Process that ensures tissues and organs are in their characteristic places is pattern formation. Molecular cues that control this is called positional info, provided by cytoplasmic determinants and inductive signals
What do you understand by pattern formation?Pattern formation is the developmental process by which cell acquires different types of identities, depending on relative spatial positions within embryo. Pattern formation makes sure that tissues and organs develop in the correct place and orientation in the body.
Cytoplasmic determinants and inductive signals contribute to the development of a special organization where the tissues and organs of organisms are in their characteristic places.
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what are some of the major challenges that must be overcome to develop safer and more effective viral vectors for gene therapy?
DNA during integration is inserted incorrectly. a defense mechanism against viral introduction
What does DNA do? Why is it significant?A chemical known as deoxyribonucleic acid contains the biological instructions that give each species its uniqueness (DNA). Mature organisms reproduce by passing on their DNA to their offspring along with the genetic information it contains.
Why does an individual have DNA?All living things are made up of genes, which are included in DNA. The most important characteristic of DNA is its potential for repeated self-replication. DNA must be duplicated in order to produce new cells, transmit genetic material from parents to offspring, and serve as a code for RNA (ribonucleic acid), which is required to produce proteins.
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Genetic variation among humans is relatively small when compared to other species. Where in the human genome does most of the diversity occur?.
Since all humans have a common ancestor, only a tiny subset of variations varies significantly in frequency between groups.
Due in part to the larger size of human populations in Africa over the course of human history and in part to the apparent low number of modern humans who left Africa to colonize the rest of the world, populations in Africa typically have lower levels of linkage disequilibrium than populations outside of Africa.
However, in general, local populations account for 85% of genetic variation, local populations on the same continent account for 7%, and large groups living on different continents account for 8%.
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Write an Analogy on each topic. Ex. The hormone is like a text because it carries information from the sender (gland) to the recipient (effector).
Pituitary Glands
growth hormone
Bloodstream
peripheral organ
during transcription, which enzyme catalyzes the addition of new ribonucleotides to the free 3' of the growing molecule?
During transcription, the enzyme that catalyzes the addition of new ribonucleotides to the free 3' of the growing molecule is : RNA Polymerase
What is RNA polymerase?RNA polymerase is a multi-unit enzyme that synthesizes RNA molecules from template of DNA by a process called as transcription. Transcription of genetic information into RNA is the first step in gene expression that precedes translation that is the process of decoding RNA into proteins.
RNA polymerase is the enzyme responsible for transcribing the genetic information stored in DNA to RNA. RNA polymerase is also known as DNA-directed RNA polymerase and is found in all living organisms and also many viruses.
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How does simple fission differ from facilitated diffusion?
A) in simple diffusion, molecules cross lipid bilateral and facilitated diffusion cross through transport proteins.
B) Simple does not require ATP energy but facilitated does.
C) Facilitated is from high to low and simple is from low to high.
D) Simple is from high to low concentration and facilitated is from low to high.
Explanation:
Ans)There is a distinction between the two in that in simple diffusion, molecules move without the assistance of membrane proteins, whereas in facilitated diffusion, membrane proteins assist molecules in their movement downward
Describe what happened. When was there more potential energy in the system? when was there more kinetic energy in the system?.
Potential lnergy increases when charges move in the opposite direction of electric force. If kinetic energy increases, potential energy decreases.
Potential energy is the energy an object has due to its position relative to other objects, voltages within it, its electric charge, or other factors. There are two types of potential energy, and they are: gravitational potential energy, elastic potential energy. Kinetic energy is the form of energy an object or particle has for its motion, equal to half the mass of the body times the square of its velocity. The temperature of an object is directly related to its kinetic energy.
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A population contain hort plant and tall plant. The hort plant are not able to compete with tall plant for unlight. The tall plant, however, are more uceptible to wind damage. Which type of election will thi population of plant mot likely experience?
what parts of the cortex show increased blood flow when a subject is asked to think about moving her right finger
Area 4 of the brain records increased blood flow when people move their fingers physically after mentally practicing the movement. Area 4 is engaged in carrying out motions.
Explain what blood is.Water, salts, and protein make up the liquid component, known as plasma. Plasma makes up the majority of your blood. Red, white, and platelet cells make up the portion of your blood that is solid. Your organs and tissues receive oxygen from your lungs thanks to red blood cells (RBC).
Why does blood matter?Blood is necessary for human life. Without blood, our bodies' organs would be unable to obtain the nutrition and oxygen they require to function, as well as the ability to maintain body temperature.
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increasing permeability of the membrane to potassium will have what effect on the membrane potential?
