from non-musical families. It can also be more specific, like whether the participants were trained in music or not, to determine how much environment matters vs genes.
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which of the following are true of alleles? select all that apply.
A. Alleles exist on homologous chromosomes.
B. Alleles occupy corresponding loci on homologous chromosomes.
C. Alleles are different forms of a gene.
The statements that are true regarding alleles are as follows;
Alleles exist on homologous chromosomes (option A)Alleles are different forms of a gene (option C)What are alleles?Alleles are one of a number of alternative forms of the same gene occupying a given position, or locus, on a chromosome.
On the other hand, homologous chromosomes are similar but non-identical chromosomes from each parent of an offspring.
The alleles for a trait occupy the same locus or position on homologous chromosomes and thus govern the same trait. However, because they are different, their action may result in different expressions of that trait.
Therefore, options A and C are the true statements regarding alleles.
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bacteria may be involved in both the production or food and in its decay. multiple choice 1 false true 2. the presence of microbes in food can be . multiple choice 2 beneficial, harmful, or neutral harmful beneficial or harmful but not neutral beneficial neutral 3. a single species of bacteria grows best at multiple choice 3 a broad range of temperatures ranging from freezing to boiling. a modest range around a minimum temperature. a modest range around an optimum temperature. different temperatures, based on the availability of oxygen. different temperatures, based on nutrient availability. 4. the type of food-borne infection known as an intoxication is caused by multiple choice 4 toxins produced by microbes as they grow in the food. growth of the microbe in the intestinal tract and intestinal lining. toxins produced by the microbe in the intestinal tract. the buildup of oxidative byproducts such as o- in the food. the buildup of microbial waste products such as lactic acid.
True. Both the synthesis of food and its breakdown may involve bacteria. several options.
How is the usage of microorganisms in the food industry?Since ancient times, people have employed yeasts, molds, and bacteria to create foods like bread, beer, wine, vinegar, yoghurt, and cheese, as well as fermented fish, meat, and vegetables. In nature, microorganisms carry out the fermentation processes.
How does our food quizlet relate to microbes?Food containing microbes needs their metabolic byproducts for taste. One illustration is the flavoring of cheese using molds. Some bacteria cause food to decay, whereas others are employed in the production of food products or to enhance flavor.
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the checkpoint proteins prevent the division of a cell that has dna or abnormalities in the chromosome .
The checkpoint proteins prevent the division of a cell that has DNA or abnormalities in the chromosome .The process of mitotic cell division encompasses mitosis, where the nucleus divides into two nuclei, and , where the mother cell divides into two daughter cells.
Chromosomes are structures determined inside the middle (nucleus) of cells that convey lengthy pieces of DNA. DNA is the fabric that holds genes. it is the constructing block of the human body. Chromosomes also comprise proteins that help DNA exist in the proper shape.
Chromosomes are the highest degree of company of DNA and proteins. the principle feature of chromosomes is to hold the DNA and switch the genetic records from mother and father to offspring. Chromosomes play an critical role for the duration of cell division. They guard the DNA from getting tangled and damaged.
And there are boys and men who have XX chromosomes. this can show up, for instance, when a gene on the Y chromosome ends up on an X chromosome, inflicting that X chromosome to function extra like a Y. There are genes on chromosomes aside from the X or Y that still contribute to sex improvement.
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what would you expect to see in regions of dna that are sensitive to digestion by dnase i in terms of acetylation? please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. answer choices more acetylation supercoiling less acetylation no change in acetylation
A significant epigenetic modification known as histone acetylation modifies the chromatin architecture and controls the expression of genes by either opening or closing the chromatin structure.
How does acetylation of histones affect DNA structure?Chromosome structure is changed by histone acetylation.
