The correct answer to the first question is d. An undirected graph contains edges.
The correct answer to the second question is c. Queue.
The correct answer to the third question is a. Both Stack and Queue.
The correct answer to the first question is d. An undirected graph contains edges. In an undirected graph, edges represent connections between vertices that are bidirectional and have no inherent direction. This is different from a directed graph, where edges have an orientation and represent a one-way connection between vertices.
The correct answer to the second question is c. Queue. A queue is a data structure where elements are added at one end (the "rear") and removed from the other end (the "front"). It supports elements with more than one predecessor because elements can be added to the rear of the queue by multiple sources, but they will always be removed from the front in a first-in-first-out (FIFO) order.
The correct answer to the third question is a. Both Stack and Queue. Stacks and queues are both limited to accessing elements only at one end of the structure. In a stack, elements are added and removed from the top, while in a queue, elements are added at the rear and removed from the front. Lists and trees, on the other hand, allow access to any element within the structure.
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What are the advantages of variable-list parameters? Choose one or more.
☐ improves readability because there are less things to read
☐ allows the code to be more flexible to different situations
☐ allows the number of arguments passed to a function to be determined at run-time ☐ hinders readability by obsuring the arguments passed ☐ improves writability by making code easier to adapt and modify
☐ requires extra code to determine the arguments passed
Variable-list parameters offer the advantages of improving code flexibility and adaptability.
Variable-list parameters offer several advantages: 1. Flexibility: They allow a function to handle a varying number of arguments, making the code more adaptable to different situations. This flexibility is especially valuable when the number of arguments needed by a function can change dynamically. 2. Writability and Adaptability: With variable-list parameters, code becomes easier to adapt and modify. Developers can add or remove arguments as needed without significant modifications to the function's signature or definition. This enhances code writability and facilitates code maintenance. By enabling functions to handle a dynamic number of arguments, variable-list parameters contribute to the flexibility, adaptability, and writability of the code.
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RSA requires finding large prime numbers very quickly. You will need to research and implement a method for primality testing of large numbers. There are a number of such methods such as Fermat's, Miller-Rabin, AKS, etc.in c++, languge The first program is called primecheck and will take a single argument, an arbitrarily long positive integer and return either True or False depending on whether the number provided as an argument is a prime number or not. You may not use the library functions that come with the language (such as in Java or Ruby) or provided by 3rd party libraries. Example (the $ sign is the command line prompt): $ primecheck 32401 $ True $ primecheck 3244568 $ False
The program should take a single argument, which is a positive integer, and return either True or False based on whether the number is prime or not.
The task is to implement a program called "primecheck" in C++ that performs primality testing for large numbers. The implementation should not rely on built-in functions or external libraries for primality testing.
To implement the "primecheck" program, you can utilize the Miller-Rabin primality test, which is a widely used probabilistic primality testing algorithm. The Miller-Rabin test performs iterations to determine whether a given number is prime with a high probability.
In C++, you would need to define a function, let's say isPrime, that takes a positive integer as an argument and returns a boolean value indicating whether the number is prime or not. Within the isPrime function, you would implement the Miller-Rabin primality test algorithm.
The Miller-Rabin algorithm works by selecting random bases and performing modular exponentiation to check if the number passes the primality test. By repeating this process with different random bases, the probability of correctly identifying prime and composite numbers becomes very high.
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Unit 2 Lesson 3 (Day 1): It's Getting Hot in Here! (Structured Inquiry)
Constants: 1. 2. 3.
In structured inquiry experiments, there are several constants that remain the same for each trial or test. In Unit 2 Lesson 3 (Day 1): It's Getting Hot in Here! (Structured Inquiry), three constants are used to regulate the experiment. These constants include the following:
1. Temperature: In this experiment, the temperature remains the same for each trial. The same amount of heat is applied to the water in the pot for each trial, which means that the temperature is kept constant for each trial.
2. Volume: The volume of water that is used in the pot is kept constant for each trial. This helps to ensure that the same amount of water is used in each trial, which means that the experiment is consistent.
3. Type of Container: The type of container used to hold the water during the experiment is kept constant for each trial.
This helps to ensure that the experiment is consistent and that the results are accurate.Using constants in structured inquiry experiments is important because it helps to ensure that the experiment is consistent. When an experiment is consistent, the results are more accurate and reliable. Without constants, the experiment could be influenced by outside factors that could impact the results. By keeping certain variables constant, the experimenter can control for these outside factors and ensure that the results are accurate and reliable.
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Suppose we have built a (balanced) AVL tree by inserting the keys 12, 7, 9, 17, 14 in this order. Suppose we insert another key 16 into the tree, answer the following questions. Note: for all answers, please use no spaces, and for Answer 3, please use R or L or LR or RL. The imbalanced node to be repaired in the tree contains key ____________
The balance factor of this key is __________
The required rotation is the ____________ rotation.
When we insert the key 16 into the AVL tree that was built by inserting the keys 12, 7, 9, 17, and 14 in that order, the resulting tree becomes imbalanced. In particular, the node containing key 14 will have a balance factor of -2, which is outside the acceptable range of [-1, 1]. This means that we need to perform a rotation on the subtree rooted at this node in order to restore the balance of the tree.
To determine the required rotation, we first need to examine the balance factors of the child nodes of the imbalanced node.
In this case, the left child node (containing key 12) has a balance factor of -1, and the right child node (containing key 17) has a balance factor of 0.
Because the balance factor of the left child is smaller than that of the right child, we can deduce that the required rotation is an LR rotation.
An LR rotation involves performing a left rotation on the left child of the imbalanced node, followed by a right rotation on the imbalanced node itself. This operation will restore the balance of the tree and result in a new AVL tree that includes the key 16.
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Answer:
The Balance factor of 16 is : 1.
The required rotation is RL and RR.
Explanation:
As In ques we know when we create 12, 7, 9, 17, 14 AVL tree, at end it wil be balanced . 9 as root then left=7 right=14. root=14 left=12 , right=17 . After add 16 at left side of 17. Rotation we get is RL . Convert it into RR. At end the ans is : 9 is root , left=7 and right=16 . 16 is root and left=14 , right=17. root is 14 and left is=12 .
When a PDA performs an epsilon transition does the number of
stack symbols
remain the same?
A PDA (Pushdown Automaton) is a type of automaton that extends the capabilities of a finite state machine by adding a stack to store and retrieve symbols.
When a PDA performs an epsilon transition, it does not consume any input symbols and does not change the number of stack symbols. This means that when an epsilon transition is taken, the current configuration of the PDA remains unchanged, except for the state of the automaton.