The membrane would become more adverse as a result. The membrane would become more negative if the membrane's potassium permeability increased.
How does potassium permeability affect membrane potential?The removal of positive charge by electrochemical gradients causes the membrane potential of the cell to shift more strongly in the direction of the equilibrium potential for potassium.
The membrane would become more negative as potassium permeability through the membrane increased. Given that potassium is a positively-charged ion and that the intracellular environment has a net negative charge, enhancing the membrane's permeability would result in a more negative membrane.
For instance, the magnitude of the potassium concentration gradient across the myocyte decreases as the extracellular potassium level rises, lowering the resting membrane potential.
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How would you investigate the effect of temperature on photosynthesis? outline the steps of a practical investigation.
Count the number of oxygen bubbles emitted by the plant in a one minute period. This is the rate of photosynthesis at that particular temperature.
The gas should be checked to verify that it is indeed oxygen and a glow splint relighted. Count the number of oxygen bubbles emitted by the plant in a one minute period. This is the rate of photosynthesis at that particular temperature. The gas must be checked to prove that it is in fact oxygen to relight a glow ferrule. Temperature. As with other chemical reactions, the rate of photosynthesis increases as the temperature increases. Photosynthesis is controlled by enzymes, which denature if the temperature is too high. As a result, the rate of photosynthesis reaches its maximum at an optimum temperature and then decreases. The effect of light intensity on photosynthesis can be investigated in aquatic plants. Use Cabomba or Elodea, which are sold at aquarium stores. Plants will release oxygen bubbles from photosynthesis.
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Tropomyosin is long enough to cover the active sites on _________ G- actin molecules.
Question options:
A) 1
B) 3
C) 5
D) 7
E) 9
F) 11
G) 13
Answer: D) 7
Explanation:
A dam is built that separates a river into two sections—a deep upstream section and a shallow downstream section. When the dam is first built, a fish species is able to move from the upstream section into the downstream section, but not vice versa. Predators can more easily catch the fish in the shallow downstream section than they can in the deep upstream section. Which scenario is most likely to lead to speciation?A. The fish population contains individuals with effective predation evasive traits and eventual changes to the dam prevent fish from moving downstream.B. The fish completely lack any effective predation evasive traits across the entire population, move infrequently from upstream to downstream locations, and reproduce with low frequency.C. The fish reproduce with high frequency, move with high frequency from upstream to downstream locations, and have a robust set of predation evasive traits across the entire population.D. The rate of upstream fish entering the downstream section decreases over time without being completely shut off, and many of these fish carry predation evasive traits.
The likelihood of speciation is highest when improvements to the dam are made to prevent fish from migrating downstream because the fish population contains individuals with effective predation evasive features.
The fish population includes individuals that are good at avoiding predators, and future adjustments to the dam will stop fish from migrating downstream.The fish move infrequently from upstream to downstream locations, breed infrequently, and utterly lack any effective predation evasive traits across the whole population. The fish have a comprehensive collection of predation evasive features across the whole population, spawn frequently, frequently travel from upstream to downstream areas, and frequently. Over time, but without totally ceasing, the rate of upstream fish entering the downstream part diminishes.To know more about prevent fish
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what would the reproductive consequences be in dark skinned humans in geographic regions with low uv exposure?
Every person's DNA carries information about their genetic links with other people, including how far back those relationships date.
Genetic markers, which are unusual DNA changes that are passed down across generations, are essential for understanding the migration patterns of contemporary human groups. Various populations have unique markers. Once a marker has been located, it can be used to determine its origin, or the most recent ancestor shared by all those who carry the marker. Following these markers down the generations reveals a genetic tree with many different branches that can all be traced back to a common African root. The power plants of the body are the mitochondria found inside each cell; they produce the energy required for biological organisms to exist and operate. The DNA in mitochondria, also known as mtDNA, is separate from the DNA found inside the nucleus.
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A btu is defined as the amount of energy required to raise the temperature of one lb of water by one degree celsius
a. True
b. False
False: The amount of energy needed to raise one pound of water's temperature by one degree Celsius is known as one BTU.
The correct definition of a BTU is the amount of energy needed to raise one pound of water's temperature by one degree Fahrenheit. It has a joule value of 1.055 x 10³. And the water has its highest density at that temperature (approximately 39 degrees Fahrenheit). The power, steam production, heating, and air conditioning industries all utilise the British thermal unit (BTU) as their standard energy measurement. The joule, a SI measure of energy, has essentially taken the place of the BTU in scientific applications.
