The property (quality) of fossils allows scientists to determine the relative ages of rock layers are fossils show change over time as species evolve.
What is the minimum age of a fossil?A living being that lived more than 11 thousand years ago is considered a fossil, that is, before the Holocene, which is the current geological epoch. Ancient remains or evidence, but less than 11,000 years old, such as sambaquis, are classified as subfossils.Chemistry is present in this process, more precisely the element Carbon. The dating of a fossil can be done based on the already known percentage of Carbon-14 (C14) in relation to Carbon-12 (C12) of living matter (without decomposition).The term fossil can be defined as the remains or the retained remnants of ancient species, or signs of their remains. Fossils are not the remnants of living organisms.They are stones. A fossil can save a whole organism or only a portion of one. Fossils can be formed from bones, shells, feathers, or leaves. The greater the age of the fossil located deep within the ground. It informs us about the time period and the uniqueness of the artifacts.The strata are layered one on top of the other, with the bottom layers being older in geological time and the top layers being more recent.To learn more about fossil refer to:
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which three elements are common to the reactants and the products of both photosynthesis and cellular respiration?
Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen three elements are common to the reactants and the products of both photosynthesis and cellular respiration.
What are the components of photosynthesis and cellular respiration and what are their byproducts?In cellular respiration, the products and reactants for photosynthesis are switched around: Carbon dioxide and water, which are byproducts of cellular respiration, are the reactants in photosynthesis. Oxygen and sugar, byproducts of photosynthesis, are the reactants of cellular respiration.
Cytochromes are membrane-bound hemeproteins with heme groups that play a key role in ATP synthesis through electron transport. Both photosynthesis and respiration use it often.
The same reactions occur, but in reverse order. Carbon dioxide and water are converted during photosynthesis into glucose and oxygen. Carbon dioxide and water are produced during respiration in exchange for glucose and oxygen.
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which scenario will most likely result in a change to the nitrogen cycle that negatively affects plant growth?
Scenario that will result in a change to the nitrogen cycle that negatively affects plant growth is soil acidification.
How does the nitrogen cycle are affected by soil acidification?A process known as "soil acidification" occurs when soil pH falls over time. Agricultural output speeds up this process, which can have an impact on both the surface soil and subsoil.
Beneficial soil microorganisms are inhibited from recycling nutrients, such as nitrogen, which may result in a decrease in supply. Plants have reduced access to phosphorus in the soil, and shortages in calcium, magnesium, and molybdenum may also develop. The plants' capacity to utilize subsurface moisture can be compromised.
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the northern leopard frog, tree frog, and wood frog are all different species of frogs. why is having a scientific name for each species of an organism important for scientists?
Every recognized species on Earth is identified using the two-part binomial nomenclature. They are essential because they allow for interspecies communication on a global scale.
Why is it important for scientists to understand what each species of an organism is known by in science?Scientific names are used to universally designate different types of species so that scientists from all over the world can instantly recognize the same animal.
The use of scientific names, which give organisms a universal name that acts as a code, avoids misunderstanding among numerous countries that may have different common names for them. Scientists from diverse nations can communicate with one another about various organisms by using scientific names.
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what would the reproductive consequences be in dark skinned humans in geographic regions with low uv exposure?
Every person's DNA carries information about their genetic links with other people, including how far back those relationships date.
Genetic markers, which are unusual DNA changes that are passed down across generations, are essential for understanding the migration patterns of contemporary human groups. Various populations have unique markers. Once a marker has been located, it can be used to determine its origin, or the most recent ancestor shared by all those who carry the marker. Following these markers down the generations reveals a genetic tree with many different branches that can all be traced back to a common African root. The power plants of the body are the mitochondria found inside each cell; they produce the energy required for biological organisms to exist and operate. The DNA in mitochondria, also known as mtDNA, is separate from the DNA found inside the nucleus.
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What are three parts of cell theory
Answer:
1. All living things are composed of cells.
2. Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in all living things.
3. All new cells come from pre-existing cells
Hope this helps :)
Explanation:
Which efferent pathway has a single nerve fiber extending from the cns to effector?.
Somatic pathway has a single nerve fiber extending from the CNS to effector.
Somatic senses are senses that have to do with the experience of touch. Somatosensory pathways transfer information that lies between brain and nerves in the skin and organs. Ascending pathways, also called afferent pathways, send somatosensory information from the body up to the brain through a series of afferent nerves.
