D. Interferons are not a part of the non-specific immune response.
What is the function of interferons?Interferons were first described as an antiviral thing that interferes with viral replication in mammalian cells (10). they're secreted from inflamed cells and spark off an innate immune reaction that promotes now not best cytokine production but additionally herbal killer mobile features and antigen presentation.
Interferons (IFNs) — the body's first line of antiviral defense — are cytokines that are secreted by host cells in reaction to virus infection. by using inducing the expression of hundreds of IFN-inspired genes, numerous of that have antiviral capabilities, IFNs block virus replication at many ranges.
Interferons are a circle of relatives of clearly-happening proteins which are made and secreted with the aid of cells of the immune gadget (an example, white blood cells, natural killer cells, fibroblasts, and epithelial cells).
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Based on figure 2-2, how many electrons does an atom of Aluminum contain? (assume all atoms are neutral)
Answer:
see exp.
Explanation:
Aluminum has 13 electrons in a neutral atom. The 1S2, 2S2 and 2P6 shells are full, and so is the 3S2. The 3P1 shell has one electron in it (in Al's neutral atom) and that gives aluminum one lone valence electron and two "semi-valence" electrons which can be loaned out. :D
pls join clan NaGa
3. Humans belong to the class of
A.Arthropoda
B.Tetrapoda
C. Mammalia
Answer:
i think its c but im not sure
Explanation:
sorry if its wrong
Answer: C. (Mammalia)
We, Humans, are part of the mammal class.
Mammalian mammals are a group of vertebrate animals that belong to the Mammalia class.
how many cans of green beans in green bean casserole
In humans, what determines the sex of offspring and why?.
Which law regulates pesticides and herbicides? a. Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) of 1947 b. Federal Investigation of Fungicide Act (FIFA) of 1947 c. Clean Environment Act of 1949 d. Regulatory Environment Act of 1948
The law that regulates pesticides and herbicides in the USA is the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) of 1947. This law prohibits the use of certain compounds as pesticides.
The Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) law is a regulatory law that provides a suitable federal regulatory framework for the use, distribution and sale of pesticides.
This law (FIFRA) is aimed at protecting pesticide users, consumers, and the environment.
The pesticides used in the USA must be licensed by the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).
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how much time does it take autumn to travel 240 meters at a speed of 80 meters per second
what are the steps to make beryllium?
Answer:
Beryllium is processed from the ore in four major steps: (1) the beryl ore is converted into a standard grade of beryllium hydroxide, (2) the hydroxide is purified, (3) purified beryllium hydroxide is reacted with ammonium bifluoride for conversion into ammonium beryllium fluoride, and (4) then reduced to beryllium
Answer:
Beryllium is processed from the ore in four major steps: (1) the beryl ore is converted into a standard grade of beryllium hydroxide, (2) the hydroxide is purified, (3) purified beryllium hydroxide is reacted with ammonium bifluoride for conversion into ammonium beryllium fluoride, and (4) then reduced to beryllium ...
Explanation:
hope it helps you
Can you help me (only used these terms)
Molecule
Subscript
Element
Solid
Compound
Liquid
Pure substance
Mixture
Vapor (gas)
Answer:
Subscript- tells how many of each atom there are in a chemical formula
element- a substance containing only one type of atom
solid- a state of matter where particles vibrate and are not free to move
compound- two or more atoms chemically bonded together
liquid- a state of matter in which particles slip past each other
pure substance- all of the smallest individual pieces are the same
mixture- different types of atoms or molecules that are physically mixed together
vapor- a state of matter in which molecules are far apart
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A) Identify a signaling molecule from the model present. Explain how receptors play a role in cell differentiation.
B) Identify the dependent variable and two controls the experimenters used when conducting this experiment.
C) Evaluate if the number of Variant 1-Type cells with mating projections was significantly different from those of the Wild Type. Use chi-square analysis.
D) Scientists propose that a mutation has occurred that either changed the mating pheromone or receptor site on the Variant 1-Type yeast cells. Predict where the mutation occurred. Justify your prediction with evidence from the experiment and scientific reasoning, based on your knowledge of cell-signaling pathways.