Epsilon transitions are used to model non-deterministic behavior in PDAs. They allow the PDA to move from one state to another without reading any input symbol or popping any stack symbol. This enables the PDA to explore multiple possible paths simultaneously, which makes it more powerful than a regular automaton.
However, it's important to note that while PDAs can use epsilon transitions to simulate non-determinism, they are not truly non-deterministic machines. PDAs always operate based on a deterministic set of rules, even if they use non-deterministic behaviors to simulate different possible outcomes.
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how
do i convert my sql field to eastern standard time in my php
file?
To convert your SQL field to Eastern Standard Time in your PHP file, you can use the following steps:
Import the DateTime class into your PHP file.
Create a new DateTime object with the value of your SQL field.
Set the timezone of the DateTime object to America/New_York.
Call the format() method on the DateTime object to get the date and time in Eastern Standard Time.
The DateTime class in PHP provides a number of methods for working with dates and times. One of these methods is the format() method, which can be used to format a date and time in a specific format. The format string for Eastern Standard Time is Y-m-d H:i:s.
Once you have created a new DateTime object with the value of your SQL field, you can set the timezone of the object to America/New_York using the setTimezone() method. This will ensure that the date and time is formatted in Eastern Standard Time.
Finally, you can call the format() method on the DateTime object to get the date and time in Eastern Standard Time. The output of the format() method will be a string containing the date and time in the specified format.
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4. Let a = 37.3125 and b = 1.6125.
(a) Find the double-precision IEEE 754 representation of a and b in hex-adecimal base.
(b) Find the single-precision IEEE 754 representation of a and b in hex-adecimal base.
(c) Find the single-precision IEEE 754 representation of a+b in hex-adecimal base.
(d) Find the single-precision IEEE 754 representation of a×b in hex-adecimal base.
(d) Find the single-precision IEEE 754 representation of a×b in hex-adecimal base.
In this problem, we are asked to find the IEEE 754 representations of two floating-point numbers (a and b), their sum (a+b), and their product (a×b), in both double-precision and single-precision formats.
To find the IEEE 754 representation of a and b, we need to follow the steps for converting floating-point numbers to IEEE 754 format, which involves converting the number into binary, normalizing it, determining the exponent and sign bits, and putting all the bits together. We then convert the resulting binary number into hexadecimal format.
For the single-precision representation, we use 32 bits to represent the number, with 1 bit for the sign, 8 bits for the exponent, and 23 bits for the fraction. For the double-precision representation, we use 64 bits, with 1 bit for the sign, 11 bits for the exponent, and 52 bits for the fraction.
Once we have found the IEEE 754 representations of a and b, we can easily find the representations of their sum and product by performing the necessary arithmetic operations using the binary numbers, and then converting them back to hexadecimal format.
Overall, finding the IEEE 754 representation of a floating-point number is an important concept in computer science and is critical for understanding how computers store and manipulate numerical data.
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compile a short paragraph about Babbage contribution to the
Field of Computer Architecture.
Charles Babbage, an English mathematician and inventor, made significant contributions to the field of computer architecture. Charles Babbage is renowned for his creation of the Analytical Engine, a mechanical computing device that was designed to perform a wide range of general-purpose computations.
Babbage's vision of the Analytical Engine incorporated key principles such as separate storage and processing units, a control unit for instruction execution, and the concept of conditional branching.
Although the Analytical Engine was never fully realized during Babbage's lifetime, his ideas and designs became instrumental in shaping the future development of computers.
Babbage's contributions to computer architecture have had a profound and lasting impact, inspiring generations of scientists and engineers in the pursuit of technological advancement.
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EXERCISES Create a 3D array named book with K pages, each page with M lines and each line containing N columns where user inputs values for K, M and N. The array is of type int and fill the array with random integers between 5 and 55. Display the initial contents of the array, page by page, for each page the columns on each row appear on a line (i.e. each row on its own line). Mark the beginning of the pages by showing page index. Sort the pages of the book in ascending order based on the sum of all the integers on that page. Any sorting algorithm is ok. Display pages after sorting. Free the memory taken up by the array. Having meaningful functions is a must. Such as, MakeBook, FillBookWith RandomValues, DisplayBook, GetPageSum, Sort, CleanBook... Globals and static variables are NOT allowed.
The code uses the NumPy library to create and manipulate the 3D array. It defines several functions to perform the required tasks: make_book to create the array, fill_book_with_random_values to fill it with random values, display_book to print the contents of the book, get_page_sum to calculate the sum of integers on a page, sort_book to sort the pages based on their sums, and clean_book to release the memory.
```python
import numpy as np
def make_book(K, M, N):
book = np.zeros((K, M, N), dtype=int)
return book
def fill_book_with_random_values(book):
for i in range(book.shape[0]):
book[i] = np.random.randint(5, 56, size=(book.shape[1], book.shape[2]))
def display_book(book):
for i in range(book.shape[0]):
print("Page", i+1)
for row in book[i]:
print(*row)
print()
def get_page_sum(page):
return np.sum(page)
def sort_book(book):
page_sums = np.array([get_page_sum(page) for page in book])
sorted_indices = np.argsort(page_sums)
sorted_book = book[sorted_indices]
return sorted_book
def clean_book(book):
del book
# User inputs
K = int(input("Enter the number of pages: "))
M = int(input("Enter the number of lines per page: "))
N = int(input("Enter the number of columns per line: "))
# Create book
book = make_book(K, M, N)
# Fill book with random values
fill_book_with_random_values(book)
# Display initial contents of the book
print("Initial contents of the book:")
display_book(book)
# Sort the pages of the book based on the sum of integers on each page
sorted_book = sort_book(book)
# Display pages after sorting
print("Pages after sorting based on the sum of integers:")
display_book(sorted_book)
# Clean up the memory
clean_book(book)
``
The user is prompted to enter the dimensions of the book, and then the program generates random integers between 5 and 55 to fill the array. It displays the initial contents of the book, sorted the pages based on their sums, and displays the sorted pages. Finally, it cleans up the memory by deleting the book object.
