The pH of a solution prepared by diluting 15.00 ml of 0.10 m HCl with enough water to produce a total volume of 100.00 ml will be 1.823
What is Molarity (M)?
The amount of a substance in a specific volume of solution is known as its molarity (M). It is also defined as the number of moles of a solute per liter of a solution. The molar concentration of a solution is another name for molarity.
It can be expressed as:
M = \frac{n}{v}
where, M = molar concentration
n = moles of solute
v = liters of solution
Given values: total volume = 100.00 ml, given volume = 15.00 ml
Solution: Molarity of acid after dilution = \frac{15 × 0.10}{100} = 0.015M
As one molecule of HCL release one H+ ion, Molarity of H+ ions will be 0.015 M
So, pH = - log (0.015) = 1.823
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how many different energies of light can be emitted from hydrogen when the electron jumps down to E2 from E3, E4, E5, E6
From the idea of the Bohr model, each of the electrons would emit a characteristic wavelength thus four wave lengths are emitted.
What is the emitted wavelength?We know from the Bohr model that when an electron jumps from a higher to a lower energy level, there is the emission of light of the appropriate wavelength.
Now we know that the energy that is evolved is what determines the wavelength of the light since the wavelength is inversely proportional to the energy that is evolved by the electronic transition.
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A copper atom has a mass of 1.06 x 10 -22 g and a penny has a mass of 2.5 g. Use this information to answer the question below. Be sure your answers have the correct number of significant digits. How many moles of copper atoms have a mass equal to the mass of a penny? Round your answer to 2 significant digits.
The answer is 0.0392 mol of Cu atoms.
Solution:
1 Cu atom = 1.06 X10-22 g
we know that
1 mol of cu = 6.022 x10²³ atoms Cu
= 6.022 x 10²³ x 1.06 X10-22g
= 63.83g
∴ Mass of 1 mol cu is 63.83 g
NOW, 63.83g = 1 mol Cu
2.5g = [tex]\frac{1 mol x 2.5g}{63.83g}[/tex]
0.0392 mol of Cu atoms.
The molar mass of a molecular compound is the mass of the molecule in grams. It was a British penny. That's why we call the dime a penny. In 1857, Congress asked the Mint to make his dime smaller and mix copper and nickel.
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what information is needed to convert a molar concentration to a molal concentration? the density of the solvent the density of the solution and the molar mass of the solute the volume of the solution the molar mass of the solute the solubility product of the solute
Therefore, for the conversion, we want the molarity of the solute as well as the density of the solution.
What are a solvent and a solute?The molecule is the thing that needs to dissolve, and the solution is the thing that needs to dissolve it. With a wide variety of solutes and solvents, solutions can be created. We are aware of a wide range of solutions.
What is an example of a solute?A solute is a material that dissolves in a solution. The solvent concentration present in fluid solutions is higher than the quantity of content. The two most common examples of solutions in daily life are salt and water.
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which is the strongest gravitational pull on earth,the sun or the moon why
Answer:
The sun
Explanation:
The sun is much heavier, it also pulls all eight planets towards its center and keeps them in their orbits.
Hope this helps
Answer:
The sun, because it is the largest one, and has the greatest gravitational pull. It keeps the earth in orbit around it.
if there is 80 μmol of the radioactive isotope 32p (half-life 14 days) at t = 0, how much 32p will remain at 5 days:
Half life for remaining 5 days is 80. e-0.25 .
Half life period is the time needed by a radioactive substances to transform into a different substance. It is the interval of time required for the one half of the atomic nuclei of a radioactive sample to decay. Half life is calculated by finding the decay constant of a substance then dividing it by 2. Decay constant of a radioactivity is probability of decay per unit time.
Here half life 32P is 5 days.
The concentration of the radioactive isotope is the total amount of radioactivity per unit volume. The expression for calculating concentration of radioactive isotope at half life is ,
[A] = [A] e-kt
t1/2= 0.693/K
K= 0.693/ t1/2=0.05days
Now substituting value of K and t in the expression
[A]= [A]e-kt
= 80 .e-0.25
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The density of WATER is 1gmL. Is the unlabeled clear liquid WATER? Why or why not
Answer:
Density is mass divided by volume (ρ=m/v), and water was used as the basis for establishing the metric unit of mass, which means a cubic centimetre (1cm3) of water weighs one gram (1g). So, 1g/1cm3 = 1 g/cm3, giving the water its easy-to-remember density.
Explanation:
Please give the brainliest.