Answer:
A) A signaling molecule from the model shown is the pheromone. The pheromone binds to the receptor to create the cellular response in yeast to stop growth and produce shmoo. Shmoo is a nodule that allows the yeast cells to join together. Receptors play a role in cell differentiation, because the signaling molecules bind to the receptor in order to produce a response. When the pheromone binds to the receptor, a series of steps are followed in the transduction pathway in order to create shmoo, a differentiation in the cell. Without the receptor, the signaling pheromone would not be able to trigger the transduction pathway that ultimately results in the differentiation of the cell. Only signaling molecules with a specific shape and size can bind to a specialized receptor and cause a cellular response. Different yeast cell types may have varying receptors, affecting the ability of each pheromone to bind to the receptor to create a mating differentiation and, therefore, the rate of mating.
B) The dependent variable of the experiment is the number of cells that differentiated. The number of cells that differentiated depended on the type of yeast exposed to the pheromones. In this experiment, the experimenters controlled the sample size and the application of the pheromones. Each treated group consisted of 1,000 cells and was given the same concentration of pheromones. The same three pheromones, Wild Type-created, Variant 1-created, and Variant 2-created, were also used for each yeast cell type. These controls allowed the experimenters to observe how yeast cell type affects the rate of mating without the influence of other factors that could have skewed the results.
C) Chi-square analysis can be used to determine if the number of Variant 1-Type cells with mating differentiations significantly differed from those of the Wild Type. The Variant 1-Type yeast cells are being compared to the Wild Type cells, so the Variant-1 Type cells are the observed data and the Wild Type cells represent the expected data. In order to find the chi-square value, the square of the difference between the observed and expected values divided by the expected value must be calculated for each category. For the Wild Type-created pheromone type, there were 450 differentiated cells in the Wild Type cells and 203 in the Variant 1-Type cells. By using these values in the formula, a value of approximately 135.58 results. There were 606 differentiated Wild Type cells and 411 differentiated Variant 1-Type cells in the groups exposed to the Variant 1-created pheromone, showing a value of about 62.75. The value for the Variant 2-created pheromone category can be calculated as 16.82, with 50 differentiated Wild Type yeast cells and 21 differentiated Variant 1-Type cells. Then, these values are added to find the final chi-square value, 215.15, which can be compared to a critical chi-square value to determine the significance of the difference. The critical value with a 95% confidence for three categories is 5.99. The calculated chi-square value is far greater than the critical value, showing a significant variation between the number of cells with mating projections in the Wild Type and Variant 1-Type yeast cells. This also rejects the null hypothesis that there is not an important variation in the values, supporting the alternative hypothesis that a factor is affecting the rates of mating in Variant 1-Type yeast cells.
D) The significant variation between the data values could have resulted from a mutation in the Variant 1-Type cells. This mutation likely changed the receptor site of the cell by affecting its shape. Without the proper shape of specialized receptor sites, the pheromones are inhibited from binding to the receptor. When signals bind to receptors, the signal is received and a sequence of changes occurs throughout the transduction pathway in order to produce a response. Since pheromones cannot bind to the receptor sites to produce a response as easily, the overall cellular response of differentiation cannot be produced as often. The mutation resulted in the inability for signals in the pheromones to be received and communicate the correct response. Therefore, the mutation in the receptor site Variant 1-Type cells explains the significant variation in the values between the Variant 1-Type cells and the Wild Type cells. The data in the experiment shows that different pheromones resulted in differing amounts of cell differentiation in the Variant 1-Type yeast cells. This further suggests that the mutation affected the receptor site, not the pheromones, as the pheromones could still bind in some cells and the differences in the pheromones were not lost. The data indicates that the receptor sites of Variant 1-Type cells were changed by a mutation, creating a significant difference between the number of differentiated cells in the Wild Type and Variant 1-Type yeast cells.
Ligands are called signaling molecules because they bind to receptors and carries information.
A) The signaling molecule in the model is the pheromone. It binds to the receptor to generate a cellular response in the yeast system. It inhibits the growth of yeast cells and secretes shmoo.
Receptors are important in cell differentiation as they bind with receptors and create shmoo via the transduction pathway.
In the absence of a receptor, the transduction pathway will not occur and shmoo will not be produced.
Signaling molecules having specific shapes and sizes can only bind to receptors.
B) In the above experiment, a dependent variable is the number of cells differentiated. The number of cells differentiated depends on its exposure to pheromones.
The application of pheromones and the sample size of cells were in control by the experimenters. The yeast cell types were exposed to Variant 1-created, Variant 2-created and Wild Type-created pheromones equally.
