Which compound contains covalent bonds?
1. AlN
2. Ca3N2
3. NaCl
4. HCl

The compound would have higher ionic character if the difference in electronegativity between the atoms is higher.

Electronegativity is a property that explains the tendency of an atom to attract more electrons from other compounds to itself which would result in bond formation. If the attraction or electronegativity is higher, it results in ionic bond between the atoms. This is called ionic character.

We can also say that the ionic character would be high if the covalent character is less in a compound.

Thus, higher electronegativity between shared electrons between atoms and less covalent character in a compound would help us identify the compounds with higher ionic character.

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In the industrial synthesis of acetic acid, methanol is reacted with carbon monoxide. The grams of CO(g) required to produce 16.6 moles of acetic acid is 46.4 g.

The balanced chemical equation for the given reaction is -

CH₃OH(g) + CO(g) → CH₃COOH(l)

We know that,

Moles of acetic acid = 16.6 mol

First, we will calculate moles of CO by-

1 mole of acetic acid is produced by 1 mole of CO

16.6 mole of acetic acid is produced by 1 x 16.6 moles of CO

                                                                  1

Moles of CO = 16.6 mol

To calculate grams of CO -

Number of moles = Given mass

                                 Molar mass

Mass of CO can be calculated as - moles x molar mass

Mass of CO = 16.6 mol x 28 g/mol

Mass of CO = 46.4 g

Hence, grams of CO required is 46.4 g

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A. The percentage error in the measurement of the density is about 12%.

The error in any measurement is the difference between the actual measurement of the substance and the estimated measurement of the substance.

The percentage error is obtained by dividing the error in the measurement by actual measurement and multiply the result by 100%.

The average density measurement = 6.5 g/mL

error = actual measurement - estimated measurement

error = 7.4 g/mL - 6.5 g/mL

error = 0.9 g/mL

percentage error = (0.9 / 7.4) x 100%

percentage error = 12.16 %

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Answer: A

Explanation:

It is not a good idea to separate a mixture of 2-butanone and 2- propanol by fractional distalltion. However, they should be seaparted by extractive distillation.

Fractional distillation is a separation technique in which two immiscible liquids are separated by means of distillation based on differences in their boiling points.

The liquid with the lowest boiling point distills over first, before the one with the higher boiling poinr.

However, to separate two miscible liquids by fractional distillation, their boiling points must be far apart.

The boiling point of 2-butanone is 79.64 °C

The boiling point of  2- propanol is 82.5 °C

Therefore, they can not be separated by fractional distillation.

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1.29 milliliters of 3.00 m [tex]H_{2}[/tex] [tex]SO_{4}[/tex] (Sulfuric acid) are required to react with 4.35 g of a solid mixture containing 23.2 % (w/w) [tex]Ba(NO_{3)2[/tex]

Equation of the reaction:

[tex]H_2[/tex]S[tex]O_{4}[/tex](aq) + Ba(N[tex]O_{3}[/tex][tex])_{2}[/tex](aq) --> BaS[tex]O_{4}[/tex] + 2HN[tex]O_{3}[/tex](aq)

Mass of [tex]Ba(NO_{3)3[/tex] = wt% * mass of the solid

= 23.2 x 4.35 / 100

= 1.01 g

Number of moles of [tex]Ba(NO_{3)2[/tex] = Mass / Molar Mass

Molar mass of [tex]Ba(NO_{3})2[/tex] = 137 + (14 + (16 * 3))*2

= 261 g/mol

= 1.01 / 261

= 0.00387

Since the chemical reaction occurs between one mole of Ba(NO3)2 and one mole of [tex]H_{2[/tex] [tex]SO_{4}[/tex]. Therefore, number of moles of [tex]H_{2}[/tex] [tex]SO_{4}[/tex] = 0.00387 moles. The formula is

Volume = number of moles/molar concentration

= 0.00387/3

= 0.00129 L

V2 = 1.29 mL

Hence, 1.29 milliliters of 3.00 m [tex]H_{2}[/tex] [tex]SO_{4}[/tex] (Sulfuric acid) are required to react with 4.35 g of a solid mixture containing 23.2 % (w/w) Ba(NO3)2.

