Which neurotransmitters are used for each division of the autonomic nervous system? Be sure to describe the synapse at the autonomic ganglion and at the effector. What component of the system determines if a given neurotransmitter has an excitatory or inhibitory effect on the target effector?

Answer:

The autonomic nervous system is in charge of controlling visceral effectors. Traditionally, it is described by its peripheral nervous components (ganglia, nerves and plexuses) and two divisions are distinguished: the sympathetic and the parasympathetic. Transmission of the excitatory stimulus through the synaptic cleft occurs by release of neurotransmitters; the neurotransmitters of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system are mainly norepinephrine (NA) and acetylcholine (AC). The NA-secreting fibers are called adrenergic and those that secrete AC, cholinergic. All preganglionic neurons, both those of the sympathetic nervous system and those of the parasympathetic nervous system, are cholinergic. The neuron that releases the neurotransmitter is called a presynaptic neuron. The signal receptor neuron is called a postsynaptic neuron. Depending on the type of neurotransmitter released, postsynaptic neurons are either stimulated (excited) or de-stimulated (inhibited).

Explanation:

The autonomic nervous system is the part of the central and peripheral nervous system that is responsible for the regulation of the involuntary functions of the organism, the maintenance of internal homeostasis and the adaptive responses to variations in the external and internal environment  and two divisions are distinguished: the sympathetic and the parasympathetic. Acetylcholine is the preganglionic neurotransmitter of both divisions of the S.N.A. (sympathetic and parasympathetic) and also of the postganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic. The nerves at whose endings acetylcholine are released are called cholinergic. Norepinephrine is the neurotransmitter of postganglionic sympathetic neurons. The nerves into which norepinephrine is released are called adrenergic. Within the efferent sympathetic impulses, the postganglionic neurons that innervate the eccrine sweat glands and some blood vessels that supply the skeletal muscles are of the cholinergic type. Both acetylcholine and norepinephrine act on the different organs to produce the corresponding parasympathetic or sympathetic effects. The peripheral nerve endings of the sympathetic form a reticulum or plexus from which the terminal fibers come in contact with the effector cells. All the norepinephrine in peripheral tissues is found in the sympathetic endings in which it accumulates in subcellular particles analogous to the chromaffin granulations of the adrenal medulla. The release of norepinephrine at nerve endings occurs in response to action potentials that travel through nerve endings. The receptor, when stimulated by catecholamines, sets in motion a series of membrane changes that are followed by a cascade of intracellular phenomena that culminate in a measurable response. There are two classes of adrenergic receptors known as alpha and beta. These two classes are again subdivided into others that have different functions and that can be stimulated or blocked separately. Norepinephrine primarily excites alpha receptors and beta receptors to a small extent. The neurotransmitter acetylcholine is synthesized at the axonal terminal and deposited in synaptic vesicles. Acetylcholine activates two different types of receptors, called muscarinic and nicotinic receptors. Acetylcholine (AC) synthesis takes place at presynaptic termination by acetylation of choline with acetyl-coenzyme A, a reaction catalyzed by acetylcholinetransferase. The energy required for the release of a neurotransmitter is generated in the mitochondria of the presynaptic terminal. Binding of neurotransmitters to postsynaptic membrane receptors produces changes in membrane permeability. The nature of the neurotransmitter and the receptor molecule determines whether the effect produced will be one of excitation or inhibition of the postsynaptic neuron.

What happened to the peppered moths of Manchester, England when industry boomed and coal smoke darkened the light grey bark of the trees?​

Which of the possible examples below would most likely lead to a change in the cell theory? A Scientists find life on Mars that is not made of cells. BScientists identify a cell organelle that practices the process of photosynthesis. C Scientists determine that an organism is living if it is made of twenty structurally-identical cells. D Scientists gather life from a volcano that is composed of cells which are very different from humans.