1) binding buffer is 4m ammonium sulfate [(nh4)2so4] (fw 132.14). how would you make 300 ml of this solution?
To make 300 ml of Ammonium sulfate solution 158.5 grams of Ammonium sulfate should be taken.
Given,
Molarity of Ammonium sulfate = 4 M
Volume of solution = 300 mL = 0.3 L
Molar mass of Ammonium sulfate = 132.14 g/mol
Mass = Molarity × Molar mass × Volume of solution in Litres
Substituting the values we get,
Mass of the (NH₄)₂SO₄ = 4 M × 132.14 g/mol × 0.3 L
= 158.5 g
Hence, the mass of Ammonium sulfate required to make 300 ml of Ammonium sulfate solution is 158.5 grams.
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What mass of NaHCO, is decomposed by 256 kJ?
Answer: 91.5 kJ
Explanation:
The mass of Jupiter is 300 times the mass of the earth. Jupiter orbits the sun with Jupiter = 11.9 yr in an orbit with Jupiter = 5.2'outh Suppose the earth could be moved to the distance of Jupiter and placed in a circular orbit around the sun. Which of the following describes the earth's new period? Match the words in the left column to the appropriate blanks in the sentences on the right. Reset Help The new period will be 1 yr. This can be explained by the fact that The new period will be between 1 yr and 11.9 yr. The new period will be 11.9 yr. The new period will be more than 11.9 yr. The new period of the earth would depend on its speed. It's impossible for a planet of earth's mass to orbit at the distance of Jupiter otherwise the earth and Jupiter would collide. according to the third law of Kepler the orbital period depends on the semimajor axis length but not on the mass of the planet. the mass of the earth is less than the mass of Jupiter.
The orbital period is proportional to r^(3/2) and does not depend on the satellite's mass. Any object at Jupiter's position will have the same orbital period regardless of mass. The correct answer is 11.9 yr. Option C.
As the Earth rotates on its axis creating day and night, it travels around the Sun in an elliptical orbit taking about 365 1/4 days to complete. The Earth's rotation axis is tilted with respect to the orbital plane. This creates seasons. The elliptical nature of the Earth's orbit is due to the first forces pushing the Earth away from the Sun's disk.
The momentum of this throw being greater the Earth's orbit would have been more elliptical or it might have been completely ejected from the solar system forever. The Earth's orbit defines a two-dimensional plane called the Ecliptic. It takes about 365 days for the earth to revolve around the sun. After years of analysis, Kepler found that Mars' orbit was likely elliptical, with the Sun at one of his focal points of the ellipse. This led Kepler to discover that all planets orbit the Sun in elliptical orbits and that the Sun is at one of his two focal points.
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73.0mL of nitrogen at STP is heated to 80.0*c and the volume increases to 4.53 L what is the new pressure
The new pressure of a nitrogen gas at STP is 0.021atm.
How to calculate pressure?The pressure of a gas can be calculated by using the combined gas law equation as follows:
P₁V₁/T₁ = P₂V₂/T₂
Where;
P₁, V₁ and T₁ are the initial pressure, volume and temperature respectivelyP₂, V₂ and T₂ are the final pressure, volume and temperature respectively.At STP, a gas has the following:
P = 1atmT = 273K0.073 × 1/273 = 4.53 × P/353
0.0002674 × 353 = 4.53P
P = 0.021atm
Therefore, 0.021atm is the pressure of the nitrogen gas.
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The new pressure of the gas would be 0.0208 atm.
General gas lawAccording to the general gas law, the ratio of the product of the pressure and volume to its temperature is constant.
The general gas law is summarily expressed as the following equation:
[tex]p_1v_1/t_1[/tex] = [tex]p_2v_2/t_2[/tex]. where:
[tex]p_1[/tex] = initial pressure of a gas
[tex]v_1[/tex] = initial volume of the gas
[tex]t_1[/tex] = initial temperature of the gas
[tex]p_2[/tex] = final pressure of the gas
[tex]v_2[/tex] = final volume of the gas
[tex]t_2[/tex] = final temperature of the gas
In this case:
[tex]p_1[/tex] = standard pressure = 1 atm
[tex]v_1[/tex] = 73 mL or 0.073 L
[tex]t_1[/tex] = standard temperature = 273 K
[tex]p_2[/tex] = ?
