Positively charged sodium ions (Na+) and negative ion ions (Cl ) combine to generate sodium chloride (NaCl). Chemical bond is the form of bonding that exists between these ions.
What is the purpose of sodium chloride?As an electrolyte particularly, sodium chloride is used to assist reduce heat cramps brought on by excessive perspiration. The production of a typical isotonic solution of sodium chloride also uses this medication. There is no need for a license to get this medication.
Why is sodium chloride given to patients?To replace salt and water that have lost from your body as a result of certain conditions, sodium chloride 23.4% injection is employed (eg, hyponatremia or low salt syndrome). Furthermore, it is added to IV fluids that contain carbohydrates and parenteral nutrition total (TPN).
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Discuss a specific subculture to which you belong. What is it and why is it a subculture? Describe the social structures of the subculture. Is it analagous to, or different from, the dominant social structure of American society? Be sure to substantiate your dicussion with facts and examples.
There are numerous subcultures, such as hippies, anti-gun groups, high school jocks, environmental activists, people in the furry community, people in the cosplay community, punks, goths, and many more.
What are subcultures ?"An identifiable subgroup within a society or group of people, particularly one distinguished by beliefs or interests that differ from those of the larger group."
Subcultures are important in articulating an identity, creating a sense of belonging, and influencing members to think about their relationship to mainstream society; however, subcultures differ from widely recognized identity categories such as ethnicity.
Subcultures exist within a society's dominant culture. Subcultures in America include hippies, punk rockers, beatniks, and hipsters.
Thus, There are numerous subcultures, such as hippies, anti-gun groups, high school jocks, environmental activists, people in the furry community.
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For practice in counting microstates, determine how many ways there are to arrange 2 quanta among 3 one-dimensional oscillators. (3 oscillators correspond to one atom.)
There are 6 possible arrangements for 3 one-dimensional oscillators using 2 quanta.
What distinguishes a system's state from its microstate?A collection of circumstances, typically involving temperature and pressure, is referred to as a thermodynamic state and it determines how a bulk material behaves. A stipulated is a single possible configuration of the locations and kinetic energy of all molecules present in the sample; it is a record of the positions and velocities at a certain moment.
Briefing:Therefore, if there are three one-dimensional oscillators, there are three locations for which we may work (0000), and if there are three quanta, we are dealing with two digits that we can divide in many ways.
Our combos are (2, 0, 0), (0, 2, 0),(0,0,2) (1, 1, 0), and (1, 0, 1). (0,1,1).
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With reference to the following:
Eric Jaffe’s seminal paper on culture of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (Jaffe et al., 1973) recommends using supplemented M199 culture medium. The basic medium contains common electrolytes at the following millimolar concentrations:
Na+ (164), K+ (5.8), Ca++ (1.26), Mg++ (0.81), Cl- (145), HPO42- (0.78), HCO3- (26.1), SO42- (1.26). It also contains glucose (5.6 mM), amino acids and phenol red (a pH indicator).
The recommended supplements (to be added immediately before use) are foetal calf serum (20% v/v) to provide growth factors, penicillin (200 units ml-1) and streptomycin (200 µgml-1) to prevent bacterial contamination, and L-glutamine (2 mM), a labile amino acid that does not survive storage.
The RMM of L-glutamine is 146 gmol-1. How much L-glutamine will you need to weigh out to add to 500 ml of your complete medium?
Group of answer choices
291 mg
73 mg
146 mg
2.91 g
146 g
Answer: HCO3- and HPO4 2-
Explanation:the electrolytes work as a buffer which lies in 7 the less than 7 would be acidic and more than 7 would be basic. So they work as a buffer to maintain pH of 7
When did Waltuh start cooking?
3. Which of the following changes are classified as physical changes?
melting butter until it turns a dark brown
O cutting an apple into smaller pieces
burning toast
boiling silver
burning wood
blending carrots for a fruit and vegetable smoothie
O carving wood
dissolving sugar in hot tea
melting gold
petrifying wood
O peeling a potato
Drawing were everything goes will be much appreciated it thank you
Following is the classification of given substances:
Atomic element: Ag
Molecular element: F₂
Molecular compound: CO
Ionic compound: PbI₄
What is a molecule?Molecules, groups of two or more atoms that form the smallest identifiable unit that can divide a pure substance and that retain the composition and chemical properties of that substance.