Somatic afferent (GSA) system consists of the neurons which are transferred primarily by the fifth cranial nerve present on the surface of the head and spinal nerves to the surface of body and limbs that are sensitive to touch, temperature and stimulus.
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bt corn is a genetically modified crop that contains a gene from another species. the genetic modification was made to give the plant which characteristic?
"Insect Resistance" is the characteristic this gene give the plant.
Bt-corn is a type of genetically modified organism.
Genetically Modified Organism :
A GMO is a animal or plant that has been genetically modified through the addition of a small amount of genetic material from other organisms through molecular techniques.
How was Bt corn genetically modified?
To create a Bt corn, plant scientists selected the gene for a particular Bt toxin and inserted it into the cells of corn plant at the embryo stage. The resulting mature plant has the Bt gene in all its cells and expresses the insecticidal protein (in leaves).
What are the benefits of Bt corn?
It can help producers keep crop loss minimum and retain higher profit margins and saves producers the time and money associated with scouting for pests and spraying pesticides on infected crops.
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Thymine and cytosine differ from adenine and guanine in that
a) thymine and cytosine are only found in DNA, whereas adenine and guanine are only found in RNA.
b) thymine and cytosine are single-ring structures, whereas adenine and guanine are double-ring structures.
c) thymine and cytosine are only found in DNA, whereas adenine and guanine are found in both DNA and RNA.
d) thymine and cytosine are larger nitrogenous bases.
Thymine and cytosine are distinct from adenine and guanine in that they have single-ring structures, whereas adenine and guanine have double-ring structures.
What is the structure of DNA?In genomics, a double helix is a term used to describe the physical structure of DNA. A DNA molecule is composed of two linked strands that wind around one another to form a twisted ladder in the shape of a helix. Each strand has an alternate sugar (deoxyribose) and phosphate backbone.A double helix is a twisted ladder-like structure made up of two interconnected strands that wind around each other. Each strand has an alternate sugar (deoxyribose) and phosphate backbone. Each sugar is linked to one of four different bases: adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), or thymine (T).For example, DNA and proteins both have a different and ordered structure, such as a right-handed double helix or a single -helix.To learn more about DNA refer to :
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How does simple fission differ from facilitated diffusion?
A) in simple diffusion, molecules cross lipid bilateral and facilitated diffusion cross through transport proteins.
B) Simple does not require ATP energy but facilitated does.
C) Facilitated is from high to low and simple is from low to high.
D) Simple is from high to low concentration and facilitated is from low to high.
Explanation:
Ans)There is a distinction between the two in that in simple diffusion, molecules move without the assistance of membrane proteins, whereas in facilitated diffusion, membrane proteins assist molecules in their movement downward
stress-induced sympathetic stimulation of the adrenal medulla causes the secretion of catecholamines, which include:
The stress-induced sympathetic stimulation of the adrenal medulla causes the secretion of catecholamines which include Epinephrine and norepinephrine.
The adrenal medulla secretes catecholamines hormones that help the body respond to stress. Catecholamines include epinephrine and norepinephrine, also known as epinephrine and norepinephrine. Under stress, the adrenal glands respond quickly by increasing the secretion of glucocorticoids and catecholamines into circulation.
These hormones in turn affect metabolism supplying energy to the vascular system to raise blood pressure and prevent the immune system from becoming over-activated. Visceral stimulation is the physiological stimulation of catecholamine secretion. Her ACh is released from nerve endings in the adrenal medulla when splanchnic nerves are stimulated.
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Sympathetic stimulation by stress in the adrenal medulla causes the secretion of the catecholamines epinephrine and norepinephrine.
A type of neurohormone (a chemical substance made by nerve cells and used to send signals to other cells). Catecholamines are important in stress responses. High levels can cause high blood pressure, headaches, sweating, heart palpitations, chest pain, and anxiety. Epinephrine is also known as adrenaline.
A catecholamine test measures the amount of these hormones in the urine or blood. Higher than normal levels of dopamine, norepinephrine, and/or epinephrine can be signs of a serious health condition.
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antibodies expressed by plasma cells are secreted from the cells. what is the function of these free antibodies?
They start a second immunological reaction.
What are the purposes of plasma cells that secrete antibodies?Distinguished B-lymphocyte white blood cells called plasma cells are able to secrete immunoglobulin, or antibody.These cells, which are the primary cells in charge of humoral immunity, play a crucial part in the adaptive immune response.