The energy released while a match burns is approximately equivalent to one British thermal unit (BTU). Temperature is a unit used to represent hotness or coolness on any of a number of scales, including Fahrenheit and Celsius.
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antibodies expressed by plasma cells are secreted from the cells. what is the function of these free antibodies?
They start a second immunological reaction.
What are the purposes of plasma cells that secrete antibodies?Distinguished B-lymphocyte white blood cells called plasma cells are able to secrete immunoglobulin, or antibody.These cells, which are the primary cells in charge of humoral immunity, play a crucial part in the adaptive immune response.
What use does an antibody protein serve?An antibody is a protein-based element of the immune system that travels through the blood, detects and destroys foreign entities like bacteria and viruses.
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The current decline of amphibian populations worldwide has been linked to a ________ fungus.
Answer:
chytrid
Explanation:
which three elements are common to the reactants and the products of both photosynthesis and cellular respiration?
Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen three elements are common to the reactants and the products of both photosynthesis and cellular respiration.
What are the components of photosynthesis and cellular respiration and what are their byproducts?In cellular respiration, the products and reactants for photosynthesis are switched around: Carbon dioxide and water, which are byproducts of cellular respiration, are the reactants in photosynthesis. Oxygen and sugar, byproducts of photosynthesis, are the reactants of cellular respiration.
Cytochromes are membrane-bound hemeproteins with heme groups that play a key role in ATP synthesis through electron transport. Both photosynthesis and respiration use it often.
The same reactions occur, but in reverse order. Carbon dioxide and water are converted during photosynthesis into glucose and oxygen. Carbon dioxide and water are produced during respiration in exchange for glucose and oxygen.
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how would we know if a fossil was that of a eutherian mammal? a.all teeth except for the molars are replaced
Therian mammals, including marsupials and eutherians, may be identified and discriminated by the quantity, form, and replacement pattern of their teeth.
However, some early Mesozoic fossils with therian characteristics have been discovered in Mongolia, and these cannot be definitively assigned to one of the groups;
that is, we do not know which group of therian mammals they belong to, or whether they belong to another closely related group that has since become extinct.
The infant molars are replaced by teeth known as premolars (also known as bicuspids). A whole adult dentition consists of 32 teeth, 16 on top and 16 on bottom.
The primary dentition is replaced by permanent central incisors, lateral incisors, canines, and first and second premolars. The permanent premolars replace the primary molars, and the permanent molars erupt posterior to those.
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the northern leopard frog, tree frog, and wood frog are all different species of frogs. why is having a scientific name for each species of an organism important for scientists?
Every recognized species on Earth is identified using the two-part binomial nomenclature. They are essential because they allow for interspecies communication on a global scale.
Why is it important for scientists to understand what each species of an organism is known by in science?Scientific names are used to universally designate different types of species so that scientists from all over the world can instantly recognize the same animal.
The use of scientific names, which give organisms a universal name that acts as a code, avoids misunderstanding among numerous countries that may have different common names for them. Scientists from diverse nations can communicate with one another about various organisms by using scientific names.
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A mutation occurs in a single bacterium that causes it to produce a new enzyme. This enzyme helps the bacterium process nutrients more efficiently, increasing the bacterium's odds of survival.
Every 30 minutes, the bacteria in the colony divide, passing their genes on to their offspring. Some bacteria survive, while others do not. Because resources are limited, the colony has a steady population of 114 bacteria.
The bacterial colony is shown below at three different time intervals.
Assume that the survival trend shown in the diagram continues. At 3.0 hours, the mutant bacteria will make up
percent of the entire colony.
Bacteria express exponential growth models, meaning their population growth is dense-independent and proportional to the population size. In the exposed example, assuming a colony of 114 cells at 3.0 hours, the mutant bacteria will make up 56.14 % of the entire colony.
What is exponential growth?
Exponential growth is one model of population growth together with the logistic growth model.
Populations that experience exponential growth models show an increase in proportion to their size. The increase in the population size depends on the individual's reproduction rate: a population that grows at constant exponential rate gains individuals faster as the population increases in size.
This model states that populations live in an environment with unlimited resource availability, so the density factor does not influence population growth. There is no density-dependence effect nor competition for resources. Natality and mortality rate do not depend on density. There is a constant growth rate per capita, and it is proportional to the population size.
Bacteria usually experience exponential growth.
In the exposed example, we can see that
At 0 hours, there were only one bacteria expressing the new enzymeAfter 1 hour, there were four bacteria expressing the enzymeAfter 2 hours, there were 16 bacteria expressing the enzyme.
