Answer:
Explanation:A. ATP synthase uses kinetic energy to join ADP molecules withphosphate groups.
A 40-year-old man who has tested positive for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and who is undergoing highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) presents with progressive encephalomyeloradiculopathy. He has severe headaches but no fever, cough, or weakness. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is collected. The test results for the specimen are: 25 WBC/mm3 (25 white blood cells per cubic millimeter), low glucose, elevated protein, and no organisms on Gram stain or acid-fast stain. His studies are negative for cryptococcal antigen, Toxoplasma organisms (by serology), and herpes simplex virus (HSV) (by polymerase chain reaction [PCR]). Routine bacterial culture is negative. Despite therapy for HSV and routine aerobic bacterial causes of meningitis, over the next 4 days the patient spikes fevers. A second CSF specimen shows 415 WBC/mm3, with no diagnosis. A battery of viral encephalitis serology tests are done, and all are negative. In-house PCR testing on a third CSF specimen is positive for Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which grows in culture after 4 weeks.
QUESTIONS
1. Why are the acid-fast smear results from all three of the specimens negative, but the second PCR result is positive?
2. How can M. tuberculosis be identified to the species level?
3. List the organisms present in the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex.
4. Sometimes in processing for mycobacterial culture, an aerosol is created and one specimen splashes into another tube and contaminates it. If the physician states that the patient does not appear to have tuberculosis, how can the laboratory confirm that the positive culture does not represent contamination?
1. Due to the slow development of these microorganisms, they were still not acid resistant bacteria that retain color.
2. It is possible to identify the species of this genus by biochemical tests, genetic tools and proteomics tools.
3. Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Mycobacterium africanum
Mycobacterium bovis and the Calmette–Guérin Bacillus
Mycobacterium microti
Mycobacterium canetti
Mycobacterium caprae
Mycobacterium pinnipedii
Mycobacterium suricattae
mycobacterium mungi
4. arrangement of colonies in the test tube.
What is the M. tuberculosis complex?The Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex is a group of bacteria of the genus Mycobacterium capable of causing tuberculosis in humans or other organisms.
What are the complementary tests for tuberculosis?For the diagnosis of tuberculosis, the following tests are mainly used: direct microscopic examination (direct bacilloscopy), culture for mycobacteria with species identification, antimicrobial sensitivity test, rapid test for tuberculosis (TR-TB) and chest X-ray.
Learn more about Mycobacterium tuberculosis in brainly.com/question/14816227
#SPJ1
15 POINTS!!
The goal of MEIOSIS is to create:
Two identical somatic cells
Four unique sex cells
Four identical somatic cells
Two unique sex cells
Please help
The complementary DNA sequence of CTC-GAC-GGA is -
A.TTC-CTG-ATT
B.GAG-CTG-CCT
C.TGT-AGT-AAG
D. OTTA-ATG-CTT
What is formed when tree cell walls are replaced by minerals?
O a coprolite
O a superposition
O a gastrolith
Opetrified wood
Petrified Wood is formed when tree cell walls are replaced by minerals.
Petrification is the outcome of the replacement of a tree or tree-like plant by stone during the mineralization process, which frequently also involves permineralization and replacement. Minerals have been used to mimic the biological components of cell walls.
what is mineralization process?
Through the process of mineralization, chemicals found in organic matter are oxidized or broken down into forms that are readily absorbed by plants. Earthworms and other members of the soil's microbiota, including fungi and bacteria, play a major role in the transformation of organic molecules in the soil.
When an inorganic substance precipitates in an organic matrix, it is called mineralization. Mineralization that occurs through biomineralization. Bone mineralization is an illustration of mineralization. Tissues that have experienced mineralization are referred to as mineralized tissues.
Therefore, Option D is correct.
to learn more about mineralization process
Here: https://brainly.com/question/89259
#SPJ1
Which of following does not describe a common reason people immigrate? (4 points)
Drought in the area
To avoid conflict or war
New job opportunities
More housing options
More housing options does not describe a common reason people immigrate.
A root cause is the essential motive for the incidence of an event, on this case, immigration. Often, withinside the migration context, there are each push and pull elements with push elements being motives why humans could need to go away their domestic united states and pull elements being motives why humans could need to return back to a brand new united states. In migration, push and pull elements may be economic, environmental, social and political.
To learn more about immigration, click here:
https://brainly.com/question/16911652
#SPJ1
HELP
In Illinois, the two most common crops grown are corn and soybeans. Corn is a that depletes the soil of nitrogen. Soybeans are a crop that have symbiotic bacteria living on their roots. Do farmers use the information stated above when they plan out their crops from one year to the next?