[tex]v_2[/tex] = 4.53 L
[tex]t_2[/tex] = 80 + 273 = 353 K
[tex]p_2[/tex] = [tex]p_1v_1t_2/t_1v_2[/tex]
= 1x0.073x353/273x4.53
= 25.769/1236.69
= 0.0208 atm
Thus, the new pressure of 73.0 mL nitrogen that was heated to a volume of 4.53 L at STP is 0.0208 atm.
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at standard temperature and pressure, a given sample of water vapor occupies a volume of 2.80 l. how many moles of water vapor are present?
To learn the mole concept and standard temperature.
What is standard temperature?
Therefore, 0 degrees Celsius, which translates to 32 degrees Fahrenheit or 273.15 degrees Kelvin, is considered the standard temperature. This is essentially the temperature at which pure water at sea level will freeze when exposed to air at standard pressure.
What is mole?
A mole is a crucial unit of measurement used by chemists. Similar to how having a dozen eggs means you have twelve eggs, having a mole of something indicates that you have 602,214,076,000,000,000,000,000 of that particular thing. Chemists must measure very small objects, such as atoms, molecules, or other particles, using moles.
Therefore there are 0.125 moles of water vapor present.
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Formula of bleaching powder?
The chemical formula of bleaching powder is Ca(ClO)₂.
Bleaching powder is a commercial product used for sanitation purposes. They are mainly used to disinfect drinking water and sanitize pools.
Chemically, this product is referred to as calcium hypochlorite. The formula of calcium hypochlorite is Ca(ClO)₂.
This compound is a white solid that has a strong smell of chlorine. This compound is produced by the reaction between chlorine (Cl) gas and slaked lime ((Ca(OH)₂).
This reaction equation is given as:
[tex]\mathrm{2Cl_2 + 2Ca(OH)_2} \rightarrow \mathrm{Ca(OCl)_2 + CaCl_2 + 2H_2O}[/tex]
Besides calcium hypochlorite, bleach also contains calcium hydroxide and calcium chloride. But calcium hypochlorite is more so the formula.
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a gas sample is collected in a balloon. what happens to the density of the gas sample as the sample is heated?
The density of the gas will decrease as we heat the gas.
Density of a system is defined by mass per unit volume. Density basically describes how compact or concentrated something is. For example, suppose you have two boxes, one is large and one is small. However, they both weigh the same. But we see that the small box has a higher density than the large box. So, density also tells how concentrated or crowded something is.
Considering the above given case, when we take a gas sample in a balloon and then when we start to heat this sample, due to hear we can see that the gas molecules will try to move more far from each other and therefor the density of the system will decrease. This same concept is been used in hot air balloons too. When we heat the balloon the density of the gas will decrease and therefor the balloon floats in the air.
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Draw the structure of the major organic product isolated from the reaction of 3-hexyne with ozone followed by hydrolysis. .
The major organic product isolated from the reaction of 3-hexyne with ozone followed by hydrolysis is Propanoic acid by the ozonolysis
Ozonolysis is a method of cleaving alkenes by oxidation reaction or alkynes using ozone (O3), which is reactive allotrope of oxygen. The process allows for carbon-carbon double or triple bonds to be replaced by double bonds with oxygen.
This reaction is often used to identify the structure of unknown alkenes by breaking them down into smaller and more easily identifiable pieces. Ozonolysis also does occurs naturally and would break down repeated units which are used in rubber and other polymers.
The major organic product isolated from the reaction of 3-hexyne with ozone followed by hydrolysis is Propanoic acid.
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when it combines with the calcium carbonate, the acetic acid and the calcium carbonate come apart and reform in different ways to make new chemicals
when vinegar combines with the calcium carbonate, the acetic acid and the calcium carbonate come apart and reform in different ways to make new chemicals. One of them is the gas carbon dioxide.
The molar mass of CaCO3 is 100.0 g/mole so you need 727300g or 727.3 kg of limestone. Calcite or aragonite are the most common forms of limestone, a sedimentary rock mostly made of calcium carbonate (CaCO3). It could have a significant magnesium carbonate content (dolomite).
Lime, the base calcium oxide, is left behind after heating the limestone (calcium carbonate). The original limestone will be replaced with white lime that is more crumbly in texture. Water and calcium carbonate do not react.
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without looking at the periodic table, write the complete electron configuration for the group 2 element in the fourth period.
The electronic configuration of the elements of the second group of the second period is 1s²2s²2 1s2 2p6 3s2 3p64s² or 2,8,8,2
To determine the external electronic configuration of an element, knowing the number is needed. Electrons and usage configuration rules (or electron energy levels).
The number of electrons in a neutral atom is the same as the number of protons.