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The complete question is:

How many milliliters of 3.00 m H2SO4 are required to react with 4.35 g of a solid mixture containing 23.2 % (w:w) Ba(NO3)2? (i.e. in the original sample, there are 23.2 g of barium nitrate per 100 g of total sample).

Answer:

They share an outer electron.

Explanation:

For complementary reasons, sodium and chlorine are both highly reactive. Sodium has a single electron in its outermost, third shell, and chlorine has one electron less than eight in its outermost, fourth shell. They form a strongly bound molecule by sharing that outer electron.

If one sample of water is compared to a sample of water twice its mass, by the  law of multiple proportions of elements will be differ.

According to the law of multiple proportions, a fixed mass of one element would react mostly with masses of other elements in a ratio of tiny, whole numbers whenever two elements combine to generate more than one compound.

For instance, Dalton was aware that when carbon and oxygen combine in two different ratios, two oxides are produced. For example, a given mass of 100 grams of carbon may react using 133 grammes of oxygen to form one oxide or with 266 grams of oxygen to form the other oxide.

Therefore, with the help of  law of multiple proportions it can be determined.

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Electrons subatomic particles surrounding the nucleus of tungsten are responsible for the continuous spectrum observed.

These particles are commonly referred to as subatomic particles since they are the building blocks of atoms. There are protons, neutrons, and electrons, three types of subatomic particles. Protons and electrons, two of the subatomic particles, each have an electrical charge of one or the other.

Two crucial functions for subatomic particles in the construction of matter. They serve as both the universe's fundamental building blocks and the glue that connects them. Although the atoms that play these various jobs belong to two separate categories, they do have some things in common, most notably size.

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Answer:

1. 5

2. 13

Explanation:

1. AB = 2 + 3 = 5

2 A2B2 = 2(2) + 3(3) = 4 + 9 = 13

Minimum qualifications of Astronomer 4 year degree to get a postgraduate qualification like a master of physics.

2 or 3 A levels, or similar, in math and physics; 5 GCSEs at grades 9 to 4 (A* to C), or equivalent; and a degree in a field that is useful for postgraduate study.

Math and physics expertise, analytical thinking abilities, science knowledge, great verbal communication skills, the capacity to take initiative, and the capacity to think coherently utilizing logic and reasoning are all desirable. To be extremely knowledgeable about computer applications and systems.

A scientist who concentrates their research on a particular issue or area outside the purview of Earth is called an astronomer in the science of astronomy. In either observational or theoretical astronomy, they observe celestial bodies like stars, planets, moons, comets, and galaxies.

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32.66℃ is found to be the final equilibrium temperature of the system.

The movement of energy from a higher temperature to a lower temperature is referred to as heat. The system (or combination of systems) is considered to be in thermal equilibrium when these temperatures stabilize and heat stops flowing, and this temperature is known as the equilibrium temperature.

The temperature of the water at which the total of all heat fluxes through the sea surface is zero is known as the equilibrium temperature.

Because the Keq is temperature sensitive, the value of the equilibrium temperature has altered in this scenario. That is why equilibria alter with temperature changes.

If the temperature is raised, the point of equilibrium will shift in such a way that the temperature will fall again. It will do this by promoting the process that absorbs heat.

Given:

Cprop, [tex]c_{pr}[/tex] = 2500 J/(kg⋅K)

Cchloroform, [tex]c_{ch}[/tex] = 1050 J/(kg⋅K)

To find:

Final equilibrium temperature, [tex]T_f[/tex] = ?