Yes, the farmers use the information when they plan out their crops from one year to the next because the presence of nitrogen in the soil is very important for higher yield.
What is the relationship between symbiotic bacteria and nitrogen?Legumes are leguminous crops that can form a symbiotic relationship with nitrogen-fixing bacteria known as rhizobia which are present in the soil. The result of this symbiosis is to produce nodules in the root of crops in which the bacteria convert atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia and nitrates that can be absorbed by the crops.
Bacteria play a key role in Nitrogen-fixing bacteria which convert nitrogen from the atmosphere to nitrates. Some species of bacteria which convert decaying nitrogen waste into ammonia whereas Nitrifying bacteria which convert ammonia into nitrates.
So we can conclude that the farmers use the information due to the presence of nitrogen in the soil which is very important for higher yield of crops.
Learn more about nitrogen here: https://brainly.com/question/1380063
#SPJ1
Helpp
The lactose (lac) operon in E. coli is an example of a gene that is repressed when lactose is not available in a cell. In 3-5
sentences, explain what this means, using correct terminology (4 points)
The set of genes known as the lactose operon in E. coli controls the synthesis of the enzymes required for breaking down lactose in bacterial cells.
The genes in the lac operon are active when lactose is not present.
When lactose isn't present, the lac repressor forms a strong bond with the operator and stops RNA polymerase from starting transcription. However, the lac repressor loses its capacity to bind DNA when lactose is present. It detaches from the operator and makes room for RNA polymerase to start transcription of the operon.
It is an illustration of an inducible operon where the transcription of structural genes is induced by the presence of a crucial metabolic component (lactose, an alternative energy source).
The lactose molecule acts as a signal molecule if lactose is present in the medium because it binds to the repressor and prevents it from binding to the operator.
To know more about lactose visit:-
https://brainly.com/question/13061505
#SPJ1
Answer: E. coli controls the synthesis of the enzymes required for breaking down lactose in bacterial cells.
Explanation:
. Is it true that animals can cause physical weathering? Explain
your whether your answer is yes or no.
sort the following items according to whether they are reactants or products in the anaerobic reduction of pyruvate during lactic acid fermentation. Drag each item to the appropriate bin.
A. NAD+
B. NADH+
C. lactate
D. pyruvate
1. reactants
2. products
In the anaerobic reduction of pyruvate during lactic acid fermentation, the reactants will be NADH and pyruvate and the products will be NAD+ and lactate.
Anaerobic reduction is the conversion of pyruvate into lactate in the absence of oxygen. Thus reaction occurs in the anaerobic organisms as well as in the muscles oh humans during intense exercise. For this to happen, the NAD+ is reduced to NADH.
Pyruvate is the product formed due to the breakdown of glucose in the reaction glycolysis. It is a 10 step process that requires ATP as well as yields some ATP. The net gain of ATP in the reaction is of 2. The process can occur in both aerobic and anaerobic organisms.
To know more about pyruvate, here
brainly.com/question/28320299
#SPJ1
please help me asap
The inputs of cellular respiration are food molecules such as glucose and oxygen, while the outputs include ATP and carbon dioxide.
What is the process of cellular respiration?The process of cellular respiration makes reference to all series of metabolic steps required to transform foods into ATP by using aerobic pathways, which requires oxygen as an electron acceptor during the electron transport chain in the oxidative phosphorylation stage.
Therefore, with this data, we can see that the process of cellular respiration requires glucose and oxygen as inputs, while outputs include ATP (the energy coin of cells) and carbon dioxide.
Learn more about cellular respiration here:
https://brainly.com/question/6500923
#SPJ1
HELP ME PLEASE I NEED THIS BY TMR !!!!
Answer:
AUG GUC AGU CCA CCU GCU CAU UAA
Programs for seven amino acids, the last one is a stop codon.
I think there's 24 nucleotides but like I haven't learned biology in so long so sorry if this is wrong.
Explanation:
Type your response in the box.
Cells transport molecules into the cell in many different ways. One method is through endocytosis, shown in the model. In endocytosis, the cell brings specific molecules it needs, including fluid, into the cell. Why does the structure of the plasma membrane make this type of transport necessary for fluids?
The structure of the plasma membrane make this type of transport necessary for fluids because while the heads of the phospholipid structure attract water, the tails are hydrophobic. The model depicts how the hydrophilic section folds around the fluid molecules to bring them into the cell so they do not need to pass through the hydrophobic tails.
What is the plasma membrane?The plasma membrane is a biological membrane that separates and protects the interior of all cells from the outside environment.