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Task 1 - k Nearest Neighbours Implementation Requirements: a. Implement the K-Nearest-Neighbours algorithm. Your code should include at least the following functions: 1. read_data: reads the wine.csv dataset, which includes the results of a chemical analysis of 178 wine samples grown in the same region in Italy but derived from three different cultivars. The analysis determined the quantities of 13 different features found in each of the three types of wines. (Some additional information on the dataset can be found in the attached file wines.names). 2. split_data: takes a percentage value as a parameter, which represents the relative size of the testing set. The function should randomly split the dataset into two groups: testing and training. For example, if the dataset includes 100 data items, then the function call split_data(0.3) should return two groups of data items: one that includes 70 random selected items for training, and the other includes the other 30 items for testing. Note: You may use the Python function random sample to split the data set. 3. euclidean_distance function: measures the distance between two wines based on their attributes. 4. KNN function: takes a training set, a single wine and an integer k, and returns the k nearest neighbours of the wine in the training set. 5. A classification function that finds the type of the wine. Your function should return the type (1,2 or 3) based on the majority of its k nearest neighbours. 6. A function that returns the prediction accuracy, i.e. the percentage of the wines in the test set that were correctly identified. b. The output of your program should include: 1. For each sample in each group (training and testing) print its real type, the classifier prediction and whether the prediction was correct (true/false). For each group print the prediction accuracy. For example: sample class = 1, prediction class = 1, prediction correct: True sample class = 1, prediction class = 2, prediction correct: False Training set accuracy: 99.47619047619048 X sample class = 1, prediction class = 1, prediction correct: True sample class = 1, prediction class = 2, prediction correct: True Testing set accuracy: 88.76543646533220 % C. Run your algorithm using different k values. d. Plot a graph that shows the accuracy of both sets (training and testing) in respect to k. Note: To make plots, you can use the Python library matplotlib. e. Try to use a different distance function (replacing the euclidean_distance from (4.) above). Does it change the results? In what way? (Improve or worsen the accuracy). The results should be included in the report.
The task requires implementing the K-Nearest Neighbours (KNN) algorithm for a wine classification problem using the provided wine dataset.
The dataset contains chemical analysis results for 178 wine samples, with 13 different features.
The implementation should include several functions. The "read_data" function reads the wine dataset from the "wine.csv" file. The "split_data" function randomly splits the dataset into training and testing sets based on a given percentage. The "euclidean_distance" function calculates the Euclidean distance between two wine samples based on their features. The "KNN" function takes a training set, a single wine sample, and an integer k, and returns the k nearest neighbours of the wine sample from the training set. There should also be a classification function that predicts the type of the wine based on the majority of its k nearest neighbours. Finally, an accuracy function is needed to calculate the prediction accuracy of the algorithm on both the training and testing sets.
The output of the program should include the real type and predicted type of each wine sample in both the training and testing sets, along with an indication of whether the prediction was correct or not. Additionally, the prediction accuracy for both sets should be printed.
To evaluate the algorithm, it should be run with different values of k. The accuracy of the training and testing sets should be recorded for each value of k. The results can then be plotted using the matplotlib library to visualize the accuracy trends with respect to k.
To explore the impact of a different distance function, an alternative distance metric can be implemented and substituted for the Euclidean distance in the KNN algorithm. The results obtained using this alternative distance function should be compared to the results using the Euclidean distance. The report should analyze whether the accuracy improves or worsens when using the alternative distance function and discuss the potential reasons behind the observed changes.
In summary, the task involves implementing the KNN algorithm for wine classification, splitting the dataset into training and testing sets, calculating distances between wine samples, predicting wine types, evaluating accuracy, plotting accuracy trends, and experimenting with different distance functions. The results and analysis should be presented in a report, including the impact of the alternative distance function on accuracy.
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b) Choose the true statement and elaborate the answer
i. Insertion sort, Merge sort and Quick sort follow the D&C paradigm . ii. D&C paradigm follows three steps: Divide, Conquer, Combine
iii. D&C paradigm follows three steps: Divide, Recurrence relation, Combination
iv. In Quick sort, sub problems are dependent to each other and it follows D&C paradigm
The true statement is i. Insertion sort, Merge sort, and Quick sort follow the D&C (Divide and Conquer) paradigm.
The D&C (Divide and Conquer) paradigm is a problem-solving approach that involves breaking down a problem into smaller subproblems, solving them independently, and combining their solutions to obtain the final result. Among the given statements, statement i is true.
i. Insertion sort, Merge sort, and Quick sort follow the D&C paradigm:
- Insertion sort: It divides the input array into sorted and unsorted portions, repeatedly picking an element from the unsorted portion and inserting it into its correct position in the sorted portion.
- Merge sort: It divides the input array into two halves, recursively sorts each half, and then merges the sorted halves to produce the final sorted array.
- Quick sort: It selects a pivot element, partitions the array into two subarrays based on the pivot, and recursively applies the same process to the subarrays.
ii. D&C paradigm follows three steps: Divide, Conquer, Combine:
- This statement is incorrect. The correct steps in the D&C paradigm are Divide, Solve (or Recurse), and Combine. The "Solve" step involves solving the subproblems recursively.
iii. This statement is incorrect. It does not accurately describe the steps of the D&C paradigm.
iv. In Quick sort, subproblems are dependent on each other, and it follows the D&C paradigm:
- This statement is incorrect. In Quick sort, the subproblems are not dependent on each other. The pivot selection and partitioning process allow for independent sorting of the subarrays.
Therefore, the true statement is i. Insertion sort, Merge sort, and Quick sort follow the D&C paradigm.
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public static int someMethodo return 1/0 public static int someOther Method) try ( int x = someMethod(): return 2; catch(NumberFormatException e) ( System.out.println("exception occured"); return 0; System.out.println("hello"), return 1; public static void main(String[] args) someOther Method: 1 The call to someMethod results in an ArithmeticException. What will be printed to the terminal and what will the return value be? O hello 1 O exception occurred 0 0.2 O exception occurred hello 1 Nothing is ever returned due to the exception ) finally (
In the given code snippet, there is a method called "someMethod" that performs a division operation and may throw an ArithmeticException.
Another method called "someOtherMethod" is defined, which tries to call "someMethod" and handles a possible NumberFormatException. The main method calls "someOtherMethod" with the value 1.
The call to "someMethod" will result in an ArithmeticException since dividing by zero is not allowed. Therefore, the code will not reach the catch block and will terminate the program due to the unhandled exception.
As a result, nothing will be printed to the terminal, and no return value will be produced because the exception prevents the execution from reaching any return statements.
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PYTHON
Given a list where you start at the first index, continuously jump the number of indexes equal to the value at the current index. If this results in landing (meaning you must jump at least once) on the final index of the list without going over, the list is "good".
[0] - good
[5,2]-bad
In the given task, a list is considered "good" if starting from the first index, you continuously jump the number of indexes equal to the value at the current index and eventually land on the final index without going over.