An atom consists of a single positively charged nucleus surrounded by a cloud of negatively charged electrons. As the atoms approach, the electron clouds interact with each other and with the nucleus. This interaction causes atoms to combine to form molecules when the energy of the entire system is reduced. From a structural point of view, a molecule consists of a collection of atoms joined by valences. A diatomic molecule contains two atoms chemically bonded together. When two atoms are identical, like oxygen (O2) molecules, they form a homonuclear diatomic molecule, but when the atoms are different, like carbon monoxide (CO) molecules, they are heteronuclear. Forms a diatomic molecule. Molecules containing two or more atoms are called polyatomic molecules. B. Carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O). A polymer molecule can contain thousands of constituent atoms.
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Write a balanced half-reaction for the reduction of gaseous oxygen (02) to aqueous hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in acidic aqueous solution. Be sure to add physical state symbols where appropriate. x 6 ?
Two of O atom, two of H atom on both sides. The reduction of gaseous oxygen to aqueous hydrogen peroxide,when this reaction in acidic aqueous solution, and we need to balance H on both sides .
How to balance the equation?O2 (g) → H2O2 (l)
O2(g) + H+(aq) → H2O2(l)
O2(g) + 2H+(aq) → H2O2(l)
now, we need to balance 2 positive charge of 2H+ so, we will put 2 e- on left side:
O2(g) + 2H+(aq) + 2 e- → H2O2(l)
this is the final balanced equation which has equal no. of atoms on both sides:
2 of Oxygen atom, 2 of Hydrogen atom on both sides.
What is first order of reaction?A first-order reaction can be defined as, a chemical reaction in which the reaction rate is linearly dependent on the concentration of one reactant. In other words, a first-order reaction is a chemical reaction in which the rate varies on the changes in the concentration of one of the reactants.
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Study Guide Unit 5
ICP
1) Distinguish between reactants and products.
a. The Law of Conservation of states that cannot be created nor destroyed.
b. are the substances that start a chemical reaction and are located on the side of the arrow in a chemical equation, while are the substances produced from the reaction and are located on the side of the arrow.
c. If the number of atoms in the reactants do not equal the number of atoms in the products we say the reaction is , if they do equal each other, we say the reaction is
d. A chemical equation is defined as.....
2. Understand how to classify types of reactions.
a. In your own words, explain how to recognize the following types of reactions. Use complete sentences and explain using vocabulary words.
i. Synthesis -
ii. Decomposition -
iii. Single Replacement -
iv. Double Replacement -
v. Combustion -
1) reactants are the starting material of a chemical reaction and are written on the left hand side of the equation
while
products are the end result of the reaction and are written on the right hand side of the equation
a) The law of conservation of energy states that energy can not be created nor be destroyed
b) reactants are the substances that start a chemical reaction and are located on the left hand side of the arrow in a chemical equation, while products are the substances produced from the reaction and are located on the right hand side of the arrow.
c)if the number of atoms in the reactants do not equal the number of atoms in the products we say the reaction is unbalanced if they do equal each other, we say the reaction is balanced
d) chemical equation can be defined as the symbolic representation of chemical reactions in which the reactants and products are expressed in terms of their respective chemical formulae
2) combination reaction
decomposition reaction
single replacement reaction
double replacement reaction
combustion reaction
2 i synthesis is the production of chemical compounds by reaction from simpler materials
ii. Decomposition means to break up into constituent part by or as if by a chemical process
iii. single replacement is a reaction in which one element is substituted for another element in a compound
iv. Double replacement have two ionic compounds that are exchanging anions or cations
v. combustion means a chemical reaction between substances, usually including oxygen and usually accompanied by the generation of heat and light in form of flame.
The alkanes are a homologous series of compounds containing only carbon and hydrogen that have the general formula CnH2n+2. Members of this series include butane (C4H10), 3,3-dimethylpentane (C7H16), hexane (C6H14), and heptane (C7H16).The boiling points for a set of compounds in a homologous series can be qualitatively predicted using intermolecular force strengths. Using their condensed structural formulas, rank the homologous series for a set of alkanes by their boiling point.
