Which neurotransmitters are used for each division of the autonomic nervous system? Be sure to describe the synapse at the autonomic ganglion and at the effector. What component of the system determines if a given neurotransmitter has an excitatory or inhibitory effect on the target effector?
Answer:
The autonomic nervous system is in charge of controlling visceral effectors. Traditionally, it is described by its peripheral nervous components (ganglia, nerves and plexuses) and two divisions are distinguished: the sympathetic and the parasympathetic. Transmission of the excitatory stimulus through the synaptic cleft occurs by release of neurotransmitters; the neurotransmitters of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system are mainly norepinephrine (NA) and acetylcholine (AC). The NA-secreting fibers are called adrenergic and those that secrete AC, cholinergic. All preganglionic neurons, both those of the sympathetic nervous system and those of the parasympathetic nervous system, are cholinergic. The neuron that releases the neurotransmitter is called a presynaptic neuron. The signal receptor neuron is called a postsynaptic neuron. Depending on the type of neurotransmitter released, postsynaptic neurons are either stimulated (excited) or de-stimulated (inhibited).
Explanation:
The autonomic nervous system is the part of the central and peripheral nervous system that is responsible for the regulation of the involuntary functions of the organism, the maintenance of internal homeostasis and the adaptive responses to variations in the external and internal environment and two divisions are distinguished: the sympathetic and the parasympathetic. Acetylcholine is the preganglionic neurotransmitter of both divisions of the S.N.A. (sympathetic and parasympathetic) and also of the postganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic. The nerves at whose endings acetylcholine are released are called cholinergic. Norepinephrine is the neurotransmitter of postganglionic sympathetic neurons. The nerves into which norepinephrine is released are called adrenergic. Within the efferent sympathetic impulses, the postganglionic neurons that innervate the eccrine sweat glands and some blood vessels that supply the skeletal muscles are of the cholinergic type. Both acetylcholine and norepinephrine act on the different organs to produce the corresponding parasympathetic or sympathetic effects. The peripheral nerve endings of the sympathetic form a reticulum or plexus from which the terminal fibers come in contact with the effector cells. All the norepinephrine in peripheral tissues is found in the sympathetic endings in which it accumulates in subcellular particles analogous to the chromaffin granulations of the adrenal medulla. The release of norepinephrine at nerve endings occurs in response to action potentials that travel through nerve endings. The receptor, when stimulated by catecholamines, sets in motion a series of membrane changes that are followed by a cascade of intracellular phenomena that culminate in a measurable response. There are two classes of adrenergic receptors known as alpha and beta. These two classes are again subdivided into others that have different functions and that can be stimulated or blocked separately. Norepinephrine primarily excites alpha receptors and beta receptors to a small extent. The neurotransmitter acetylcholine is synthesized at the axonal terminal and deposited in synaptic vesicles. Acetylcholine activates two different types of receptors, called muscarinic and nicotinic receptors. Acetylcholine (AC) synthesis takes place at presynaptic termination by acetylation of choline with acetyl-coenzyme A, a reaction catalyzed by acetylcholinetransferase. The energy required for the release of a neurotransmitter is generated in the mitochondria of the presynaptic terminal. Binding of neurotransmitters to postsynaptic membrane receptors produces changes in membrane permeability. The nature of the neurotransmitter and the receptor molecule determines whether the effect produced will be one of excitation or inhibition of the postsynaptic neuron.
Which best describes the transfer of energy through food webs?
A. Energy from animals is recycled among herbivores and carnivores.
B. Energy from plants is transferred from decomposers to consumers.
C. Energy from animals is recycled from decomposers to consumers and then to producers.
D. Energy from plants is transferred to consumers, and then from producers and consumers to decomposers.
Answer:
D.
Explanation:
Energy from plants is transferred to consumers and then producers and consumers to decomposers.
Which of the following is the best description of an element?
1. A substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances
2. A naturally occurring mineral made of more than one substances
3. A small particle made with a specific chemical composition
4. A collection of atoms that have different abilities when joined together
Answer:
I think 1
Explanation:
you can't break an element into different elements
You buy a cell phone for $ 200 . The value y decrease by 30% each year. What would be the value of the cell phone in 2 years?
Answer:
The present value after 2 years is $98
Explanation:
Given
[tex]a = 200[/tex]
[tex]r = 30\%[/tex]
[tex]t = 2[/tex]
Required
Determine the new value
This is calculated using:
[tex]y = ab^t[/tex]
Where b =
[tex]b = 1 - r[/tex]
This gives:
[tex]b = 1-30\%[/tex]
[tex]b = 1-0.30[/tex]
[tex]b = 0.70[/tex]
So:
[tex]y = ab^t[/tex]
[tex]y =200 * 0.70 ^2[/tex]
[tex]y =98[/tex]
The present value after 2 years is $98
Answer:
$98
Explanation:
It is the "Correct Answer"
The cereal you ate for breakfast was most like grown in a_____.
desert
grassland
tropical rainforest
two functions of the anther and why it attracts insects.