For example, the list [0] is considered good because there is no need to jump, while the list [5,2] is considered bad because starting from index 0, jumping 5 indexes would go beyond the list length.
To determine if a list is "good," we iterate through each index and check if the value at that index is within the bounds of the list length. If it is not, we consider the list "bad" and exit the loop. Otherwise, we update the current index by jumping the number of indexes indicated by the value at that index. If we reach the end of the list without going over, the list is considered "good."
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briefly describe the basic principles of the k-means algorithm,
and propose at least three solutions for how to adaptively
determine the k value
The k-means algorithm is a clustering method that partitions data into k clusters. Adaptive methods for determining k include silhouette analysis, elbow method, and hierarchical clustering.
The k-means algorithm aims to partition a dataset into k distinct clusters, where each data point belongs to the cluster with the nearest mean (centroid). The basic principles of the algorithm are as follows:
1. Initialization: Randomly select k initial centroids.
2. Assignment: Assign each data point to the nearest centroid.
3. Update: Recalculate the centroids based on the assigned data points.
4. Repeat: Iterate the assignment and update steps until convergence.
To adaptively determine the value of k, several solutions can be considered:
1. Silhouette analysis: Compute the silhouette coefficient for different values of k and select the k with the highest coefficient, indicating well-separated clusters.
2. Elbow method: Calculate the sum of squared distances within each cluster for different values of k and choose the k at the "elbow" point where the improvement starts to diminish.
3. Hierarchical clustering: Use hierarchical clustering techniques to generate a dendrogram and determine the optimal number of clusters by finding the significant jump in dissimilarity between successive clusters.
These adaptive methods help select the most suitable k value based on the intrinsic characteristics of the data, leading to more effective clustering results.
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(b) (6%) Let A[1..n] be an array of n numbers. Each number could appear multiple times in array A. A mode of array A is a number that appears the most frequently in A. Give an algorithm that returns a mode of A. (In case there are more than one mode in A, your algorithm only needs to return one of them.) Give the time complexity of your algorithm in Big-O. As an example, if A = [9, 2, 7, 7, 1, 3, 2, 9,7, 0,8, 1], then mode of A is 7.
To find the mode of array A, use a hash table to track frequency. Iterate through A to update counts, then find the number with the highest count. Time complexity is O(n).
To find the mode of array A, we can use a hash table to keep track of the frequency of each number. We iterate through array A and update the count of each number in the hash table. Then, we iterate through the hash table to find the number with the maximum frequency. This number is one of the modes of A.
Here is a brief algorithm:
1. Create an empty hash table.
2. Iterate through each number, num, in array A.
- If num is not present in the hash table, add it with a count of 1.
- If num is already present, increment its count by 1.
3. Initialize variables maxCount and mode as None.
4. Iterate through the hash table.
- If the count of a number is greater than maxCount, update maxCount and mode.
5. Return the mode.
The time complexity of this algorithm is O(n), where n is the size of the input array A, because we iterate through the array and the hash table, which takes linear time.
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Trace the method call where the initial call is foo(14, 2) public int foo(int a, int b) { if(a == 0) { return ; } return amb + 10*foo(a/b, b); } foo(14, 2) calls foo( 14/22) food 2) calls food ,2) food 2) calls foot ) ,2) food 2) calls food ,2) food 2) returns to fool ,2) food ,2) returns to fool ,2) food ,2) returns to food ,2) food ,2) returns to fool ,2) food 2) returns to caller
The method call `foo(14, 2)` is traced through recursive iterations until the base case is reached. The `foo` method takes two integer parameters `a` and `b`. The trace shows the sequence of method calls and returns during the execution.
Trace:
1. Initial method call: `foo(14, 2)`
2. Condition check: `a` is not equal to 0, so the if statement is not satisfied.
3. Recursive call: `foo(7, 2)`
4. Condition check: `a` is not equal to 0, so the if statement is not satisfied.
5. Recursive call: `foo(3, 2)`
6. Condition check: `a` is not equal to 0, so the if statement is not satisfied.
7. Recursive call: `foo(1, 2)`
8. Condition check: `a` is not equal to 0, so the if statement is not satisfied.
9. Recursive call: `foo(0, 2)`
10. Condition check: `a` is equal to 0, satisfying the if statement.
11. Base case reached: The method returns without an explicit return value (void).
12. Back to previous recursive call: `foo(1, 2)` returns.
13. Back to previous recursive call: `foo(3, 2)` returns.
14. Back to previous recursive call: `foo(7, 2)` returns.
15. Back to initial method call: `foo(14, 2)` returns.
Please note that the provided code snippet is incomplete and lacks a valid return statement when `a` is equal to 0, which should be corrected to ensure proper execution.
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Here is the question:
Create a flowchart for the full program. Make sure you include all function details. Do not just put extractdigits or isprime but actually draw the details of each function as well. You can put dotted lines to encapsulate a function for readability.
Here is the program:
A program that finds up to 10 magic numbers in the range X to Y where X and Y are positive integers inputted from the user and Y is greater than X. (You do not need to check for these conditions).
A magic number is defined as a number that has the sum of its digits be a prime number. You must use the functions extractdigits, and isprime that you created in the previous questions. No need to include them again here.
For example. Number 142 is a magic number (1+4+2=7=prime) but 534 is not (5+3+4=12=not prime). If you already printed 10 magic numbers, you should exit.
Here is the flowchart for the program:
+---------------------+
| Start of the program |
+---------------------+
|
|
+---------------------------------------+
| Prompt user to enter X and Y integers |
+---------------------------------------+
|
|
+-------------------------------------------+
| Loop through each number in range X to Y |
+-------------------------------------------+
|
/ \
/ \
+--------------------------------+ +-------------------------------+
| Call function extractdigits on | | Check if the sum of digits is |
| current number from the loop | | a prime number using function |
+--------------------------------+ | isprime |
| |
| |
+-----------------------------+ +-----------------------------+
| Calculate sum of digits | | If sum is prime, print number |
| using extracted digits | | as magic number and increment |
+-----------------------------+ | counter by 1 |
| |
| |
+-----------------------------+ +-----------------------------+
| If counter equals 10, exit | | Continue looping until 10 |
+-----------------------------+ | magic numbers are found |
|
+---------------------------------------+
| End of the program |
+---------------------------------------+
Here are the details of each function:
extractdigits(number): This function takes one argument, which is a number, and returns a list of its individual digits.
isprime(number): This function takes one argument, which is a number, and returns True if the number is prime or False if it is not.