Formula:

Heat gained by chloroform = Heat lost by propylene glycol

[tex]m_{ch} c_{ch} ( T_f -T_{ch}) = m_{pr} c_{pr} (T_{pr} - T_f)[/tex]

Calculations:

[tex]T_f[/tex] – 21.4 / 36.4 – [tex]T_f[/tex] = [tex]m_{pr}c_{pr} / m_{ch} c_{ch}[/tex] = 9 x 2500 / 7.1 x 1050

[tex]T_f[/tex] – 21.4 / 36.4 – [tex]T_f[/tex] = 22500 / 7455

[tex]T_f[/tex] – 21.4 / 36.4 – [tex]T_f[/tex] = 3.01

[tex]T_f[/tex] – 21.4 = 3.01 x (36.4 – [tex]T_f[/tex])

[tex]T_f[/tex] – 21.4 = 109.564 – 3.01 [tex]T_f[/tex]

[tex]T_f[/tex] + 3.01 [tex]T_f[/tex] = 109.564 + 21.4

4.01 [tex]T_f[/tex] = 130.964

[tex]T_f[/tex] = 130.964 / 4.01

[tex]T_f[/tex] = 32.66℃

Result:

The final equilibrium temperature is found to be 32.66℃

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Percent recovery in the first crop is 70%

Total percent recovery is 80%

Percent recovery is defined as amount recovered divided by the total possible amount recovered

First part:

Amount recovered=7g

Total amount recoverable=10g

Percent recovery=7/10=.7=70%

Percent recovery in the first crop is 70%

Second part:

Amount recovered=(7+1)g=8g

Total amount Recoverable=10g

Percent recovery=8/10=.8=80%

Total percent recovery is 80%

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The equilibrium pressure of the NO is given by 0.14 atm

We define the equilibrium constant as the value that shows the extent to which the reactant is converted to product. If the value of the equilibrium constant have been calculated to be large then most of the reactants have been converted to products.

We can write;

K = [NOBr]/[NO]^2 [Br2]

We now need to make the equilibrium concentration of the NO the subject of the formula as follows;

K[NO]^2 [Br2] = [NOBr]

[NO] =  [NOBr]/K [Br2]

[NO] = √0.482^2/109 * 0.108

[NO] = √0.232/11.77

= 0.14 atm

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The equilibrium temperature will be 19.3 °C. We can calculate this using the specific heat capacities of all materials involved (copper, aluminum, and water).

We can calculate the equilibrium temperature by comparing the amount of heat (Q) released by the block of copper and the amount of heat absorbed by aluminum and water.

Q = (t₁ - t₂) * c * m

t₂ - starting temperature

t₁ - final temperature (X)

c - specific heat capacity (0.389 J/g°C for copper, 0.903 J/g°C, 4.186 J/g°C for water)

m - mass of the substance

Q(released) = (290 C - X) * 0.389 J/g°C * 229 g

Q(released) = 25833.49 J - 89.081 J/°C * X

Q(absorbed) = (X - 12.6 °C) * (0.903 J/g°C * 136 g + 4.186 J/g°C * 835 g)

Q(absorbed) = (X - 12.6 °C) * 3618.118 J/°C

Q(absorbed) = 3618.118 J/°C * X - 45588.2868 J

We know that the amount of heat released is equal to the amount of fear absorbed, so we will use that:

25833.49 J - 89.081 J/°C * X = 3618.118 J/°C * X - 45588.2868 J

71421.7768 J = 3707.199 J/°C * X

X = 71421.7768 J / 3707.199 J/°C

X = 19.3 °C

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Answer:22.22

Explanation:22.22

Answer:

A - VSEPR

Explanation:

The concept being explained here is VSEPR theory, which helps explain molecular geometry. In this theory, electron domains (electron pairs and bonds) repel, so the electron domains are arranged where they are far away from each other. Electron pairs are more repulsive than bonds, and thus will orient themselves such that they are not close to one another.

K (Potassium) has the largest radius

Atomic radius – Distance between the nucleus of an atom to its outermost orbit.

In the periodic table, as we go down the group the atomic radius increases. This is because the energy level increases as we go down the group.

Na has 11 electrons. It would have 3 shells – 2,8,1

K has 19 electrons. It would have 4 shells – 2,8,8,1

Na⁺ and K⁺ are ions with the loss of electrons of the atom Na and K respectively.

Na⁺ and K⁺ would have lost one electron resulting in 2 and 3 shells respectively. Thus, they are smaller than Na and K respectively.

Na and K belongs to period 3 and 4 down the group. So, K in 4th period would have more energy levels compares to Na. Thus, K (Potassium) would have the largest atomic radius with 4 shells.