What use does an antibody protein serve?An antibody is a protein-based element of the immune system that travels through the blood, detects and destroys foreign entities like bacteria and viruses.
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If a scientist wanted to determine if a forest environment had been polluted, which group of organisms typically would be the best indicator for the presence of pollutants?.
Amphibians groups of organisms typically would be the best indicator for the presence of pollutants. If scientist wanted to determine if a forest environment had been polluted.
Due to their vulnerability to toxins during their freshwater cycles, amphibians make excellent bioindicators of environmental pollution. The decline in the frog population over the past few decades has been attributed to the effects of environmental contamination, as well as modifications to human activity and the temperature.
Frogs, toads, and salamanders are examples of amphibians that are considered indicator species. They can provide scientists with invaluable information about the functioning of an ecosystem since they are highly sensitive to environmental changes. A lot of different species are impacted by amphibians because they are both predators and prey.
Hence, amphibian is most sensitive towards pollutant.
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Amphibian communities are usually the best indicators of the presence of contaminants. When a scientist wanted to determine if the forest environment was polluted.
Amphibians are excellent bioindicators of pollution because they are vulnerable to toxins during the freshwater cycle. The decline in frog populations in recent decades has been attributed not only to human activity and temperature changes, but also to the effects of pollution.Frogs, toads, and salamanders are examples of amphibians that are considered indicator species. They are so sensitive to environmental changes that they can provide scientists with valuable information about how ecosystems work. Many different species are affected by amphibians because they are both predators and prey.
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A dam is built that separates a river into two sections—a deep upstream section and a shallow downstream section. When the dam is first built, a fish species is able to move from the upstream section into the downstream section, but not vice versa. Predators can more easily catch the fish in the shallow downstream section than they can in the deep upstream section. Which scenario is most likely to lead to speciation?A. The fish population contains individuals with effective predation evasive traits and eventual changes to the dam prevent fish from moving downstream.B. The fish completely lack any effective predation evasive traits across the entire population, move infrequently from upstream to downstream locations, and reproduce with low frequency.C. The fish reproduce with high frequency, move with high frequency from upstream to downstream locations, and have a robust set of predation evasive traits across the entire population.D. The rate of upstream fish entering the downstream section decreases over time without being completely shut off, and many of these fish carry predation evasive traits.
The likelihood of speciation is highest when improvements to the dam are made to prevent fish from migrating downstream because the fish population contains individuals with effective predation evasive features.
The fish population includes individuals that are good at avoiding predators, and future adjustments to the dam will stop fish from migrating downstream.The fish move infrequently from upstream to downstream locations, breed infrequently, and utterly lack any effective predation evasive traits across the whole population. The fish have a comprehensive collection of predation evasive features across the whole population, spawn frequently, frequently travel from upstream to downstream areas, and frequently. Over time, but without totally ceasing, the rate of upstream fish entering the downstream part diminishes.To know more about prevent fish
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Describe what happened. When was there more potential energy in the system? when was there more kinetic energy in the system?.
Potential lnergy increases when charges move in the opposite direction of electric force. If kinetic energy increases, potential energy decreases.
Potential energy is the energy an object has due to its position relative to other objects, voltages within it, its electric charge, or other factors. There are two types of potential energy, and they are: gravitational potential energy, elastic potential energy. Kinetic energy is the form of energy an object or particle has for its motion, equal to half the mass of the body times the square of its velocity. The temperature of an object is directly related to its kinetic energy.
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The language you speak, how you wear your hair and what music you like to listen to are all examples of
A
DNA.
B heredity.
c) acquired traits.
inherited traits.
Answer:
c.) acquired traits
Explanation:
Have a nice day! <3
A population contain hort plant and tall plant. The hort plant are not able to compete with tall plant for unlight. The tall plant, however, are more uceptible to wind damage. Which type of election will thi population of plant mot likely experience?
the activity you choose to improve your cardiovascular endurance does not have to be strenuous?
The activities you can choose to increase your cardiovascular endurance should be according to our personal preferences and limitations such as brisk walking.
Cardiovascular endurance is a person's ability to maintain the heart, lung, and blood vessel systems in taking, distributing, and using oxygen to the tissues effectively and efficiently. Cardiovascular endurance is an important component of physical fitness, making it easier for us to carry out our daily activities.