Answer:
yeah
Explanation:
Produce male sex cells (pollen grains)
when ventricles contract, blood is pumped...
a. into the veins
b. out of the heart
c. into the heart
Answer: C.) Into the heart
Once the ventricles flow through veins, the blood goes to the heart, it literally goes to the heart so the heart can pump the blood to your veins and it flows throughout your body.
Hope this help. :)
how would the solar eclipse be different if the moon was moved AWAY from the earth?
Answer:
The Sun is completely blocked in a solar eclipse because the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun. Even though the Moon is much smaller than the Sun, because it is just the right distance away from Earth, the Moon can fully blocks the Sun’s light from Earth’s perspective. Sometimes the Moon is far enough away that it doesn't create a total solar eclipse. However, once the Moon's growing orbit takes it approximately 14,600 miles (23,500 km) farther away from Earth, it will always be too far away to completely cover the Sun. That won't happen for a long time though.
Explanation:
https://spaceplace.nasa.gov/total-solar-eclipse/en/
biology need help asap
Answer:
picture 1: frameshift mutation picture 2: karyotype c
Explanation:
Astronomers often need to collect data and observations from distant objects to which it is dangerous for astronauts to travel. Which instrument helps astronomers safely collect samples from distant objects to which they cannot travel?
Answer:
They study nearby objects and match their properties with those of distant objects.
Explanation:
I have already took a test for this.
Since we are unable to reach stars or collect samples from distant galaxies, electromagnetic radiation, or light, is the only means for far-off things in space to communicate with us.
What instrument helps astronomers safely collect samples?
Telescopes or other devices that have been launched into space as space observatories gather information about distant planets, galaxies, and other astronomical objects.
Numerous telescopes sensitive to various regions of the electromagnetic spectrum are used by astronomers to explore objects in space.
Although the nature of all light is basically the same, how astronomers observe light varies on the region of the spectrum they are interested in.
Therefore, telescopes are light collectors, light is responsible for Hubble Space Telescope.
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The halfway point of development is about 20 weeks. Is the average baby half of its full birth length at 20 weeks?
The genetic information Contained In the cell resulting from meiosis?
Answer:
The answer to the question is DNA
Answer:
C) determines the traits of offspring resulting from sexual reproduction
Explanation:
The genetic information contained in the cells resulting from meiosis determines the traits of offspring resulting from sexual reproduction
Hopes it helps!! ;)
When your muscle gets tired, it builds up the _______ and makes it more powerful.
Group of answer choices
momentum
blood
cells
tissue
Answer: Tissue
Explanation: Hope this helps!
HELP PLEASE IF I GET IT WRONG I GET EVERYTHING WRONG
Which of the following is an example of a micro-habitat?
a
Abuela's vegetable garden on her huge farm
b
Ms. Steinmann's 200 gallon fish tank
c
woods behind the school
d
the algae growing on a seashell where tiny sea animals called plankton live
I'm stuck between A and D but I'm most sure about D
Sir Isaac Newton probably never conducted any experiments.
True
False
Answer:
false
Explanation:
Why would invertebrates fertilise their eggs internally?
Answer:
The advantage of inside fertilization is that the fertilized egg is protected against dehydration on land. The embryo is segregated from the woman, limiting young predation. The fertilization of internal eggs by a certain male is also improved.
Explanation:
Interior fertilization is the union in the female body of the egg and the sperm. The female has more control over internal fertilization, as opposed to its counterpart, exterior fertilization. There has to be a technique for males to introduce the sperm into their reproductive system in order for internal fertilization to occur.
Copulation, an intromittent organ, is inserted into the vagina or cloaca in mammals, reptiles, and some other group of species. The cloacal kiss is employed in most birds, and the two animals squeeze their cloacas together as sperm is transferred. Salamanders and Spiders are internally regulated by passing a bundle of sperm from the male to the female. Some insects and certain mollusks are fecundated. The embryos are placed as eggs in the organisms or continue to develop within the mother's reproduction tract as young, viviparous creatures after fertilization.
How the lion interacts its community and influences the ecosystem around it both abiotically?
Explanation:
HOPE IT WILL HELP YOU TO SOLVE YOUR QUESTION.plssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssss help
Answer:
1st question= physical weathering
2nd question= deposition
Explanation:
hope it helps
A climber falls down on a rope causing his body to lift up words and rise up along the rope is that newtons first law second law or third law
A veterinarian thinks that a dog has swallowed a key ring. Which types of electromagnetic waves is the doctor most likely to use to check the dog?
gamma rays
microwaves
radio waves
X-rays
Answer:
X-Ray
Explanation: It is just what they use
The X-rays represent the types of electromagnetic waves that the doctor will use to check the dog.
What are X-rays?X-rays can be defined as a special type of electromagnetic radiation that can be used to create images inside the body.