Using their condensed structural formulas, the rank of homologous series for the given set of alkanes by their boiling point is as:
Heptane (C₇H₁₆) > hexane (C₆H₁₄) > 3,3-dimethylpentane (C₇H₁₆) > butane (C₄H₁₀)
The alkane homologous series' members should have higher boiling points as we move down the group. For example, it is expected that butane will have a greater BP than ethane. We will also consider the presence of branch chain alkane because it also affects the boiling point. Due to the larger van der Waals forces between adjacent molecules in straight-chain alkanes, their boiling points are higher. By considering the above properties the sequence will be as:
Heptane (C₇H₁₆) > hexane (C₆H₁₄) > 3,3-dimethylpentane (C₇H₁₆) > butane (C₄H₁₀)
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What is the boiling point, in °C,
of a 0.321 molal aqueous
solution of NaCl?
BP(water) = 100 °C
Kb (water) = 0.512 °C/m
[?] °C
Answer:
the boiling point of solution at 3 decimal point is 100.329०C Ans.
Explanation:
given data -
molality of Nacl = 0.321 m
molal boiling point elevation constant (Kb) =0.512०C/m
# formula of change of boiling point of sample =
∆ Tb =i × Kb × m
Kb = molal boiling point of elevation constant
m = molality
i = vont's hoff factor.
Nacl is strong electrolyte and its 100% dissociate so the value of i for Nacl is 2
put value in the formula
∆ Tb = 2 × 0.512 ०C/m × 0.321m
= 0.3287
= 0.329०C
∆Tb = T'b - Tb
T'b = boiling point of solution
Tb= boiling point of solvent( water)
0.329०C = T'b - 100०c ( boiling point of water = 100०C)
T'b = 0.329०C + 100०C
= 100.329०C
1. Draw the major organic substitution product (ignoring stereochemistry) formed in the following reaction as a skeletal structure.(There is chemistry reaction image here)2. If the reactant's configuration were (1R, 2R, 4R), then the configuration of the substitution product(s) will be _____.
The replacement product won't have a R or S configuration because there isn't a chiral carbon atom of that kind.
What exactly does "chiral carbon atom" mean?As a general rule, chiral carbon centers are carbon atoms positioned at the four corners of a tetrahedron and attached to four distinct substituents. Steeogenic carbons and asymmetrical carbon atoms are other names for chiral carbon atoms.
What are a substitution reaction's byproducts?In the substitution reaction, an electron-rich species (the oxygen) donates two electrons to an electron-poor species (the carbon), creating a new base and product (the alcohol) in the process.
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which of the following structural features determine the relative reactivity of carboxylic acid derivatives? select all that apply.
The capacity of the electronegative leaving group to activate the carbonyl is connected to the relative reactivity of carboxylic acid derivatives toward nucleophile replacements. The carbonyl's electron density was taken from it by the more electronegative leaving groups, enhancing its electrophilicity.
ROCl (Acid Chloride) is the most reactive derivative of carboxylic acid.
The substituent becomes more electrophilic and reactive if it is electron withdrawing.
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A student dissolved 60g of KNO3 in 100mL of water at 70°C.
120
110
100
90
80
Solubility (grams of solute/100 g H₂0)
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
NaNO
< Previous
FONX
KCI
Naci
50
Temperature (°C)
Based on the solubility curve and information above, the solution at 70°C is
O an unsaturated solution.
Too
Based on the solubility curve and information above, the solution at 70°C is an unsaturated solution.
What is a solubility curve?A solubility curve is a curve that is obtained when the mass of solute that dissolves in a given volume of solvent is plotted against the temperature of the solution.
Solubility curves are useful in determining the amount of solute that can be dissolved in a given volume of solvent.
A saturated solution can not dissolve more solute at that temperature.
An unsaturated age can dissolve more solute at the given temperature.
Considering the given data:
The student dissolved 60g of KNO3 in 100 mL of water at 70°C.
The given solubility curve shows that about 130 g of solute can dissolve in 100 g of water.
Hence, the solution is an unsaturated solution.