The plasma membrane also known as the cell membrane has the following function:
provides protection for a cell. It also provides a fixed environment inside the cell, and that membrane has several different functions. One is to transport nutrients into the cell and also to transport toxic substances out of the cell.Learn more about the plasma membrane at: https://brainly.com/question/1873225
#SPJ1
A cell is the smallest unit of biological organization that has all of the characteristics of life. Which of the following are considered characteristics of life?
Check All That Apply
Passes on genetic information to offspring
Acquires materials and energy to manufacture cellular components
Unresponsive to changes in the internal and external environment
Adapts to changes in its environment
Internal environment is unregulated and unstable
Answer:
unresponsive to changes in the internal and external environment
Unresponsive to changes in the internal and external environment.
What is Biological Organization?Living things have a strong sense of order and organization that may be studied on a scale from small to enormous. The lowest and most basic unit of matter is the atom. It consists of an electron-surrounded nucleus.
Macromolecules, which are big molecules often generated by polymerization, are many of the biologically significant compounds (a polymer is a large molecule that is made by combining smaller units called monomers, which are simpler than macromolecules).
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), which carries the blueprints for the structure and operation of every living thing, is an illustration of a macromolecule.
Therefore, Unresponsive to changes in the internal and external environment.
To learn more about DNA, refer to the link:
https://brainly.com/question/264225
#SPJ2
Compare and contrast the jejunum and the
ileum. Consider discussing shape, texture, and
color between the two human specimens in
Figure 2. (Refer to the structure checklist for
discussion ideas.)
Enter your answer here
Jejunum is the central portion of the small intestine transports food rapidly to the ileum via wave-like muscle contractions. Ileum is basically the longest section of your small intestine.
What is alimentary canal?The gastrointestinal tract is the digestive tract or passageway that connects the mouth to the rectum.
The small intestine's entire wall is made up of folds. The duodenum is a C-shaped structure located at the start of the small intestine. The jejunum comes after the duodenum.
The main distinction between the duodenum and the jejunum is that the duodenum contains submucosal Brunner's glands, whereas the jejunum does not.
Thus, this can be the comparison between jejunum and ileum.
For more details regarding alimentary canal, visit:
https://brainly.com/question/9120234
#SPJ1
Violet flowers are the dominant trait and white flowers are they recessive trait .what would the phenotype be for a heterozygous flower?
a. violet
b. white
If two heterozygous flowers were to be crossed, what would be the phenotypes of the offspring
a. all white
b. all violet
c some violet, some white
Let us assume the condition that has been represented here:
Flower color is represented by the allele A.
Hence, the dominant violet color would be A, while the alternate white color would be represented by a.
From the above assumptions, a heterozygous violet flower would have the genotype Aa, while a white flower would have the genotype aa.
Now, crossing the two flowers:
Aa x aa
Aa Aa aa aa
From the results of the cross, the offspring's genotypes, phenotypes, and their respective probabilities would be as follows:
Aa - violet color - 1/2
aa - white flower color - 1/2
In order words, the cross will yield offspring with violet color flower (genotype, Aa) and white flower color (genotype, aa) each with 1/2 probability.
What is phenotype and genotype?Phenotype has been defined as the physical expression of the gene. Each gene in an individual that has been expressed or can be seen physically is what makes up the phenotype.
The term genotype has the genetic makeup of the individual i.e the genes responsible for the traits or character that has been expressed in an individual.
Therefore, Aa - violet color - 1/2
aa - white flower color - 1/2
In order words, the cross will yield offspring with violet color flower (genotype, Aa) and white flower color (genotype, aa) each with 1/2 probability.
Learn more about phenotype and genotype on:
https://brainly.com/question/20730322
#SPJ1
A student conducts an investigation to show the relationship between temperature and kinetic energy in one phase of matter. What would the graph of this relationship look like?(1 point) Responses an S-shaped curve an S-shaped curve a diagonal line a diagonal line a horizontal line a horizontal line a U-shaped curve
The graph of this relationship looks like a horizontal line. In one phase of matter, the relationship between temperature and kinetic energy is exponential.
A substance's kinetic energy is directly proportional to its temperature. Since kinetic energy is the energy that a substance has as a result of its molecules moving, a substance's kinetic energy increases when it absorbs heat because its molecules move faster.
As a solid transforms into a liquid during a phase change, its temperature stays constant because the heat energy is converted to potential energy. Similar to this, when heat is given to a liquid, the temperature rises as the molecules, once more, move more quickly.
Freezing describes the transition from a liquid to a solid state. Its particles decelerate down and become closer together as a result.