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The value of van't Hoff factor for the electrolyte is i =  0.28

Molarity of solution = 5.61 m

The temperature which depresses the freezing point of water = 2.93 °C

The freezing point depression constant, kfp, for water  = 1.86 °C kg[tex]mol^{-1}[/tex]

To find the van't Hoff factor, let's use the following formula.

ΔTf = kf × molality × i

Here ΔTf  = depression fo freezing point

kf = freezing point depression constant

i = Van't Hoff's factor

Now substitute the values in the above formula.

2.93  =  1.86 x 5.61 x i

i = 2.93 / 1.86 x 5.61

i = 2.93 / 1.043  = 0.28

Hence, the value of van't Hoff factor is 0.28

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The complete question is:

A 05.61 m solution of unknown electrolyte depresses the freezing point of water by 2.93 °C. What is van't Hoff factor for this electrolyte? The freezing point depression constant (Kf) for water is 1.86 °C kg[tex]mol^{-1}[/tex].

Answer:

c

Explanation:

Answer:

C

Explanation:

Answer

The grams of calcium produced will be 44.44 grams

Explanation

The equation for the reaction is:

3CaCl₂ + 2Al → 2AlCl₃ + 3Ca

From the equation; 2 mol Al = 3 mol Ca

1 mole of Al = 27 g/mol

1 mole of Ca = 40 g/mol

Therefore, the mass of Ca produced when 20 g of Al react is:

Thus, the grams of calcium produced will be 44.44 grams

Hydrogen bond is a type of intermolecular force, a strong bond that is formed due to a dipole-dipole attraction, and it will occur when Hydrogen atom bonds with strongly electronegative atoms, like F, O or N. According to this explanation, let's analyze the options:

A) Hydrogen bond will not occur between two hydrogen atoms, because there is no dipole being formed between them

B) It is not a covalent bond, since it is an interaction between molecules and not atoms, and another reason is that H bonds are strong in terms of dipoles, and covalent bondings will not have that electronegative difference

C) Water is a polar molecule, and that would be a reason for why we have hydrogen bonds

D) Since hydrogen bonds are based on a strong difference in electronegativity, it is considered to be a strong interaction

E) As I wrote in the explanation, yes this interaction between H and O will represent a hydrogen bond

F) Yes! When we talk about hydrogen bonds, we are talking about interaction between molecules and not atoms

Correct:

C

E

F

Answer:

19.5°C (nearest tenth)

Explanation:

When a gas is trapped inside a container whose volume cannot change, the pressure is directly proportional to the Kelvin temperature.

Gay Lussac's Law

[tex]\sf \dfrac{P_1}{T_1}=\dfrac{P_2}{T_2}[/tex]

where:

Temperature must be in kelvins (K).

To convert Celsius to kelvins, add 273.15.

Given values:

Substitute the given values into the equation and solve for T₁:

[tex]\implies \sf \dfrac{P_1}{T_1}=\dfrac{P_2}{T_2}[/tex]

[tex]\implies \sf \dfrac{4.882}{T_1}=\dfrac{4.690}{281.15}[/tex]

[tex]\sf \implies \sf T_1=\dfrac{4.882 \cdot 281.15}{4.690}[/tex]

[tex]\sf \implies \sf T_1=\dfrac{1372.5743}{4.690}[/tex]

[tex]\sf \implies T_1=292.6597655...\:K[/tex]

To convert kelvins to Celsius, subtract 273.15:

[tex]\sf \implies T_1=292.6597655...-273.15=19.5097...^{\circ}C[/tex]

[tex]\sf \implies T_1=19.5^{\circ}C\;(nearest\;tenth)[/tex]

Therefore, the temperature of the previous day was 19.5°C (nearest tenth).

Answer:

6.93

Explanation:

(0.07)6 + (0.93)7 = 0.42 + 6.51 = 6.93

Answer:

The element was discovered on Earth in 1817 by Johan August Arfvedson (1792-1841) in Stockholm when he investigated petalite, one of the first lithium minerals to be discovered. (It was observed to give an intense crimson flame when sprinkled on to a fire.)

The equilibrium constant is equal to 7.09 * 10⁻³ atm³.