The energy that enters or leaves a living system during cellular processes comes from:
A transforming matter into energy
B the kinetic energy of electrons in motion
С
the building or breaking of chemical bonds
D absorbing heat in the environment

Where does the salt in salt water come from? Choose the two correct answers. A. dissolved salts from rocks B. rainwater flowing over land C. rainwater falling on oceans D. river water flowing into the ocean E. melting glaciers and polar ice caps

What was the importance of the Supreme Court's decision in the case of Gibbons v. Ogden?

The highest level of organization in an organism is

1. Write the complementary DNA sequence for:
AAT TGG CGT TGA

Which statement below, is the best way to state the function of photosynthesis?

A To get rid of carbon dioxide from the plant, as it is toxic.

B To convert solar energy into chemical energy stored in glucose.

C To allow cells to breakdown glucose, thus releasing the stored energy.

D To produce oxygen.

What 2 body systems Uterus contracts to give birth

Problem 3: Unfortunately Punnett Squares are not always for finding out the best parts about parenting. They are often, as you will see in the next few lessons, often used to determine the probability of a disease being passed on to a child. We'll have you try one and see what that looks like. One such disease is Cystic Fibrosis. Let's assume both parents are heterozygous for Cystic Fibrosis. That means both parents carry the recessive gene for the disease, but because of the dominant genes they have, they don't have it. However, they want to know if they try to have a child, what the chances of the child would be for having Cystic Fibrosis?​

Brandy knows that chromosomes behave differently in meiosis and mitosis. What do chromosomes do in meiosis but not in mitosis?

Black holes are inviable because they don't reflect light? true or false

What is the complementary sequence of the DNA strand modeled below?

3' AATCGC 5​

A student makes the following list of facts about a groups of objects in space while watching a NASA documentary:

- made of 200 billion stars
- 300 million light years from Earth
- 100 light years in diameter

Which of the following components of the universe is the student most likely describing?
(1 Point)

A galaxy

The universe

A constellation

The solar system

1
1 point
A genetic mutation causes a snake to have brown skin. After many generations, most of the
snake population has the brown skin mutation.
e
Which of the following most likely caused this change?
Snakes with the brown skin mutation are able to survive and reproduce more
successfully than snakes without it.
The same mutation occurred in other snakes in response to environmental conditions.
All the snakes in the area were infected with the mutation.
The other snakes changed their colors to mimic the brown snake.
2
1 point
Lo

What are some examples of traits?

What is the Sun’s role in Photosynthesis and what type of energy conversion occurs
during the process?

1.
What is the basic level of an ecosystem?
population
community
individual organisms
ecosystem

Plants use sunlight to convert nutrients into energy. What form of energy transfer is taking place?

The*blank1*energy of the Sun is converted into*blank2*energy by the plants.

options for blank1= chemical, potential, radiant, sound
options for blank2=chemical, kinetic, mechanical, thermal

Lives of plants and animals.
4. Explain how plants and animals may be adapted to live in water​

A student cross-pollinates 20 pairs of pea plants that are heterozygous for flower color and sows all of the seeds obtained from the crosses. Once the seeds germinate, the student observes that the number of purple-flowered offspring is three times the number of white-flowered offspring. Which question is the experiment designed to test

PLEASE HELP!!
How can garbage dumps pollute water?
garbage finds its way into streams and rivers
water overflows garbage dumps and moves into drainage systems
rainfall carries pollution deep underground
garbage is blown out of dumps into living areas

What is CRISPR-Cas-9? a A medical device made of titanium that cuts genes. b A metal tool used for cloning animals. c A gene editing tool used to cut specific genes

Q. what will happen to a plant if its xylem is removed ?
Q. In which chamber of heart is oxygenated and deoxygenated blood found ?
Pls mate ans fast, hurry up​

Which statement describes an advantage of sexual reproduction?

Hello, I'm 18 yrs, I just wanted to see the answer pls for this!

Why are ribosomes necessary for both Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells to function properly?

what is the message of your study of the symbol of hypothetical elements?​

Cell division in eukaryotic cells is a complex process because of
A
the multiple chromosomes.
B
the nucleus.
C
the many organelles.
D
all of the above

Which gas is released due to photosynthesis?

A Carbon dioxide

B Oxygen

C Nitrogen

D Methance