To learn more about Kinetic energy visit: https://brainly.com/question/16946733
#SPJ1
Answer:
horizontal line
Explanation:
As scientists have studied the evolution of BSE, they note that it is very similar to a disease that affects sheep. It has also been shown to be similar to a disease that affects rodents. Humans have been infected with a variation as well. What is the MOST reasonable conclusion that can be made from these studies?
A. Every species is exposed to the disease in different ways.
B. The disease can mutate and infect different species.
C. Animals like cattle can be considered a “dead end host.”
D. Scientists are confusing separate diseases as just one disease.
The conclusion that can be made about the evolution of BSE and similar type of disease affecting sheep, rodents and humans is: (B) The disease can mutate and infect different species.
BSE stands for Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy. It is a neurological disease affecting the cattle. It is caused by a transmissible agent called prion. The disease can be transmitted from cattle to humans via there meat.
Mutation is the change in the sequence of DNA that may cause some harmful effects. Mutations can be of two types: Point mutation and Frameshift mutation. Some mutation do not cause any harmful or visible changes, these are termed silent mutations.
To know more about BSE, here
brainly.com/question/28432826
#SPJ1
Explain the relationship between cancer, cell cycle checkpoints, and
apoptosis.
Answer:
Checkpoints are mechanisms that regulate progression through the cell cycle ensuringinsuing that each step takes place only once and in the right sequence. Mutations of checkpoint proteins are frequent in all types of cancer as defects in cell cycle control can lead to genetic instability.
Explanation:
Write a scientific explanation about how different organisms compare throughout development.
Due to the fact that some homologous components can only be observed during embryonic development, embryology was crucial to understanding how a species has evolved.
The discipline of comparative anatomy known as embryology examines how vertebrate animals grow before giving birth or hatching. Similarities between embryos and adults can be evidence of shared ancestry. For instance, as seen in the figure below, all vertebrate embryos possess tails as well as gill slits.
The embryological stages of several creatures are very similar, pointing to shared ancestry.
To know more about development
https://brainly.com/question/28336936
#SPJ1
Which of these is a base? O NaOH Vinegar Lemon Juice HCI
Answer:
NaOH
Explanation:
Since no acid-base reaction equations are provided for each substance, we will have to use logic to find the answer. We can immediately eliminate vinegar and lemon juice, which are both acids, as acidic substances generally taste sour. Next, we can apply the idea of most acids having a +H in their chemical formula while most bases have a -OH in their chemical formula. Because HCl has a +H in its formula, it is an acid, and since NaOH has a -OH in its formula, NaOH is a base.
Weather
What happens in a low-pressure system? (1 point)
O The wind has less intensity.
O The sky is clear.
O There is no precipitation.
Temperature changes.
In a low-pressure system, the temperature changes.
Pressure in the environment is the force exerted on a surface by the air above it as gravity pulls it to the Earth. In scientific terms, pressure can be defined as the force exerted on a surface per unit area. The atmospheric pressure is also known by the name barometric pressure.
Temperature is the measure of the hotness of coldness of the environment. The units used to measure the temperature are Celsius, Kelvin and Fahrenheit. Temperature and pressure are directly proportional and hence in low pressure system, the temperature will also be low.
To know more about pressure, here
brainly.com/question/784818
#SPJ1
GUYS! Use examples to explain how the atmosphere interacts with two other of Earth's spheres.
Interaction between the atmosphere and other Earth spheres occurs when:
rain falls come from the clouds in the atmosphere down to the lithosphere to form rivers, streams that provide other living organisms in the biosphere with drinking waterwater from the hydrosphere evaporates to the atmosphereoceans in the hydrosphere absorbing carbon dioxide from the atmospherevegetation from the lithosphere takes up carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and releases oxygen for the survival of organisms in the biosphereWhat are the four spheres of the earth?The Earth is made up of four spheres namely; lithosphere (land), atmosphere (air), biosphere (organisms) and hydrosphere (water).
These sphere interact to ensure the survival of each other, so when one is damaged it affect all. They interact through rainfalls, evaporation, cellular respiration and so on.
Learn more on Earth spheres here: https://brainly.com/question/10893109
#SPJ1
A sample of cancer cells from a breast cancer tumor were treated with various concentrations of a drug, drug X. The percent survival for these tumor cells is shown in the graph here. Which statements are supported by the experimental design and the data shown in the graph? Select ALL that apply. A * B 4x D The safest dose of the drug is 1000 micromolar concentration. C All concentrations of the drug show a decrease in cell survival compared to the control. E The cells survive but stop dividing at low concentration of the drug. Only concentrations above 100 micromolar for drug X allow for greater than 50% of the cells to die. The dose response curve indicates that higher concentrations of the drug are more effective at decreasing cell viability of the cancer cells.