The expression for the equilibrium constant (Kp) for this reaction will look like this:

Kp = (pNH₃)²pCO₂

pNH₃ - partial pressure of NH₃

pCO₂ - partial pressure of CO₂

Because ammonium carbamate is solid, its concentration and pressure cannot change (they are constant), so there is no need to include it in the expression. We know that all the gas present in the mixture is formed by the decomposition of ammonium carbamate. We also know that for every two moles of ammonia formed, 1 mole of carbon dioxide is also formed.

Because partial pressure is proportional to the molar ratio, we can establish  that:

pNH₃ = 2 * pCO₂

pNH₃ + pCO₂ = 0.363 atm

2 * pCO₂ + pCO₂ = 0.363 atm

3 * pCO₂ = 0.363 atm

pCO₂ = 0.363 atm / 3

pCO₂ = 0.121 atm

pNH₃ = 2 * 0.121 atm

pNH₃ = 0.242 atm

We can now plug these values into the expression for the equilibrium constant:

Kp = (0.242 atm)² * 0.121 atm = 7.09 * 10⁻³ atm³

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Answer:

a) 1.58

Explanation:

= 0.681 M Need grams of NaF



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The pH of the hydrofluoric acid solution prior to adding sodium fluoride - = 1.606 and the amount of sodium fluoride should be added to prepare the buffer solution - 35.75g or 36 g.

a) Weak acid such as hydrofluoric acid is not entirely dissociate. The capacity of dissociation of the compound will be given by it's acid dissociation constant ka

HF <==> H+ + F-

I    1.0       0     0              

C   -x       +x    +x

E   1.0-x     x     x

I = initial conc.   C = Change in conc.    E = Conc. at equilibrium

Ka =          (Ka for HF is 6.3 x 10-4 constant)

= 6.3 x 10-4 =

= 6.3 x 10-4 (1.0- x ) =

Solve for x using quadratic equation method. Neglecting negative value as concentration is always positive value

x = -0.0254 and x = 0.0248 = [H+]  

pH = - log []  

pH = - log 0.0248

= 1.606 ( pH of HF before adding NaF)

b) Given:

pH = 3.00

[HF] = 1.00 M

[F-] - ?

Solution:

a buffer follows the Henderson-Hasselbach equation:

pH = pKa + log

3.00 = 3.167 + log

log      = -0.167  

[] = (0.681) ([HF])

= (0.681) (1.00)

= 0.681 M

NaF --> + [NaF]

= 0.681 M Need grams of NaF

The amount of would be =

=

= 35.75g NaF

Thus,  the pH of the hydrofluoric acid solution prior to adding sodium fluoride - = 1.606 and the amount of sodium fluoride should be added to prepare the buffer solution - 35.75g or 36 g.

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By using the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation, the pH of the given solutions are 4.17, 8.72, 3.83 respectively.

The Henderson-Hasselbalch equation can be used to determine how much conjugate base and acid should be mixed to create a buffer solution with a certain pH.

pH = pKa + [tex]log_{10}[/tex] ([[tex]A^-[/tex]]/[HA]), where [[tex]A^-[/tex]] stands for the molar concentration of the conjugate base (of the acid), and [HA] for the molar concentration of the weak acid, is how the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation is expressed.

As per Henderson-Hasselbalch equation,

For weak acid buffer, pH = pKa + log ([salt] / [acid])

For weak base buffer, pH = pKa + log ([salt] / [base])

(a) pKa of HCOOH = 3.77

Therefore, pH = pKa + log ([salt] / [acid])

pH = pKa + log ([HCOONa] / [HCOOH])

pH = 3.77 + log (0.250/0.100)

pH = 4.17

(b) pKa of Pyridine = 8.77

Therefore, pH = pKa + log ([salt] / [base])

pH = pKa + log ([Pyridinium chloride] / [Pyridine])

pH = 8.77 + log (0.450/0.510)

pH = 8.72

(c) pKa of HF = 3.17

Therefore, pH = pKa + log ([salt] / [acid])

pH = pKa + log ([NaF] / [HF])

pH = 3.17 + log [(0.10x 125) / (0.05 x 55)]

pH = 3.83

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