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What is the wavelength of a radio wave with a frequency of 150hz
Answer:
2.00 x 10⁶ m
Explanation:
To find the wavelength, you need to use the following equation:
c = λf
In this equation,
-----> c = speed of light (3.00 x 10⁸ m/s)
-----> λ = wavelength (m)
-----> f = frequency (Hz)
To find the wavelength, you can plug the given value and the constant into the equation and solve for "λ".
c = λf <----- Equation
3.00 x 10⁸ m/s = λ(150 Hz) <----- Insert values
2.00 x 10⁶ = λ <----- Divide both sides by 150 Hz
Element widths in responsive designs are often specified in percentages with the size of each element relative to ___ .
Element widths in responsive designs are often specified in percentages with the size of each element relative to the width of its parent.
Responsive design refers to an approach of web page creation that involves use of flexible layouts, flexible images, and cascading style sheet media queries. The objective of responsive design is to develop web pages that detect the visitor's screen size and orientation and change the layout accordingly. In other words, responsive web design refers to a method that simply reflows, adjust, reposition, resize overall content and images according to width of browser or screen size. Responsive websites are designed to provide accessibility across all devices regardless of size of device screen. Element widths in responsive designs are often represents a percentage value which is often used to define a size as relative to an element's parent object.
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List the following transition metal coordination compounds by their d electron count, with the highest at the top and the lowest at the bottom. [Fe(OH2).]3+ [MnO4] - [NiCl4]2- [Co(H2O).]3+ III
The most and least d electron count transition metal coordination complexes are [NiCl4]2- and [Co(H2O)]3+, respectively. [MnO4]-, [Fe(OH2)] 3+.
Who or what is an electron?A negative charges subatomic particle known as an electron can either be free or attached to an atoms (not bound). One of three types of components within an atom is an electrons that is bonded to it; both other two are particles and neutrons.
What exactly are atoms and electrons?The negative charges components of an atom are called electrons. The total negative charge of an atom's electrons counteracts the charge of its proton in the nucleus of an atom.
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Molarity ____0.314______ M
SHOW YOUR WORK for the molarity calculation:
Molarity = Number of Moles of solute / Volume in Liters of solvent
= 0.00314 mols / 0.01 L
= 0.314 M
is this the correct way to write the expression for molarity?
Answer:
Yes
Explanation:
Molarity is the amount of moles of a solute per every 1 liter. It can be expressed in the units moles/L or simplified to M.
A house is built with a granite countertop. The heat capacity of the countertop is 151.8 kJ/°C. A hot pan of water is placed on the countertop, and 4000 J of heat energy is transferred into the countertop. By how much does the temperature of the countertop change?
A house is built with a granite countertop. The temperature of the countertop change is 0.032 °C.
What is the transfer of heat?Transfer of heat or the transfer of heat energy from one body to another body.
Q = CΔT where Q = quantity of heat transferred to the countertop = 5000 J = 5 kJ, C = heat capacity of the countertop = 158.5 kJ/°C and ΔT = temperature change of the countertop.
Since we require the temperature change of the countertop, we make ΔT subject of the formula.
So, ΔT = Q/C
So, by substituting the variables into the equation:
ΔT = Q/C
ΔT = 5 kJ/158.5 kJ/°C
ΔT = 0.032 °C
Therefore, the temperature of the countertop change is 0.032 °C.
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Assume you have a solution containing the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex and all the enzymes of the citric acid cycle, but none of the metabolic intermediates. When you supplement this solution with 5 μmol each of pyruvate, oxaloacetate, coenzyme A, NAD+, FAD, GDP, and Pi, you find that 5 μmol of CO2 are evolved and then the reaction stops. When you add alcohol dehydrogenase and its substrate acetaldehyde, additional CO2 is produced. How do you explain this result?
How many μmoles of acetaldehyde are required to allow complete oxidation of the pyruvate to 15 μmol of CO2?
The answer is CoA and 10μmol due to which additional CO₂ is produced.
Acetaldehyde is converted to ethanol with the help of the reaction catalyzed by alcohol dehydrogenase. This reaction results in the production of NAD+. The produced NAD+ is used to process the pyruvate dehydrogenase reaction, where additional CO₂ is also produced when pyruvate is converted to acetyl CoA.