High attrition rates in the development of cancer drugs have been attributed, in part, to the low repeatability of preclinical drug discovery models. Ineffective experimental planning and a lack of scientific transparency may result in experimental biases that have an impact on the reliability, validity, and reproducibility of results.
Here, we identify causes of experimental variability in traditional 2D cell-based cancer drug screening to assess the impact of confounders on cell viability for platinum medicines (cisplatin and carboplatin) and a proteasome inhibitor treated MCF7 and HCC38 breast cancer cell lines (bortezomib). According to variance component analysis, differences in cell viability were more frequently related to the selection of the medication and cell line than to the kind of growth media or the length of the test incubation period.
Due to the possible danger of evaporation and the resulting impact on dose-response curves, alternative ways of keeping diluted pharmaceutical medicines and the use of DMSO controls should be carefully considered. For HCC38, MCF7, MCF-10A, and MDA-MB-436 cells that had been treated with bortezomib and cisplatin, the results were repeatable thanks to the optimization of the experimental conditions, which also significantly enhanced the quality of the data. Together, these results show that by identifying potential confounders and subsequently optimizing experimental parameters for each cell line, cell-based drug screens' replicability (the analyst repeats the experiment multiple times) and reproducibility (different analysts perform the same experiment under different experimental conditions) can be enhanced.
To know more about cancer visit:
https://brainly.com/question/14945792
#SPJ9
3. As a result of meiosis, each of the daughter cells produced from the original cell... Group of answer choices
receives a few chromosomes from the original cell
receives an exact copy of all the chromosomes present in the original cell
donates a chromosome to the original cell
receives exactly half the chromosomes from the original cell
The result of meiosis is that each daughter cell produced from the original cell receives exactly half the chromosomes from the original cell (option D).
What is meiosis?Meiosis is the cell division of a diploid cell into four haploid cells, which develop to produce gametes or sex cells.
These cells are the gametes; sperms in males and egg in females. The process of meiosis is divided into 2 stages. Each stage is subdivided into several phases.
The meiotic process is called reduction division because it reduces the number of chromosomes in the parent cell by half.
For example, if the somatic cell of a dog posseses 78 chromosomes, this means that as a result of meiosis, the gametes of the dog will possess 39 chromosomes each.
Learn more about meiosis at: https://brainly.com/question/7002092
#SPJ1
What is the definition of epistasis?
Genetics entails a phenomenon, epistasis wherein the impact of a gene mutation depends on the absence or presence of mutations in one or more other genes referred to as modifier genes.
As a result, epistatic mutations behave differently when they occur alone than when they do together. Particularly, epistasis is used to show that other genes can obscure the effects of gene variants.
It has been determined that understanding gene interactions, also known as epistasis, is crucial to understanding the function of genetic pathways, their structure, and the evolutionary dynamics of complex genetic systems. With the advent of high output functional genomics and the development of system techniques in the area of biology, there is a renewed acceptance for both the importance of investigating gene interactions and to address concerns in a coordinated quantitative fashion. The recently found cognition, which links the genetic underpinnings of evolution to specific molecular modifications, joins this.
To know more about epistasis visit:
https://brainly.com/question/14727611
#SPJ9
HELP!!! What mechanism within the Earth's mantle causes the plates to
move?
Using the terms solar radiation and terrestrial radiation, explain the heating of the earth by the
sun.
Solar power is referred to as solar radiation. The amount of solar energy that reaches the earth is referred to as insolation. The radiation that the planet emits is known as terrestrial radiation.
How does the earth's atmosphere maintain its temperature?A tiny amount of radiation from the Earth's surface and the warmed upper atmosphere both radiate into space. The majority of the longwave radiation produced warms the lower atmosphere, which then warms the surface of our planet.
Does terrestrial radiation heat the atmosphere effectively?Therefore, long wave terrestrial radiation is primarily responsible for warming the atmosphere. The majority of the energy that reaches the earth's surface is in short wavelengths. Incoming solar radiation, often known as insolation, is the name for the energy that the earth receives from the sun.
To know more about solar radiation and terrestrial radiation visit:-
https://brainly.com/question/2546933
#SPJ1
What would happen if a group of cells in an organism suddenly began dividing at a higher rate?
Could this become problematic for the organism? Why?
What phase is the indicated cell currently in?
A. Anaphase
B. Interphase
C. Cytokinesis
D. Prophase
Answer:
Interphase
Explanation:
Because in interphase chromosomes are not visible
Help please don’t understand this. Will give brainliest!