This helped the researchers in determining the rate of mating without any influence of other factors.
C) Chi-square can be used to evaluate the number of variant 1 type cells with that from wild type.
The observed data includes variant type 1 cells and the expected data includes the wild type cells.
[tex]\rm Chi - square = \dfrac{( Observed - Expected \:values)^{2}}{ \:Expected \:values}[/tex]
The required value with a 95% certainty for the three types is 5.99. The calculated chi-square value is greater than that of critical values.
This shows the difference in the mating of variant and wild type varieties. It also repudiates the null hypothesis.
D) The mutation likely occurred on the receptor site of the variant type that changed the shape of the site binding.
The change in the receptor site will inhibit the pheromones from binding. This will affect the cell differentiation and transduction pathway.
Therefore, mutation on the receptor site indicated the variant and the wild type have different cell differentiation and mating rates. The mutation is responsible for the varied data and not pheromones.
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26. predict the elect of the loss of forests on cellular respiration in other organisms
Asexual reproduction in the parent cell will result in offspring with
four times the genetic information.
half the genetic information.
double the genetic information.
identical genetic information.
Answer:
Technically, it would create an identical copy of the parent cell, but with the answers you gave me, I would have to say the first response. Sexual reproduction provides half the genetic information, a half from one parent and a half from the other.
Explanation:
try me and see what happens!!!
10. Which of the following statements about the leading strand is true?
A. It is synthesized discontinuously and uses 1 RNA primer.
B. It is synthesized discontinuously and uses multiple RNA primers.
C. It is synthesized continuously and uses multiple RNA primers.
D. It is synthesized continuously and uses 1 RNA primer.
The statement 'the leading strand is synthesized continuously and uses 1 RNA primer' is TRUE. It is replicated in the 3' – 5' direction.
The leading strand refers to the DNA template strand that is synthesized in the 3' – 5' direction during DNA replication.
The 3' – 5' direction that occurs during DNA replication is the direction of the replication fork.
RNA primers are short RNA sequences used for the initiation of the synthesis of DNA (DNA replication) both in the leading DNA strand and the lagging DNA strand.
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which type of archaean is likely to be found in the intestines of animals?
Answer:
foot
Explanation:
Why do fossils that paleontologists find represent only a partial picture of life in the past?
Answer:
Because we cannot see some animals properly like jellyfish as their tissue is too soft, and feathers or for can often not make an imprint on fossils.
Explanation:
Answer:
Fossils: They are remains of animals or plants in the past that were somehow preserved and buried under the earth's crust.
One fossil can only give us a glimpse into the history of the time that particular animal or plant lived or breathed on the earth. For example, a fossil remains of a particular species of dinosaur would only provide information of the time when that species lived on earth and other information related to that particular time. Fossil remains of dinosaurs would not give us information on the time during the ice age or any other time in history.Explanation:
The study of various fossils can give us information about the development and evolution of living organisms over time but there are limitations to it.It may happen if we compare the fossil remains of an organism that existed billions of years ago we may find a time gap where there is no fossil evidence found so it creates a loop in information.Also, the process of fossilization is complex and long. Many species of the past became extinct without fossilization so we can never get information related to those extinct species.Thus, because of this reason we can say that fossils don't provide us with complete information about the past.For more information:
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In complete sentences, answer the following questions
"How do our cells turn food into energy? Include an
explanation of what reactants and products are present in
this reaction, and provide real world examples of this
process
Answer:
It is important to know that the chemical reactions of metabolic pathways help our cells to turn food into energy.
Explanation:
The food we consume provides our cells with the energy required to carry out bodily functions, just as light energy provides plants with the means to create the chemical energy they need.
rele existente entre o modo verta do como Loonie na propaganda o trecho que revela a tras de cor Por que algumas partes do dos foram grafadas com as palavra do circunstancia OS orgbos tonponsáveis pela publicação anuncio publicat 10 Qual o tipo discursivo predominante do texto?
Answer:
what??speak English please
Explanation:
i don't really understand
I'm sorry I'm really sorry plss
forgive me
(c) In soils that lack oxygen, plants cannot absorb enough nitrates from the soil to grow well. Explain why.