10 μmol
10 micromoles of acetaldehyde are required to allow complete oxidation reaction of the pyruvate to 15μ moles of CO₂.
This above can be explained with the explanation that by adding additional alcohol dehydrogenase and its substrate we are actually allowing regeneration of NAD+. This is the reason why the presence of oxidized NAD+ the additional TCA reactions will take place and produces additional CO₂. So we will be getting 15 micromoles of pyruvate oxidized for 10 micromoles of acetaldehyde.
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Speech is filled with chemical elements with electronic configurations of equal energy levels of atoms 3s2 3p1 and 2s2 2p5. Indicate the electronegativity of these elements. To what element will the hot electron beam be moved? schematicallypicture the establishment of a chemical bond between atoms. Please explain to the diagram. What type of crystal ridges can be spoken? Lay down the equal reaction of the possession of the speech from simple speeches.
The element with electronic configuration 3s2 3p1 is aluminum and 2s2 2p5 is Florine.
What is electronic configuration?Electronic configuration is defined as the distribution of electrons within an atom's orbitals. The atomic number, which is equal to the number of protons in every neutral atom, is the set quantity of electrons that make up each neutral atom.
Al has 13 electrons, which are organized as follows: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p1. Al has an atomic number of 13. The structure 1s2 2s2 2p5 of fluorine, on the other hand, demonstrates that it has seven valence electrons. It belongs to the halogen family as a result.
Thus, the element with electronic configuration 3s2 3p1 is aluminum and 2s2 2p5 is Florine.
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https:which of the following options correctly describe the hydrolysis of an ester under acidic conditions? select all that apply.
The correct answer to the given question about hydrolysis of an ester under acidic conditions is option a, c and d.
The given reaction of hydrolysis of an ester under acidic conditions is reversible equilibrium, traces acid, and produces a carboxylic acid and an alcohol
As in the substitution reaction of a carboxylic acid and an alcohol, an ester is a molecule produced from an oxoacid (organic or inorganic) in which at least one hydroxyl. Since glycerides are one of the main groups of lipids and make up the majority of animal fats and vegetable oils, they are significant in biology.
Most esters have a pleasant aroma; those with a low molecular weight are frequently utilized as fragrances and can be found in pheromones and essential oils. They are one of the most prevalent kinds of synthetic lubricants on the market and serve as high-grade solvents for a variety of plastics, plasticizers, resins, and lacquers.
Question
which of the following options correctly describe the hydrolysis of an ester under acidic conditions? select all that apply.
a- this reaction is catalyzed by a trace amount of acid
b- this reaction produces a carboxylate salt and an alcohol.
c- this reaction produces a carboxylic acid and an alcohol
d- the reaction is a reversible equilibrium
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the reactivity of carboxylic acid derivatives (the general structure is shown) depends on the character of the carbonyl carbon atom and the ability of atom z to stabilize the carbonyl group by . multiple choice question. nucleophilic; resonance nucleophilic; induction electrophilic; induction electrophilic; resonance
The reactivity of carboxylic acid derivatives depends on the electrophilic character of the carbonyl carbon atom and the ability of the z atom to stabilize the carbonyl group by resonance.
Carbon compounds are compounds whose main components are composed of carbon atoms (C), hydrogen (H), oxygen (O), nitrogen (N), sulfur (S), and other organic elements. Carbon compounds also have the ability to form carbon chains and bind various functional groups. One of the carbon compounds based on their functional group is a carboxylic acid.
Carboxylic acids are carbon compounds with the general formula R－COOH which are called carboxyl groups by combining a carbonyl group and a hydroxyl group. This compound can be prepared by strong oxidation of primary alcohols. Carboxylic acid derivatives have different stability and reactivity. The reactivity of carboxylic acid derivatives depends on the electrophilic character of the carbonyl carbon atom and the ability of the z atom to stabilize the carbonyl group by resonance.
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What stereoisomers are obtained from each of the following reactions? (Do not use stereochemistry if the product doesn't have stereocenters.) Draw the molecules. Show the appropriate stereochemistry by choosing the dashed or wedged buttons and then clicking a bond on the canvas.