When histones are acetylated, chromatin becomes more accessible and DNA binding proteins can interact with exposed regions to stimulate gene transcription and other cellular processes.It is generally known that both histone deacetylation and DNA methylation inhibit gene transcription. In contrast, when histones are deacetylated by HDAC, their electrostatic contacts with DNA become stronger, resulting in relaxed chromatin that upregulates transcription.Acylation: The addition of an acyl group to a molecule. In this illustration of the Friedel-Crafts acylation process, acetyl chloride and benzene are acylated to form acetophenone in the presence of the Lewis acid catalyst AlCl3. The electrophilic aromatic substitution mechanism underlies the reaction.To Learn more About histone acetylation refer to:
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What defines a substantial increase in a jellyfish population within a short time?.
A jellies bloom is described as a significant rise in jellyfish numbers over a brief period of time as a function of a higher reproductive rate.
Are jellyfish toxic to humans?On the tendrils of stonefish, which earn their moniker from their shape, are the bio known as fungus spores, which are minuscule darts packed with poison. Within just a few seconds of being stung, those unhappy enough to be sprayed with this toxin may endure cardiac arrest, paralysis, and even death.
What makes jellyfish hurt people?Jellyfish utilize their sting to both catch animals and defend themselves. Their tentacles extend out and fire out spear gun contributed to the rise a neurotoxic venom when they come into contact with humans or other types of prey.
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Which frame(s) represent(s) conditions suitable that would support submerged plants and invertebrates that can tolerate a sandy bottom? Choose all that apply
Frames C and D represents conditions suitable that would support submerged plants and invertebrates that can tolerate a sandy bottom.
What is a Plant?This is referred to an organism which is called the primary producer in the ecosystem and has the ability to manufacture food in the form of glucose through photosynthetic reactions. It can survive in different conditions as a result of different types of adaptive structures.
Frames C and D depicts frame which contains submerged plants can tolerate sandy soil in this scenario as a result of the sand and the presence of the plants being observed thereby making them the most correct choice.
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Humans are the only host of guinea worms. Successful eradication programs will mean the
extinction of the guinea worm. What is your opinion about humans causing the deliberate
extinction of a living organism?
One of the defining aspects of human existence is our encounters with wildlife. Both good and negative interactions may occur. In addition to eradicating harmful species, coopting and domesticating useful species, and using a variety of social, behavioural, and technical measures to limit unpleasant interactions with wildlife, people compete with wildlife for food and resources.
Numerous species have been reduced or eliminated as a result of this battle, along with the untold number of human casualties and financial losses. There have been an increasing number of successful conservation and coexistence outcomes as a result of recent developments in our understanding of conflict. I list and analyse the causes of conflict, strategies for resolving disputes peacefully, and the most recent trends and discussions.
What is living organism?
Any object that exhibits all the traits of life, including growth, reproduction, and nutrition, is said to be living. A live object is defined as an organism.
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What alleles only show their effect if the individual has two copies of the allele?.
Recessive alleles show their effect if the individual has two copies of the allele.
Only when an individual has two copies of a recessive allele will its effects manifest. For instance, the recessive nature of the "blue eye" allele means that two copies are required for someone to have blue eyes. When a person carries two copies of a particular allele,the recessive alleles manifest their traits. Having the identical two alleles in this way is referred to as homozygosity. For the phenotype to manifest, the allele must exist in two copies.
When two genes in a pair are abnormal, a disease can only be caused by the abnormal gene. The term "carrier" refers to individuals who have just one faulty gene out of a pair. Most frequently, no ailment affects these persons. The abnormal gene, however, can be passed on to their offspring.
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Blocks the active site for contractile protein attachment at rest but moves based on the binding state of.
Tropomyosin blocks the active site for contractile protein attachment at rest but moves based on the binding state of Troponin.
What is a Protein?This is referred to as a biological molecule which consists if amino acid residues. They form hormones, enzymes etc and are important in the growth and repair of tissues in the body and sources include breans, dairy products etc.
Tropomyosin is regarded as a type of protein which has end-to-end associates to form long cables along the sides of the actin filament and helps to regulate muscle contraction.