We can assume that each bacteria divides every 30 minutes (half an hour). So each bacteria produces 4 new cells every hour.
0 hours ------- 1 bacteria with the enzyme
1 hour --------- 4 bacteria with the enzyme (1 x 4)
2 hours ------- 16 bacteria with the enzyme (4 x 4)
3 hours --------64 bacteria with the enzyme (16 x 4).
Each of the 16 cells present after 2 hours got divided and produced 4 new cells, resulting in 64 cells after 3 hours.
The population growth rate is proportional to the population size.
114 bacteria ------ 100% of the population
64 bacteria -------X = (64 x 100) / 114 = 56.14%
At 3.0 hours, the mutant bacteria will make up 56.14 % of the entire colony.
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PLS HELP I WILL GIVE YOU BRAINLIST OR WHATEVER IS CALLED !
Answer:
D
Explanation:
the third car has the most wight so if all of the cars are launched with the same force the third car will move the least
Thymine and cytosine differ from adenine and guanine in that
a) thymine and cytosine are only found in DNA, whereas adenine and guanine are only found in RNA.
b) thymine and cytosine are single-ring structures, whereas adenine and guanine are double-ring structures.
c) thymine and cytosine are only found in DNA, whereas adenine and guanine are found in both DNA and RNA.
d) thymine and cytosine are larger nitrogenous bases.
Thymine and cytosine are distinct from adenine and guanine in that they have single-ring structures, whereas adenine and guanine have double-ring structures.
What is the structure of DNA?In genomics, a double helix is a term used to describe the physical structure of DNA. A DNA molecule is composed of two linked strands that wind around one another to form a twisted ladder in the shape of a helix. Each strand has an alternate sugar (deoxyribose) and phosphate backbone.A double helix is a twisted ladder-like structure made up of two interconnected strands that wind around each other. Each strand has an alternate sugar (deoxyribose) and phosphate backbone. Each sugar is linked to one of four different bases: adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), or thymine (T).For example, DNA and proteins both have a different and ordered structure, such as a right-handed double helix or a single -helix.To learn more about DNA refer to :
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How did chloroplasts end up in producers’ cells?
Answer:
They begin as bacteria but are then enlarged by larger cells.
Explanation:
i hope this helped
The chloroplasts end up in the producer's cell, as they begin as bacteria but are then enlarged by larger cells.
What are chloroplast cells?A membrane-bound organelle called a plastid, or chloroplast is a kind that primarily facilitates photosynthesis in plant and algal cells.
Both plants and algae include chloroplasts. They are in charge of collecting light energy for photosynthesis, which produces carbohydrates.
Chloroplasts and mitochondria probably started as microorganisms that were swallowed by larger cells (the endosymbiont theory).
Therefore, since the chloroplasts start out as bacteria before being expanded by larger cells, they ultimately end up in the cell of the producer.
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What causes evaporation?
1.Air that is supersaturated with water vapor comes into contact with the surface of the water
2.Air that is cooler than the water comes into contact with the surface of the water
3.Air that is warmer than water comes into contact with the surface of the water
4.Air that is unsaturated with water vapor comes into contact with the surface of the water
Air that is warmer than water comes into contact with the surface of the water and causes evaporation. Therefore, option (C) is correct.
What is evaporation?A type of vaporization called evaporation takes place on the surface of a liquid as it transitions into the gas phase. When humidity impacts the rate of evaporation of water, for example, a high concentration of the evaporating substance in the surrounding gas considerably slows down evaporation.
The water cycle includes evaporation, which is a crucial step. The evaporation process is driven by solar energy, or heat from the sun. It absorbs moisture from both the largest oceans and lakes as well as garden soil. As the water is exposed to the sun's heat, its level will drop.
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bt corn is a genetically modified crop that contains a gene from another species. the genetic modification was made to give the plant which characteristic?
"Insect Resistance" is the characteristic this gene give the plant.
Bt-corn is a type of genetically modified organism.
Genetically Modified Organism :
A GMO is a animal or plant that has been genetically modified through the addition of a small amount of genetic material from other organisms through molecular techniques.
How was Bt corn genetically modified?
To create a Bt corn, plant scientists selected the gene for a particular Bt toxin and inserted it into the cells of corn plant at the embryo stage. The resulting mature plant has the Bt gene in all its cells and expresses the insecticidal protein (in leaves).
What are the benefits of Bt corn?
It can help producers keep crop loss minimum and retain higher profit margins and saves producers the time and money associated with scouting for pests and spraying pesticides on infected crops.