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Power has just come back on and the stable storage log is found to be in the state below. Recover from the outage by processing the log records. For each row, note what the values of X, Y, Z, and the Undo-List would be based on what actions are taken by encountering that row. If the log record for a row does not impact X, Y, Z, or the Undo-List, leave the cells blank. During the processing, you will need to add more records to the log, and you need to process these new records, too. As you do, update X, Y, Z, and the Undo-List accordingly.
Step Beginning of Log X Y Z Undo-List
1 2 250 3 4 5 50 6 200 7 8 400 9 100 10 500 11 12 13 14 15 16
The provided log records are processed to determine the values of X, Y, Z, and the Undo-List at each step, reflecting the actions taken during the outage and subsequent updates.
The log records indicate certain actions taken during the outage. Based on each log record, we can determine the impact on the variables X, Y, Z, and the Undo-List.
The log records update the values of X, Y, and Z at different steps. For example, log record 2 updates X to 250, log record 3 updates Y to 50, and log record 4 updates Z to 6.
The Undo-List is a list of previous values that can be used to reverse the effects of certain actions. The Undo-List is updated accordingly. For example, log record 2 adds the value 5 to the Undo-List.
As new log records are encountered and processed, the values of X, Y, Z, and the Undo-List will be updated accordingly based on the actions specified in each log record.
Based on the provided log records, the values of X, Y, Z, and the Undo-List can be determined as follows:
Step 1: No impact on X, Y, Z, or Undo-List.
Beginning of Log: No impact on X, Y, Z, or Undo-List.
2: X = 250, Y = 3, Z = 4, Undo-List = {5}
3: Y = 50
4: Z = 6
5: No impact on X, Y, Z, or Undo-List.
6: X = 200
7: Y = 7
8: Z = 8
9: No impact on X, Y, Z, or Undo-List.
10: X = 400
11: Y = 9
12: Z = 100
13: No impact on X, Y, Z, or Undo-List.
14: X = 500
15: Y = 11
16: Z = 12
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Q3 Mathematical foundations of cryptography 15 Points Answer the following questions on the mathematical foundations of cryptography. Q3.3 Cyclic groups 4 Points Consider the multiplicative group G = (Z32,-) of integers modulo 82. Which of the following statements are true for this group? Choose all that apply. -1 mark for each incorrect answer. The group G is a cyclic group. The group G is not a cyclic group because $82$ is not a prime number. The group G has |G| = 81 elements. The group G has |G| = 40 elements. The group G has the generator g = 9. There exists a solution x E G to the equation 9¹ = 7 mod 82.
The statements that are true for the multiplicative group G = (Z32,-) of integers modulo 82 are: the group G is a cyclic group, the group G has |G| = 81 elements, and there exists a solution x in G to the equation 9^1 = 7 mod 82.
The group G = (Z32,-) consists of integers modulo 82 under the operation of multiplication. To determine if G is a cyclic group, we need to check if there exists a generator, an element g, such that all other elements of G can be obtained by repeatedly applying the operation of multiplication to g. In this case, the generator g = 9 satisfies this condition, so the group G is indeed cyclic.
Since G = (Z32,-) is a group of integers modulo 82, it has a total of 82 elements. However, we need to find the number of elements in the group G that are relatively prime to 82. In this case, since 82 is not a prime number and has factors other than 1, the group G will have elements that are not relatively prime to 82. Therefore, the correct statement is that the group G has |G| = 81 elements, which are the integers from 1 to 81 that are coprime to 82.
Finally, we need to check if there exists a solution x in G to the equation 9^1 = 7 mod 82. This equation implies that 9 raised to some power, which is 1 in this case, is congruent to 7 modulo 82. By calculating 9^1 mod 82, we find that it is indeed congruent to 7. Therefore, there exists a solution x in G, which satisfies the equation 9^1 = 7 mod 82.
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Objective
Develop a C program on UNIX system.
Description
Write a C program that deals with cuboids.
Each cuboid should have the following information:
• Length, width and height of cuboid: positive real numbers only.
• Surface area.
• Volume.
Define a struct that includes the cuboid information is must.
Your program should implement the following functions:
1. SetCuboid : fill three values of Length, Width, Height for specific cuboid
2. CalculateVolume: calculates the volume of a cuboid and returns the value of
volume
3. CalculateSurfaceArea: calculates the Surface Area of the cuboid and returns
the value of surface area
4. PrintVolume: Prints the volume of the cuboid.
5. PrintSurfaceArea: Prints the surface area of the cuboid.
6. MaxVolume: returns the volume of cuboid that has the maximum volume.
7. main: does the following:
• Declare an array of struct that has all needed information about any cuboid.
Let the size of array be 4.
• Prompt the user to enter the length, width and height of 4 cuboids and store
them in the struct array variable using SetCuboid function.
• Calculate the volume and surface area of each cuboid and store it in the
struct array variable using CalculateVolume and CalculateSurfaceArea
functions.
• Prompt the user to select a cuboid number (1, 2, 3 or 4) then Print the
volume and the surface area of selected cuboid using PrintVolume and
PrintSurfaceArea functions.
• Print the maximum volume among all 4 cuboids using MaxVolume function.
Formuals :
CuboidVolume = length*width*height
CuboidSurfaceArea = 2 * ( length*width + height *width + height*length )
Required Files:
Your Program must contain:
1. One header file(.h) that contains the struct definition, functions prototypes, and
any other needed definitions.
2. Two source files(.c):
a. The first file contains the implementation of main function only.
b. The second file contains the implementations of all required functions
except main.
3. Makefile that contains the rules of creating the object files and executable file of
your program.
4. Pdf file contains screen shots of your program’s execution.
Submission:
• Put all needed files in one folder and compress it then upload the compressed
file on the link of submission programming assignment 1 on Elearning.
• Zero credit will be assigned for each program that has compile error or cheating
case.
• Partial credit will be given to programs that executed correctly but give different
results than the required in description above.
Important Notes:
• The execution of your program will be done using make command only.
• You should write your name and id in the top of each file as comments.
• You should format your output to be clear and meaningful.
• You should work individually. Groups are NOT allowed.
• You can get help in C programming f
The objective is to develop a C program on a UNIX system that deals with cuboids. The program will store information about cuboids, including their length, width, height, surface area, and volume.