Some activities that can be selected to increase cardiovascular endurance basically must be in accordance with self-limiting preferences. Excessive training that exceeds one's capacity can cause serious health damage or death. Some light activities that you can choose and adjust to your own strength to maintain your heart health, namely walking and running, cycling, swimming and aerobics. Healthy cardiovascular is an effective way to reduce the risk of various diseases such as diabetes, heart disease and stroke.
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in which stage of fire development does structural collapse become likely due to the weakened state of structural members and buildup of water?
Answer:
decay
Explanation:
PLS HELP I WILL GIVE YOU BRAINLIST OR WHATEVER IS CALLED !
Answer:
D
Explanation:
the third car has the most wight so if all of the cars are launched with the same force the third car will move the least
DNA is responsible for transmitting genetic information by the sequencing of monomers known as_______
The current decline of amphibian populations worldwide has been linked to a ________ fungus.
Answer:
chytrid
Explanation:
Your science class is observing the organisms found in local pond water. You have discovered this paramecium and are hoping to observe how the paramecium injects food. Your lab partner suggests using an electron microscope to see all the details in 3-d. You disagree: you believe a light microscope must be used. Using the table, support your decision to use a light microscope.
You want to observe life processes. You cannot use an electron microscope to observe living specimens
What is paramecium ?A ciliated, monocellular protozoan, the Paramecium. Under a microscope, it appears as an oval, slipper-shaped microorganism with rounded front and top edges and pointed bottom. It is also visible with the unaided eye.
By hundreds of times, an optical microscope can magnify a drop of pond water. It reveals a vibrant community of life with just one cell.
With the aid of a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and an X-ray projection microscope (XRM) with a computer tomography (CT) capability, samples of Paramecium caudatum are examined. Glutaraldehyde and osmium-tetra oxide acid are used as fixatives to fix the samples.
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A mutation occurs in a single bacterium that causes it to produce a new enzyme. This enzyme helps the bacterium process nutrients more efficiently, increasing the bacterium's odds of survival.
Every 30 minutes, the bacteria in the colony divide, passing their genes on to their offspring. Some bacteria survive, while others do not. Because resources are limited, the colony has a steady population of 114 bacteria.
The bacterial colony is shown below at three different time intervals.
Assume that the survival trend shown in the diagram continues. At 3.0 hours, the mutant bacteria will make up
percent of the entire colony.
Bacteria express exponential growth models, meaning their population growth is dense-independent and proportional to the population size. In the exposed example, assuming a colony of 114 cells at 3.0 hours, the mutant bacteria will make up 56.14 % of the entire colony.
What is exponential growth?
Exponential growth is one model of population growth together with the logistic growth model.
Populations that experience exponential growth models show an increase in proportion to their size. The increase in the population size depends on the individual's reproduction rate: a population that grows at constant exponential rate gains individuals faster as the population increases in size.
This model states that populations live in an environment with unlimited resource availability, so the density factor does not influence population growth. There is no density-dependence effect nor competition for resources. Natality and mortality rate do not depend on density. There is a constant growth rate per capita, and it is proportional to the population size.
Bacteria usually experience exponential growth.
In the exposed example, we can see that
At 0 hours, there were only one bacteria expressing the new enzymeAfter 1 hour, there were four bacteria expressing the enzymeAfter 2 hours, there were 16 bacteria expressing the enzyme.
We can assume that each bacteria divides every 30 minutes (half an hour). So each bacteria produces 4 new cells every hour.
0 hours ------- 1 bacteria with the enzyme
1 hour --------- 4 bacteria with the enzyme (1 x 4)
2 hours ------- 16 bacteria with the enzyme (4 x 4)
3 hours --------64 bacteria with the enzyme (16 x 4).
Each of the 16 cells present after 2 hours got divided and produced 4 new cells, resulting in 64 cells after 3 hours.
The population growth rate is proportional to the population size.
114 bacteria ------ 100% of the population
64 bacteria -------X = (64 x 100) / 114 = 56.14%
At 3.0 hours, the mutant bacteria will make up 56.14 % of the entire colony.
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during transcription, which enzyme catalyzes the addition of new ribonucleotides to the free 3' of the growing molecule?