The stereoisomers are obtained only in the first and second part of the reactions whereas, the last two parts do not produce stereoisomers.
Pentene reacts with hydrogen halides to produce chlorophenothane. This reaction is known as an addition reaction, as the hydrogen halide molecules add to the double bond of the alkene to form a single bond. The products of this reaction are typically alkyl halides, where the hydrogen atom of the hydrogen halide is replaced by an alkyl group. Stereoisomer is formed in this reaction due to the chiral center.
In the second part When pentene reacts with water in the presence of H₂SO₄, an acid-catalyzed hydration reaction occurs. This reaction results in the formation of an alcohol product, which is formed by the addition of a hydroxyl group (-OH) to the carbon-carbon double bond in the alkene. Due to the presence of chiral center stereoisomer is observed.
In part C, the Treatment of 1-methylcyclopent-1-ene with methanol in the presence of acid yields 1-methoxy-1-methyl cyclopentane. Here, the product does not exhibit a chiral center, so no stereoisomers are formed.
In the last part, the Treatment of 2-methylbut-2-ene with HBr gives 2-bromo-2-methylbutane. Here, too the product does not contain a chiral center, so no stereoisomers are formed or observed.
The image attached explains the reaction in each part.
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Which part of the brain could be damaged if the patient has difficulty in creating and organizing sentences?
Damage to frontal lobe neurons or tissue can result in personality changes, difficulty concentrating or planning, and impulsivity. The frontal lobe of the brain could be damaged if the patient has difficulty in creating and organizing sentences.
What is frontal lobe ?The frontal lobes are found directly behind the brow. The frontal lobes are the largest lobes in the human brain and the most commonly injured region in traumatic brain injury.
The frontal lobe is in charge of higher cognitive functions such as memory, emotions, impulse control, problem-solving, social interaction, and motor function as a whole.
The frontal lobe of the brain is in charge of high-level cognitive abilities as well as primary motor functions. It is the hub of our personality and communication skills.
Thus, The frontal lobe of the brain could be damaged if the patient has difficulty in creating and organizing sentences.
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18. A Force is a push or a pull. There are natural forces such as the one between two surfaces that rub, called____ Another force is gravity, that pulls us to the center of the Earth.
Many forces can be found acting on the same object. When two forces act in the same direction, we_____ the forces to find _____the force. This causes _____the forces are in the movement of the object. speed up, slow down, change direction or
19. An inclined plane is often called a_____ - It is a_____
There are natural forces such as the one between two surfaces that rub, called friction. Another force is gravity, that pulls us to the center of the Earth.
Many forces can be found acting on the same object. When two forces act in the same direction, we sum the forces to find net force the force. This causes friction the forces are in the movement of the object. speed up, slow down, change direction or
19. An inclined plane is often called a ramp - It is a flat surface.
What is meant by force?Force is defined as the product of mass and acceleration. It is a derived quantity and measured in Newtons ( N ). This goes to say that the S.I unit of force is Newton. However, foce is also measured in kilograms per meters squared.
There are two major types of force, there are:
Push forcePull forceIn conclusion, we can now confirm from the explanation given above that force is obtained from the combination of fundamental quantities.
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If metal ions in a solution we're reduced, what would you expect to see ?
Answer: You would expect to see the ions turn into metal.
Hope this helps :)
Explanation:
Metal ions in their reduced form are the metal in their elemental phase. If you have a solution containing metal ions and they are reduced, you will notice the metal deposition.
7. Which one of the following is an inner-transition, actinide, AND a trans-uranium element?
a) Lu
b) Lr
c) Y
d) As
e) Br
The element that is an inner-transition, actinide, AND a trans-uranium element is Lawrencium. Lr
Option B is correct.
What is a trans-uranium element?The trans-uranium elements are described as the chemical elements with atomic numbers greater than 92, which is the atomic number of uranium.
The trans-uranium elements are unstable and decay radioactively into other elements. The trans-uranium elements do not occur naturally on Earth and are synthetic except with the exception of neptunium and plutonium.