The wavelengths of X rays range from 11 picometers (pc) to only 10 nanometers (nm).X-rays are used in medicine because these types of rays can pass through the human and animal bodies.In conclusion, the X-rays represent the types of electromagnetic waves that the doctor will use to check the dog.
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most of the elements to the left of the stair step line in the periodic table exist as what?
ou observed isopropanol and water drops on a paper towel. Even though the same amount of energy was transferred into both substances from the air, the isopropanol evaporated while the water did not. Why do you think the isopropanol changed phase, but the liquid water did not?
Answer:
The Isopropanol had a lower heat of vaporization than that of water, meaning that it didn't have to have as much energy to accomplish a phase change, in this case evaporation.
According to the forces of attraction, isopropanol has lower heat of vaporization as compared to water .
What are forces of attraction?Forces of attraction is a force by which atoms in a molecule combine. it is basically an attractive force in nature. It can act between an ion and an atom as well.It varies for different states of matter that is solids, liquids and gases.
The forces of attraction are maximum in solids as the molecules present in solid are tightly held while it is minimum in gases as the molecules are far apart . The forces of attraction in liquids is intermediate of solids and gases.
The physical properties such as melting point, boiling point, density are all dependent on forces of attraction which exists in the substances.
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Sue has been complaining about a bad knee for the past few months, particularly when she is going down stairs. She is an active middle-aged mom who regularly participates in tennis, jogging, and hiking. She visited an orthopedic surgeon last week who told her that he would "like to have a look at her knee joint." He also told her that her symptoms indicate damage to the meniscus, and it might have to be removed. What will the doctor do to see the joint, and if the meniscus is removed will Sue be able to maintain her regular active schedule?
Answer:
The doctor do the X ray of her meniscus.
Explanation:
The doctor do the X ray of her meniscus in order to find out the damage in the meniscus, if the damage occurs on the outside of meniscus so it can be heal itself but if the meniscus is deeply damaged so it can only be repair through surgery. If the meniscus is removed, the Sue will not be able to maintain her regular active schedule because there is no shock absorber in your knee which absorb large stress so she can't do her regular activities.
Cystic fibrosis is caused by a recessive allele. The frequency of this allele is 0.1 in a population of 2,500.
What is the frequency of the dominant allele?
How many people in this population will have cystic fibrosis?
How many people in this population are cystic fibrosis carriers? (Heterozygous)
Answer:
For example, the allele frequency of the mutant cystic fibrosis allele among Caucasians is 0.025, while the frequency of the normal allele is 0.975.
Explanation: hope fully this helps
The frequency of the dominant allele is 0.975, and the frequency of the cystic fibrosis (recessive) allele in the population is 0.02 (or 2%). 42 % is the people in this population are cystic fibrosis carriers.
What is the Hardy-Weinberg equation?Hardy-Weinberg equation states that there will be no change in the genotype of a population unless, there is any evolutionary change happens.
This is the Hardy-Weinberg equation
p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1 and p + q = 1
The people in this population are cystic fibrosis carriers
2pq = 2 (0.7 x 0.3) = 0.42 = 42%
Thus, the correct option is 0.975, 0.02 (or 2%), and 42 %
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A letter about the evidence of evolution
Answer:
I am writing this in response to a letter regarding evolution. Evolution is increasingly solid, not shaky. Darwin’s “theory” or explanation was a way of understanding what he had discovered (which did not include genes, chromosomes, DNA or nucleotide bases). Our explanations now include genetics and the commonality of mutation.
Proofs are solid, not in question by serious scientists. Direct observation is one, which we see in the fact that this year’s flu evolved a little too far from last year’s, so flu shots are less effective this year than we would like them to be.
Fossils tell the story well: whales with legs, dinosaurs with feathers and Tiktaalik. The latter was found in the Canadian north and is part fish, part amphibian, before there were ever any amphibians. Imperfection is a good proof: think of your useless appendix, the very bad design of your ankles, knees, and back (talk to a chiropractor about that). You have big toes because they used to be useful thumbs for your grasping feet.
Many other animals and even plants similarly have flaws that show their evolutionary past. Two large human chromosomes reflect the coming together of two chimpanzee chromosomes each.
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Thank you
in humans a widow's peak is dominant to not having widow's peak determine all possible genotypes
Widow peak=
No widow peak+
Answer:
Widow peak= AA, Aa
Not widow peak= aa
Answer:
If you have a widows peak then it's an example of genotype
Explanation:
Why don't substitutions cause a change in the amino acid sequence of a protein
Answer:
DNA is constantly changing through the process of Mutation...How can we decrease the amount of atmospheric CO2?
what structure forms during telophase before 2 daughter cells completely separate
Answer:
During telophase, a nuclear membrane forms around each set of chromosomes to separate the nuclear DNA from the cytoplasm.
Explanation:
Hope this helped Mark BRAINLIEST!!!
explain how the result of meiosis and cytokinesis affects inherited traits