During transcription, the enzyme that catalyzes the addition of new ribonucleotides to the free 3' of the growing molecule is : RNA Polymerase
What is RNA polymerase?RNA polymerase is a multi-unit enzyme that synthesizes RNA molecules from template of DNA by a process called as transcription. Transcription of genetic information into RNA is the first step in gene expression that precedes translation that is the process of decoding RNA into proteins.
RNA polymerase is the enzyme responsible for transcribing the genetic information stored in DNA to RNA. RNA polymerase is also known as DNA-directed RNA polymerase and is found in all living organisms and also many viruses.
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How would you investigate the effect of temperature on photosynthesis? outline the steps of a practical investigation.
Count the number of oxygen bubbles emitted by the plant in a one minute period. This is the rate of photosynthesis at that particular temperature.
The gas should be checked to verify that it is indeed oxygen and a glow splint relighted. Count the number of oxygen bubbles emitted by the plant in a one minute period. This is the rate of photosynthesis at that particular temperature. The gas must be checked to prove that it is in fact oxygen to relight a glow ferrule. Temperature. As with other chemical reactions, the rate of photosynthesis increases as the temperature increases. Photosynthesis is controlled by enzymes, which denature if the temperature is too high. As a result, the rate of photosynthesis reaches its maximum at an optimum temperature and then decreases. The effect of light intensity on photosynthesis can be investigated in aquatic plants. Use Cabomba or Elodea, which are sold at aquarium stores. Plants will release oxygen bubbles from photosynthesis.
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Which of the following is not an example of nonspecific (innate) immunity?
Phagocytic cells
Skin
Antigens
Acid in the stomach
Natural killer cells
Antigens do not represent innate (nonspecific) immunity.
Which does not make up the immune system's general defense?Killer T-cells (D) They are a component of learned immunity.They participate in the third line of defense for the body.Therefore, they do not make up non-specific defense.Note: It's crucial to keep in mind the various plant species, their distinguishing traits, and examples.Anatomical barriers, inhibitors, phagocytosis, fever, inflammation, and IFN are examples of nonspecific defenses.Innate, adaptive, and passive immunity are the three types that exist in humans. Everyone is born with inherent (or natural) immunity, a form of all-encompassing defense.The skin, for instance, serves as a barrier to prevent germs from entering the body.To learn more about the immune system's general defense refer to:
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which two proteins slide past each other in the sliding filament theory of muscle contraction?
The sliding filament theory proposes that during muscular contraction, myosin (the thick filaments of muscle fibres) slides past actin (the thin filaments), but the lengths of the two filamentous groups are essentially unchanged.
Which two proteins manoeuvre around one another to cause a muscle contraction?Actin filaments entering the H zone and A band as a result of myosin and actin filaments slipping past one another explains these alterations. Thus, the interaction of the actin and myosin filaments, which causes their movement in relation to one another, causes muscle contraction.
In these publications, it was suggested how the interaction between myosin and actin filaments created contractile force at different phases of muscle contraction. The positions of myosin and actin filaments were reported.
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what are some of the major challenges that must be overcome to develop safer and more effective viral vectors for gene therapy?
DNA during integration is inserted incorrectly. a defense mechanism against viral introduction
What does DNA do? Why is it significant?A chemical known as deoxyribonucleic acid contains the biological instructions that give each species its uniqueness (DNA). Mature organisms reproduce by passing on their DNA to their offspring along with the genetic information it contains.
Why does an individual have DNA?All living things are made up of genes, which are included in DNA. The most important characteristic of DNA is its potential for repeated self-replication. DNA must be duplicated in order to produce new cells, transmit genetic material from parents to offspring, and serve as a code for RNA (ribonucleic acid), which is required to produce proteins.
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which is the period of time in the viral life cycle that is categorized by virtually undetectable virions inside the infected cell?
Eclipse period of the viral life cycle is categorized by virtually undetectable virions inside the infected cell.
The eclipse phase is the time between effective cell infection and the initiation of virus production. Its timeframe is precise to each virus strain and, along with an effective virus rate of production, plays a key role in infection kinetics.
The eclipse period begins immediately after viral particles enter the host cell. Eclipse is distinguished by the inability to detect free viruses because viruses are vigorously transcribing and replicating within the host.
Viruses are nucleoproteins. They are noncellular structures that contain infectious genetic material. Virions are viruses that are encapsulated in a capsid and contain DNA or RNA molecules. It contains both nucleic acid and protein layers.
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what is the function of this system
Answer:
Which system.........