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Calculating H⁺ and OH⁻
Calculate H⁺ or OH⁻ as required for each of the following solutions at 25 C°, and state whether the solution is neutral, acidic, or basic.
a. 1.0 × 10⁻⁵ M OH⁻
b. 1.0 × 10⁻⁷ M OH⁻
c. 10.0 M H+
a) The number of H⁺ ions is 10⁻⁹ and it is basic.
b) The number of H⁺ ions is 10⁻⁷ and it is neutral.
c) The number of OH⁻ ions is 10⁻¹³ and it is acidic.
What is pH?Water's pH position indicates how acidic or introductory it is. The range is 0 to 14, with 7 acting as a neutral value. A pH of lesser than 7 denotes a base, while one of lower than 7 suggests acidity.
The pH scale really measures the proportion of free hydrogen and hydroxyl ions in water. Water that contains further free hydrogen ions is acidic, whereas further free hydroxyl ions makes water more introductory. Since chemicals in the water can alter pH, pH is a pivotal sign of a chemical change in the water. In" logarithmic units," pH is expressed. Each value signifies a10-fold variation in the water's acidity or basicness. Ten times as acidic as water because water has a pH of five.
a) [H⁺] = 1 x 10⁻¹⁴/1 x 10⁻⁵ = 10⁻⁹.
Since the [H⁺] < [OH⁻] the solution is basic.
b) [H⁺] = 1 x 10⁻¹⁴/1 x 10⁻⁷ = 10⁻⁷
since the [H⁺] = [H⁺]
The solution is neutral
c) [OH⁻] = 1 x 10⁻¹⁴/1 x 10⁺ = 10⁻¹³
since the [H⁺] > [OH⁻]
the solution is acidic
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Determine the theoretical and percentage yield of the reaction below, if you started with 10 mL of the alcohol (C9H120; density = 0.900 g/ml.) and 10 ml of 12 Molar HCl to produce 5 mls of the product as a colorless liquid (C9H110; density - 0.800 g/mL)? Please show a step by step calculations for your answer.
The answer is 39.2%.
Solution:
[tex]Yield = \frac{Observed yield}{Theoritcal yield}*100[/tex]
= [tex]\frac{4.0}{10.2} *100[/tex]
= 39.2%.
Theoretical yields are calculated based on the stoichiometry of the chemical formula. Actual yield is determined experimentally. Percent yield is determined by calculating the ratio of actual yield to theoretical yield. how much usable product is obtained after processing; how much crude product is actually ordered.
However, in practice, the actual product yield is almost always lower than the theoretical yield. The actual yield is the amount of product actually obtained and the theoretical yield is the maximum possible yield. There are several reasons why percentage returns may not be 100%. This is because some other unexpected reaction occurred that did not produce the desired product.
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The following data were obtained on the initial rates of a reaction of a d-metal complex in aqueous solution. What is (a) the order of reaction with respect to the complex and the reactant Y, (b) the rate constant? For the experiments a [Y]=2.7 mmol dm 3 and for experiments (b) [Y]=6.1 mmoldm (complex]/(mmol dm-3) v/mol dm-35-1) (a) (b) 8.01 125 640 9.22 144 730 12.11 190 960
a) The order of the reaction with respect to the complex is 1 and order with respect to Y is 2.
b) The rate constant for reaction is 2.2 × 10⁹ mol⁻²dm⁶s⁻¹.
What is order of reaction and rate constant?
The order of reaction is defined as sum of the power raised to the concentration terms . The rate constant defined as the relation between concentration and rate of the reaction, and it is also temperature dependent.
Using Rate = K [complex]ᵃ [Y]ᵇ
a) 125 = K (8.01) ᵃ (2.7) ᵇ
144= K (9.22) ᵃ (2.7) ᵇ
Divide these two equations
125/144 = (8.01/ 9.22) ᵃ
(0.868) = (0.868) ᵃ
⇒ a= 1 order with respect to complex is 1
b) R₂=K(complex)ᵃ(Y)ᵇ
125=K (8.01) (2.7) ᵇ
640=K (8.01) 6.1) ᵇ
Divide these two equations
we get, 0.195 = (0.443)ᵇ
⇒ b= 2 order with respect to Y is 2.
Now Rate constant
125=K (8.01) ¹ (2.7) ²
K = 2.2 ₓ 10⁹mol⁻²dm⁶s⁻¹.
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