Answer:
Explanation:
Plants absorb nitrates in water through their roots. Nitrates are present in high levels in plant fertilisers. Without nitrates, the amount of chlorophyll in leaves reduces. ... This reduces the plant's ability to photosynthesise and grow properly, which reduces the farmers' crop yield .
a freshwater plant is placed in a container of salt water what will most likely happen to cells of the plant
Answer:
They will shrink because water will move out of them.
Explanation:
They will shrink and it will cause the plant to die
When mRNAs are being translated simultaneously by multiple ribosomes, the structure is known as a(n) polytene. polyribosome. polycistron. operon. copolymer.
Answer:
polysomes or polycistron
Explanation:
when multiple ribosome attach to single mRNA
Communities only contain one population of organisms. True or False ?
A community means a group of various different types of species living together in a common location.
A population refers to a group of organisms of the same species living together in a location.
Therefore, the statement communities only contain one population of organisms, is False.
Where does the CO2 produced during the Krebs Cycle come from
Answer:
Uhhh the answer is in the explanation
Explanation:
The citric acid cycle, shown in —also known as the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA cycle) or the Krebs cycle—is a series of chemical reactions used by all aerobic organisms to generate energy through the oxidation of acetate—derived from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins—into carbon dioxide.
What is oxidative phosphorylation.
Answer:
Oxidative phosphorylation is energy given by electron transport and this takes place during aerobic respiration in the mitochondria.
Explanation:
This process produces huge amounts of ATP, which is the unit of energy for metabolic processes.
What is the citric acid cycle.
Answer:
Citric acid cycle also known as the Krebs cycle, is the second stage of the three-stage process by which living cells break down organic fuel molecules in the presence of oxygen to harvest the energy they need to grow and divide.
which is not involved with an inflammatory Response
A. Fever - increased temperature
B. Slowed blood flow
C. White blood cells move to the area of infected
D. inflammation in area
This is an inflammatory reaction to an infection in the body. Option D is correct.
What is the inflammatory response?When tissues are harmed by toxins, germs, trauma, heat, or any other cause, the inflammatory response (inflammation) ensues. A fever is induced by the body's attempt to destroy any infections with heat.
Histamine, bradykinin, and prostaglandins are among the substances released by injured cells. Because of these substances, blood vessels leak fluid into the tissues, producing swelling.
White blood cells migrate to the affected location to destroy any germs. Because white blood cells are primarily intended to aid in the killing of infections, sending white blood cells to destroy the pathogen is an inflammatory reaction.
Finally, inflammation results from the body's attempt to cleanse the contaminated region of microorganisms. Similar to the label “inflammatory,” the body will frequently create inflammation in an attempt to cleanse the body of any undesirable infections.
Therefore, option D is correct.
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help plssss
What unicellular protists have shells?
Answer:
Foraminifera (forams for short) are characterized as unicellular protists that have shells
distinguish between uric acid, urea and ammonia
Answer:
Explanation:
Ammonia is associated with aquatic animals; urea is associated with most terrestrial and semiterrestrial vertebrates, but rarely land invertebrates (Campbell et al., 1972); and uric acid is the major product of terrestrial invertebrates, birds and reptiles (Prosser & Brown, 1961).
What transformation takes place wen u light up a match
Answer:
Transformation that happens when you strike a match is from mechanical energy to thermal energy.
Explanation:
When you strike a match, it moves through the air until it rubs against a surface. The rubbing produces the heat required to light the match. (Thermal energy is heat energy)
Answer:
mechanical energy to thermal energy.
Explanation:
When the match is struck, it burns and the chemical energy in it produces heat energy and light energy
When you strike a match, it moves through the air until it rubs against a surface. The rubbing produces the heat required to light the match. This is a transformation from mechanical energy to thermal (heat) energy.
also known as fat cells, the are predominant in the subcutaneous layer.
Spongy, porous bone tissue is also called: Yellow bone marrow Compact bone Bone sinus Cancellous bone
Answer:
Cancellous bone
Explanation:
Potato Osmosis Lab
Perform the calculations for the following on a separate sheet of paper:
-300 mL of 0.0 M sucrose solution
-300 mL of 0.2 M sucrose solution
-300 mL of 0.4 M sucrose solution
-300 mL of 0.6 M sucrose solution
-300 mL of 0.8 M sucrose solution
Answer:
- 102.6 g
-205.2 g
- 41.04 g
- 61.56 g
- 82.08 g
Explanation:
Hello there?I have attached the calculations for the above answers in the images above.I hope it helps you out to understand better.