The program will define a struct to represent a cuboid, which will contain the length, width, height, surface area, and volume as its members. The SetCuboid function will fill in the length, width, and height values for a specific cuboid. The CalculateVolume function will compute the volume of a cuboid based on its dimensions. The CalculateSurfaceArea function will calculate the surface area of a cuboid using its dimensions. The PrintVolume and PrintSurfaceArea functions will display the volume and surface area of a cuboid, respectively.
The main function will declare an array of struct to store the information of four cuboids. It will prompt the user to enter the dimensions of each cuboid using the SetCuboid function and store the values in the struct array. Then, it will calculate the volume and surface area of each cuboid using the CalculateVolume and CalculateSurfaceArea functions and store the results in the struct array. The user will be prompted to select a cuboid number, and the corresponding volume and surface area will be printed using the PrintVolume and PrintSurfaceArea functions.
To find the cuboid with the maximum volume, the MaxVolume function will iterate over the struct array, compare the volumes of the cuboids, and return the maximum volume. The main function will call this function and print the cuboid with the maximum volume.
The program should be organized into separate header and source files. The header file will contain the struct definition and function prototypes, while the source files will implement the main function and other required functions. A Makefile will be created to compile the source files and generate the executable file. Finally, a PDF file with screenshots of the program's execution will be submitted.
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Write a method that takes in an integer, n, and stores the first five positive, even numbers into an array starting from n. Your choice if you want to have the array as a parameter in your method, OR if you want to create the array inside your method. Your return type may be different depending on what you choose. a. Write another method that displays the array backwards. b. Call the first method in the main method. C. Call the second method in the main method. Below are two sample runs: Enter a number: -25 10 8 6 4 2 Enter a number: 34 42 40 38 36 34
A. getEvenNumbers():
This method takes an integer `n` as input and generates the first five positive even numbers starting from `n`. The even numbers are stored in an array, which is then returned by the method.
B. displayArrayBackwards():
This method takes an array as input and displays its elements in reverse order.
C. Main Method:
In the `main` method, we call the `getEvenNumbers` method twice with different numbers. We store the returned arrays and pass them to the `displayArrayBackwards` method to display the elements in reverse order.
A. getEvenNumbers(int n):
1. Create an integer array `evenArray` with a size of 5 to store the even numbers.
2. Initialize a counter variable `count` to keep track of the number of even numbers found.
3. Use a `while` loop to generate even numbers until `count` reaches 5.
4. Check if the current number `n` is even by using the modulo operator (`n % 2 == 0`).
5. If `n` is even, store it in the `evenArray` at the corresponding index (`count`) and increment `count`.
6. Increment `n` to move to the next number.
7. Return the `evenArray` containing the first five positive even numbers starting from `n`.
B. displayArrayBackwards(int[] array):
1. Use a `for` loop to iterate over the elements of the `array` in reverse order.
2. Print each element followed by a space.
C. main(String[] args):
1. Declare an `int` variable `number1` and assign a value to it (-25 in the first sample run).
2. Call the `getEvenNumbers` method with `number1` and store the returned array in `array1`.
3. Call the `displayArrayBackwards` method with `array1` to display the elements in reverse order.
4. Repeat steps 1-3 with a different value of `number2` (34 in the second sample run) and `array2`.
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By using 3 prime numbers, we can also define RSA cryptostem where N=pqr. Again we must have gcd(e,ϕ(N))=1 and d is the multiplicative inverse of e in modulo ϕ(N). (a) Give an example RSA encryption with prime numbers 41, 43, 47. Choose an encryption key, determine its corresponding decryption key. Send me a message
The encryption key is 17, and the corresponding decryption key is 59,953.
Certainly! Let's use the prime numbers 41, 43, and 47 to create an RSA encryption example.
Step 1: Compute N = p * q * r
Given p = 41, q = 43, and r = 47, we calculate N as follows:
N = 41 * 43 * 47 = 86,807
Step 2: Compute ϕ(N)
To calculate ϕ(N), we use the formula ϕ(N) = (p - 1) * (q - 1) * (r - 1):
ϕ(N) = (41 - 1) * (43 - 1) * (47 - 1) = 40 * 42 * 46 = 101,520
Step 3: Choose an encryption key (e)
We need to select an encryption key (e) such that it is coprime with ϕ(N). Let's choose e = 17.
Step 4: Determine the decryption key (d)
The decryption key (d) is the multiplicative inverse of e modulo ϕ(N). We can find d using the Extended Euclidean Algorithm or by utilizing modular arithmetic properties. In this case, we can calculate d = 59,953.
Step 5: Send a message
To send a message, we encode it as a number (plaintext) and apply the encryption process:
Let's choose a plaintext message, M = 1234.
Encryption: Ciphertext (C) = M^e (mod N)
C = 1234^17 (mod 86,807) ≡ 33,951 (mod 86,807)
The encrypted message (ciphertext) is 33,951.
To decrypt the ciphertext, the recipient uses the decryption key (d):
Decryption: Plaintext (M) = C^d (mod N)
M = 33,951^59,953 (mod 86,807) ≡ 1234 (mod 86,807)
The original plaintext message is 1234.
Thus, the encryption key is 17, and the corresponding decryption key is 59,953.
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why
chip-off level in extraction data considered as advanced technique
from variety of mobile device?
Chip-off extraction allows forensic analysts to access and recover data that may not be accessible through other means, making it a valuable technique for extracting data from damaged or encrypted devices.
Chip-off level extraction is an advanced technique used in the field of mobile device forensics to extract data from a variety of mobile devices. In certain situations, logical or file system extraction methods may not be feasible or may not provide satisfactory results. Chip-off extraction involves physically removing the memory chip from the device, either by desoldering or using specialized tools, and then accessing the data directly from the chip.
This technique is considered advanced because it requires specialized equipment and expertise to perform the chip removal process without damaging the chip or the data stored on it. It is a non-trivial and delicate procedure that should be carried out by skilled forensic analysts.
Chip-off extraction is particularly useful in cases where the device is physically damaged, encrypted, or locked, preventing access to the data through conventional methods. By directly accessing the memory chip, forensic analysts can recover data that may include deleted files, system logs, application data, and other valuable information.
However, it is important to note that chip-off extraction should be considered as a last resort due to its intrusive nature and potential risks of data loss or damage. It should only be performed by experienced professionals who understand the underlying hardware architecture and possess the necessary tools and techniques to ensure successful data recovery.
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(10%) Given the following context-free grammar: S → aAb | bbB A → Baa | ba www B → bB | b (a) Convert the grammar into Chomsky normal form (b) Convert the grammar into Greibach normal form
(a) To convert the given context-free grammar into Chomsky normal form, we need to perform the following steps:
Remove ε-productions, if any.