Its mechanism of action in the body is that it is involved in the blocking of the active site for contractile protein attachment at rest but moves based on the binding state of Troponin which aids movement.
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The product of this reaction, 1,4-diphenyl-1,3-butadiene, is a diene that can exist as 3 possible geometric isomers. Which of these isomers is the main product of the reaction?.
The major outcome of the interaction O A. cis, trans B. Cis C. cis, cis D. trans, trans is these isomers.
Why do you use the term isomers?A nuclide that is isomeric with one or even more others is one of two or more molecules, radicals, or ions that have the same atomic mass of same components but differ in their structural arrangement and characteristics.
What are an isotope and an isomer?Isomers are substances with identical molecular structures but distinct chemical properties. Isotopes are substances that share the same atomic number but have differing atomic masses. Isotones are elements that have a different amount of protons but the same number of neutrons.
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Under different conditions, stomata can open or close to regulate gas exchange.
carbon dioxide needed
nighttime
daytime
oxygen produced by photosynthesis
hot daytime temperatures
Answer:
it can open cause when it uses
the pyruvate kinase in red blood cells has a deltag value of -31.4, what is the equilibrium constant keq for the reaction at 25?
The following reaction's equilibrium constant, Keq K e q, was found to be 7.2 x 103 at 25 degrees Celsius.
The K equilibrium constant is what?Equilibrium constant (K) is a mathematical ratio that displays the product concentrations subtracted from the reactant concentrations.
Keq equilibrium: what is it?The equilibrium constant (Keq) is the ratio of the mathematical product of the concentrations of the products of a reaction to the mathematical product of the concentrations of the reactants of the reaction.
What is the equilibrium Keq value?If Keq is a small number (Keq<1), it means that, at equilibrium, the concentration of the reactants is large. In this case, the reaction favors the formation of reactants. If Keq ≈ 1, it means that there are sizeable amounts of both reactants and products at equilibrium.
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What is the difference between Cell Differentiation and Mitosis?
A 23 year old woman is emaciated and has dry scaly skin and brittle fair. Anorexia nervosa is diagnosed. Which of the following signs is most likely to be noted on examination?
Retinal hemorrhages
Periungual hemorrhages in fingers
Cutis marmorata
Lanugo
Generalized lymphadenopathy
With dry, scaly skin and brittle fair, lanugo indications are more likely to be noticed during an examination. A diagnosis of anorexia is made.
What results in lanugo?One of the adverse consequences of adult eating disorders such as bulimia nervosa, anorexia nervosa, and others is lanugo. It may be a sign of malnourishment and inadequate nutrition. According to medical professionals, lanugo expands when a person's body fat levels are insufficient to keep them warm.
The lanugo, what is it?In fetuses, neonates, and several illness states, lanugo—fine, silky, unpigmented hair—is frequently seen. Although lanugo is a common feature in fetuses, the presence of it in an older individual may signal an underlying disease.
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you are walking in the shallows along the beach and accidentally step on a sea urchin. after you take the spines out of your foot, you look up the classification of the animals. it is listed in the phylum . answer mollusca arthropoda echinodermata nematoda chordata
Sea urchin belongs to phylum Echinodermata.
Any member of the phylum Echinodermata is considered an echinoderm. Adults with radial symmetry include starfish, brittle stars, sea urchins, sand dollars, and sea cucumbers, as well as sea lilies or "stone lilies."
Adult echinoderms can be found on the sea floor at any depth, from the intertidal zone to the abyssal zone. The phylum contains approximately 7,000 living species, making it the second-largest deuterostome grouping after chordates. Echinoderms are the largest phylum that is entirely marine. Near the beginning of the Cambrian period, the first definitive echinoderms appeared.
Sea urchins are spiny, globular echinoderms of the Echinoidea class. There are approximately 950 species of sea urchins that live on the seafloor of every ocean and inhabit every depth zone from the intertidal seashore to 5,000 meters.
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