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of Life and Cell Structure talysts ruction Active Enzyme Activity Put the steps of enzyme activity in order from first to last using the drop down menu besic 2 The chemical reaction occurs.
Enzyme Activities are:
The enzyme and substrate bind to form an enzyme-substrate complex.The chemical reaction occurs within the active site of the enzyme.The product is released from the enzyme.What is an enzyme?Generally, An enzyme is a type of protein that acts as a biological catalyst. Enzymes are essential for many chemical reactions that occur in the body, and they play a key role in maintaining homeostasis, the balance of chemical reactions that allows organisms to function properly.
Enzymes are highly specific, meaning that they only catalyze specific reactions. They do this by bringing reactant molecules, called substrates, into close proximity and orienting them in a way that allows the reaction to occur more efficiently. Enzymes are able to do this because their shape and chemical properties allow them to bind to and interact with the substrate molecules in specific ways.
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which is the period of time in the viral life cycle that is categorized by virtually undetectable virions inside the infected cell?
Eclipse period of the viral life cycle is categorized by virtually undetectable virions inside the infected cell.
The eclipse phase is the time between effective cell infection and the initiation of virus production. Its timeframe is precise to each virus strain and, along with an effective virus rate of production, plays a key role in infection kinetics.
The eclipse period begins immediately after viral particles enter the host cell. Eclipse is distinguished by the inability to detect free viruses because viruses are vigorously transcribing and replicating within the host.
Viruses are nucleoproteins. They are noncellular structures that contain infectious genetic material. Virions are viruses that are encapsulated in a capsid and contain DNA or RNA molecules. It contains both nucleic acid and protein layers.
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If a scientist wanted to determine if a forest environment had been polluted, which group of organisms typically would be the best indicator for the presence of pollutants?.
Amphibians groups of organisms typically would be the best indicator for the presence of pollutants. If scientist wanted to determine if a forest environment had been polluted.
Due to their vulnerability to toxins during their freshwater cycles, amphibians make excellent bioindicators of environmental pollution. The decline in the frog population over the past few decades has been attributed to the effects of environmental contamination, as well as modifications to human activity and the temperature.
Frogs, toads, and salamanders are examples of amphibians that are considered indicator species. They can provide scientists with invaluable information about the functioning of an ecosystem since they are highly sensitive to environmental changes. A lot of different species are impacted by amphibians because they are both predators and prey.
Hence, amphibian is most sensitive towards pollutant.
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Amphibian communities are usually the best indicators of the presence of contaminants. When a scientist wanted to determine if the forest environment was polluted.
Amphibians are excellent bioindicators of pollution because they are vulnerable to toxins during the freshwater cycle. The decline in frog populations in recent decades has been attributed not only to human activity and temperature changes, but also to the effects of pollution.Frogs, toads, and salamanders are examples of amphibians that are considered indicator species. They are so sensitive to environmental changes that they can provide scientists with valuable information about how ecosystems work. Many different species are affected by amphibians because they are both predators and prey.
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the timing of a mutation during development has negligible effects on the severity of the genetic defect. State True or False your answer:
a. True
b. False
False. On the severity of the genetic abnormality, the timing of a mutation during development has very little of an impact.
Genes serve as an example.The genes you inherit influence a variety of traits, including your skin and hair hues. Emma's mother could have two genes—one for brown hair and one for red hair—and may have passed one of them on to her. If her father has two copies of the gene that causes red hair, she could get it.
Genes' relevanceThe instructions contained by your genes control the development and operation of your cells. Cells are the building blocks of the body. Every part of your body is made up of a billion cells working together. The components that keep genes in place called chromosomes.
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DNA and RNA are polymers composed of ______ monomers
a) nucleotide
b) carbohydrate
c) fatty acid
d) amino acid
A. nucleotide monomers are arranged in long chains to form DNA and RNA.
What monomers are DNA and RNA polymers composed of?DNA and RNA are polymers made up of monomers known as nucleotides, and they are both nucleic acids. Four different nucleic acid bases—guanine (G), cytosine (C), adenine (A), and uracil—are joined to a five-carbon sugar phosphate to form an RNA nucleotide.A DNA nucleotide uses the thymine base (T) instead of uracil because the sugar at the 2' position lacks the hydroxyl group. For reference, the typical system of numbers for DNA and RNA is displayed here; the prime (') symbol is used to separate the base carbon numbers from the sugar carbon numbers.The 5' phosphate and the 3' hydroxyl on the sugar act as the RNA or DNA monomer's two "hooks," and during the synthesis of DNA polymers, a "phosphate diester" group links them. DNA and RNA sequences are typically written from 5' to 3'.
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