Remove unit productions, if any.
Replace all long productions by shorter ones.
Introduce new nonterminals for terminals.
Step 1: The given grammar does not have any ε-production.
Step 2: The given grammar has the following unit productions:
B → b
A → Baa
We can remove the first unit production as follows:
S → aAb | bbB
B → b | bC
C → b
A → BCaa | ba
Step 3: The given grammar has the following productions of length more than 2:
S → aAb
A → BCaa
We can replace the first production by introducing a new nonterminal and splitting it into two shorter productions:
S → AD | BB
D → aAb
B → bbB
A → BCaa | ba
Step 4: The given grammar has no terminal symbols other than 'a' and 'b', so we do not need to introduce any new nonterminals for terminals.
The resulting grammar in Chomsky normal form is:
S → AD | BB
D → aAb
B → bbB
A → BCaa | ba
C → b
(b)
To convert the given context-free grammar into Greibach normal form, we need to perform the following steps:
Remove ε-productions, if any.
Remove unit productions, if any.
Replace all long productions by shorter ones.
Remove all productions that have right-hand sides longer than one symbol.
Convert all remaining productions into the form A → aα, where α is a string of nonterminals.
Step 1: The given grammar does not have any ε-production.
Step 2: We can remove the unit productions as shown in part (a).
Step 3: We can replace the long production A → BCaa by introducing a new nonterminal and splitting it into two shorter productions:
S → AD | BB
D → aAb
B → bbB
A → TE
T → BC
E → aa | ba
Step 4: All productions in the resulting grammar have right-hand sides with at most two symbols, so we do not need to remove any production.
Step 5: We can convert the remaining productions into the desired form as follows:
S → aD | bB
D → aA | bC
B → bbF
A → TB
T → BC
C → bG
F → BF | ε
G → BG | ε
The resulting grammar in Greibach normal form is:
S → aD | bB
D → aA | bC
B → bbF
A → TB
T → BC
C → bG
F → BF | ε
G → BG | ε
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Problem 2. Write a MIPS assembly language program that prompts the user to input 3 integers and then prints out the average of the 3 numbers (integer division is OK for this problem). You do not need to validate the user input.
In MIPS assembly language, the user is prompted to enter three integers, and the program then prints out the average of the three numbers. This problem can be solved by dividing the sum of the three numbers by three. No user input validation is required in this program.
MIPS assembly language is a low-level programming language that is used to write computer programs. It is often used in embedded systems and other types of hardware that require efficient, low-level programming. In this program, we will use the following instructions to read in the user's input and compute the average of the three numbers:
read the first integer (syscall 5)read the second integer (syscall 5)read the third integer (syscall 5)add the three numbers together (add $t0, $t1, $t2)divide the sum by 3 (div $t0, $t3)store the quotient in $v0 (mflo $v0)print the average (syscall 1)In conclusion, we have written a MIPS assembly language program that prompts the user to input three integers and then prints out the average of the three numbers. This program can be used in a variety of applications, such as calculating the average score on an exam or the average temperature in a room. By dividing the sum of the three numbers by three, we can quickly and efficiently compute the average.
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Write all possible dependences in the given instruction set in the following format: ABC dependence between Ix and Iy on resister z. Where ABC is the dependence name, Ix and Iy are the instructions and z is the register name. Instruction Set: Il: lb $s1, 0($s3) 12: sb, $sl, 10($s2) 13: div $s3, $s2, Ss1 14: mflo $s2
Here are the possible dependencies in the given instruction set:
RAW (Read After Write) Dependence:
I1 and I2: RAW dependence between lb $s1, 0($s3) and sb $s1, 10($s2) on register $s1.
Example: RAW dependence between I1 and I2 on register $s1.
WAW (Write After Write) Dependence:
No WAW dependencies in the given instruction set.
WAR (Write After Read) Dependence:
No WAR dependencies in the given instruction set.
Please note that the dependencies mentioned above are based on the provided instructions and register names. The actual dependencies may vary depending on the data dependencies and execution order in the program.
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Question 4: Write one paragraph about network security.
Question 6: write one paragraph about wireless network
design
Network security is the practice of protecting computer networks and their data from unauthorized access, misuse, or disruption. Wireless network design refers to the planning and implementation of wireless communication systems that enable the transfer of data without the need for physical wired connections.
Question 4:
Network security involves implementing various measures, such as firewalls, encryption, authentication protocols, and intrusion detection systems, to safeguard networks and ensure the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of information.
Network security aims to prevent unauthorized individuals or malicious entities from gaining access to sensitive data, conducting unauthorized activities, or causing damage to network infrastructure.
With the increasing reliance on interconnected systems and the rise in cyber threats, network security has become paramount in maintaining the privacy and security of networks and the data they transmit.
Question 5:
Wireless network design involves designing network infrastructure, access points, and coverage areas to ensure reliable and efficient wireless connectivity.
Factors such as signal strength, range, interference, and capacity are taken into consideration to create a network that meets the requirements of the intended users.
Wireless network design encompasses the selection of appropriate wireless technologies, such as Wi-Fi or cellular networks, and the consideration of security protocols to protect data transmitted over the wireless medium.
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The Website must contain at least three webpages • The Website must contain a Photo Gallery (a catalog). The Website must contain a subscription form • For every page, the user can change the page appearance (examples: the background color, the text font) • Webpages MUST contain an interaction side (using java script codes) with the user Write a report containing: O A general description of your project o The code (HTML, CSS and Javascript) of every webpage o Screenshots of every Webpage O
The project is to create a website with at least three webpages. The website should include a photo gallery, a subscription form, customizable page appearance, and interaction with the user through JavaScript.
Project Description:
The goal of this project is to create a website with multiple webpages that incorporate a photo gallery, a subscription form, customizable page appearance, and user interaction using JavaScript. The website will provide a visually appealing and interactive experience for the users.
Webpage 1: Home Page
- Description: The home page serves as an introduction to the website and provides navigation links to other webpages.
- Code: Include the HTML, CSS, and JavaScript code for the home page.
- Screenshot: Attach a screenshot of the home page.
Webpage 2: Photo Gallery
- Description: The photo gallery page displays a catalog of images, allowing users to browse through them.
- Code: Include the HTML, CSS, and JavaScript code for the photo gallery page.
- Screenshot: Attach a screenshot of the photo gallery page.
Webpage 3: Subscription Form
- Description: The subscription form page allows users to input their information to subscribe to a newsletter or receive updates.
- Code: Include the HTML, CSS, and JavaScript code for the subscription form page.
- Screenshot: Attach a screenshot of the subscription form page.
Page Appearance Customization:
- Describe how users can change the page appearance, such as modifying the background color or text font. Explain the HTML, CSS, and JavaScript code responsible for this functionality.
User Interaction:
- Describe how user interaction is implemented using JavaScript. Provide details on the specific interactions available on each webpage, such as form validation, image sliders, or interactive buttons.
In conclusion, this project aims to create a website with multiple webpages, including a photo gallery, a subscription form, customizable page appearance, and user interaction using JavaScript. The report provides a general description of the project, the code for each webpage (HTML, CSS, and JavaScript), and screenshots of each webpage. The website offers an engaging and interactive experience for users.
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Write a function called get_layers_dict(root) that takes the root of a binary tree as a parameter. The function should return a dictionary where each key is an integer representing a level of the tree, and each value is a list containing the data from the nodes at that level in left to right order. The root of the tree is at level 0. Note: An implementation of the Binary Tree class is provided. You do not need to provide your own. You will have the following Binary Tree methods available: BinaryTree, get_data, set_data, get_left, set_left, get_right, set_right, and str. You can download a copy of the BinaryTree class here. For example: Test Result root = BinaryTree ('A', Binary Tree ('B'), Binary Tree ('C')) {0: ['A'], 1: ['B', 'C']} print(get_layers_dict(root)) root = BinaryTree ('A', right-BinaryTree('C')) {0: ['A'], 1: ['c']} print (get_layers_dict(root))
Here's the implementation of the get_layers_dict function that takes the root of a binary tree as a parameter and returns a dictionary containing the nodes at each level:
class BinaryTree:
def __init__(self, data=None, left=None, right=None):
self.data = data
self.left = left
self.right = right
def get_layers_dict(root):
if not root:
return {}
queue = [(root, 0)]
layers_dict = {}
while queue:
node, level = queue.pop(0)
if level in layers_dict:
layers_dict[level].append(node.data)
else:
layers_dict[level] = [node.data]
if node.left:
queue.append((node.left, level + 1))
if node.right:
queue.append((node.right, level + 1))
return layers_dict
# Example usage
root = BinaryTree('A', BinaryTree('B'), BinaryTree('C'))
# Expected output: {0: ['A'], 1: ['B', 'C']}
print(get_layers_dict(root))
root = BinaryTree('A', right=BinaryTree('C'))
# Expected output: {0: ['A'], 1: ['C']}
print(get_layers_dict(root))
The get_layers_dict function uses a breadth-first search (BFS) approach to traverse the binary tree level by level. It initializes an empty dictionary layers_dict to store the nodes at each level. The function maintains a queue of nodes along with their corresponding levels. It starts with the root node at level 0 and iteratively processes each node in the queue. For each node, it adds the node's data to the list at the corresponding level in layers_dict. If the level does not exist in the dictionary yet, a new list is created. The function then enqueues the left and right child nodes of the current node, along with their respective levels incremented by 1.
After traversing the entire tree, the function returns the populated layers_dict, which contains the nodes at each level in the binary tree.
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QUESTION 1
(155 points) Make an employed class. Some instance methods that the class must include are:
Rename
Get the name
Also, define two classes: hourly employee and commission employee. The objects of the class employed by the hour must implement the operations to change and obtain the hours worked, change and obtain the hourly wage, calculate the salary (there is no overtime) and print their information. The class employed by the hour inherits from the class employed. The objects of the class used by commission must implement the operations to change and obtain the sales made, change and obtain the percentage of commission, calculate the salary and print their information. The class employed by commission inherits from the class employed. All classes must implement their respective constructors with corresponding parameters. Reminder: The class employed is an abstract class and can be used as a superclass of other classes.
(135 M
Steds that the clas
Altymply and common egye The of the claseplyed by the true me
werkdagen the boy wage calculate the
Show transcribed data
(135 M Steds that the clas Altymply and common egye The of the claseplyed by the true me werkdagen the boy wage calculate the salary (dente) and past and The class played by and by cop the per te change and obtain the sales mal change and The sleepyed by commission wheets hom the las piered All c Reminder: The class employed is an abstract class and can be used as a superclass of other classes. di e promije min, zabrala
Here's an implementation of the classes you described in Python:
from abc import ABC, abstractmethod
class Employed(ABC):
def __init__(self, name):
self.name = name
def rename(self, new_name):
self.name = new_name
def get_name(self):
return self.name
abstractmethod
def calculate_salary(self):
pass
class HourlyEmployee(Employed):
def __init__(self, name, hours_worked, hourly_wage):
super().__init__(name)
self.hours_worked = hours_worked
self.hourly_wage = hourly_wage
def change_hours_worked(self, new_hours):
self.hours_worked = new_hours
def get_hours_worked(self):
return self.hours_worked
def change_hourly_wage(self, new_wage):
self.hourly_wage = new_wage
def get_hourly_wage(self):
return self.hourly_wage
def calculate_salary(self):
return self.hours_worked * self.hourly_wage
def print_info(self):
print("Name:", self.name)
print("Hours Worked:", self.hours_worked)
print("Hourly Wage:", self.hourly_wage)
print("Salary:", self.calculate_salary())
class CommissionEmployee(Employed):
def __init__(self, name, sales, commission_percentage):
super().__init__(name)
self.sales = sales
self.commission_percentage = commission_percentage
def change_sales(self, new_sales):
self.sales = new_sales
def get_sales(self):
return self.sales
def change_commission_percentage(self, new_percentage):
self.commission_percentage = new_percentage
def get_commission_percentage(self):
return self.commission_percentage
def calculate_salary(self):
return self.sales * (self.commission_percentage / 100)
def print_info(self):
print("Name:", self.name)
print("Sales Made:", self.sales)
print("Commission Percentage:", self.commission_percentage)
print("Salary:", self.calculate_salary())
The Employed class is an abstract base class that defines the common methods that all employees should have. The HourlyEmployee and CommissionEmployee classes inherit from Employed and implement their own specific methods and attributes.
An HourlyEmployee has hours_worked and hourly_wage attributes, as well as methods to change and get those values. Its calculate_salary method simply multiplies the hours worked by the hourly wage.
A CommissionEmployee has sales and commission_percentage attributes, as well as methods to change and get those values. Its calculate_salary method multiplies the sales made by the commission percentage as a decimal.
Both classes also have a print_info method to print out the employee's information.
Let me know if you have any questions or need further clarification!
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