The number of protons is the atomic number of the element. The
elements are arranged in the periodic table according to their atomic number.
The elements of group 2 are calcium and magnesium
The atomic number, number of protons, and number of electrons of group 2 elements are 40
Now we can distribute the electrons according to the structural rules:
1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 4s²
The outer shell has n = 2, so the outer electron configuration is 4s²
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magnesium oxide is composed of mg2 and o2- ions. energetically, why does mg2 o2- form and not mg and o-
Magnesium oxide is not composed of [tex]Mg^{+}[/tex] and [tex]O^{-}[/tex] ions because of the balanced chemical reaction.
A reaction is said to be balanced chemical reaction when the number of the atoms involved in the reactants side is equal to the number of atoms in the products side. For example in the chemical reaction, nitrogen (N2) reacts with hydrogen (H) to produce ammonia (NH3). The reactants are nitrogen and hydrogen, and the product is ammonia.
In the above given case when we write the balanced chemical reaction for the formation of Magnesium oxide it is as follows;
2Mg + [tex]O_{2}[/tex] ⇄ 2MgO
From this reaction we can clearly see that 2 molecules of magnesium is reacting with one molecule of oxygen. So each magnesium will loose one electron to bond with oxygen so since there are 2 magnesium atoms the total charge on the ion would be [tex]Mn^{2+}[/tex] and similarly in case of oxygen it would be [tex]O^{2-}[/tex]
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Which of the following notations is the correct noble gas configuration for Li?
O A. 1s²2s¹
OB. 1s22s
C. [He]2s¹
D. [Hel1 s22s¹
The right option is C, the correct noble gas notations for Li is [He] 2s¹.
We know that the atomic number of Li is 3 , so it will have 3 electrons in total, in filling electrons the electronic configuration is came as follows:
1s²2s¹ , but we asked for noble gas electronic configuration , so in this type of way of writing a noble gas configuration , we write by using the most nearer electronic configuration of a noble gas.
Let us see each option in each case,
In option A, it is the normal electronic configuration with no noble gas involved so it will be wrong.In option B, it is 1s²2s , which is 2 electrons only, so it will be wrongIn option C, it is using 2s² for He and the rest one electron for Li is written as 2s¹, so it will be the right answer.In option D, if we look at total number of electrons it will be 5 electrons , so this one will also be wrong.So the correct notation will be [He]2s¹ which is option C.
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What are the oxidation states of nitrogen in the compounds
NO, NO2, N2O3, N2O4 and N₂O5 respectively
Answer:
NO: +2
NO2: 3
N2O3: +3
N2O4: 4
N2O5: 5
Explanation:
an unknown element, x, reacts with oxygen to form two oxides with the general formula xo and x2o3. the pure element is paramagnetic, and the oxides are basic. which of the following elements could be represented by x?
The following elements could be represented by x as sb.
Elements are represented by their chemical symbols sometimes with atomic and mass numbers, as shown below. The mass number is the sum of the number of neutrons and protons in the nucleus. Scientists have standardized a simple way to represent elements with their chemical symbols.
One of the main reasons for development is that using letters is the easiest way to represent elements. Another reason to use chemical symbols is that they make it easier to write chemical formulas. The periodic table is a tabular arrangement of the chemical elements from hydrogen which has the lowest atomic number to oganesson which has the highest atomic number. The atomic number of an element is the number of protons in the nucleus of that element.
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Which statement describes a change that occurs during a chemical reaction?
A. Atoms in the original substances are arranged in a different way to make new substances.
B. The atoms in a substance start to move faster until they are no longer touching each other.
C. Atoms in the original substances are changed into different atoms to make new substances.
D. The atoms in a substance change their properties so they can become a new substance.
The statement atoms in the original substances are arranged in a different way to make new substances correctly describes a change that occurs during a chemical reaction (Option A).
What is a chemical reaction?A chemical reaction is a process in which atoms arrange in different ways to form a new substance known as the product of the reaction while initial molecules are the reactants.
Therefore, with this data, we can see that a chemical reaction starts with certain molecules called reactants that have a arrangement while this process ends with molecules which are known as products of such reactions.
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Chemistry a chemistry teacher needs to mix an acid solution for an experiment. How much hydrochloric acid needs to be mixed with 1500 milliliters of water to make a solution that is 12% acid? if necessary, round to the nearest hundredth.
180 mL of hydrochloric acid needs to be mixed with 1500 milliliters of water to make a solution that is 12% acid.
What is a mixture?
A mixture is a substance made up of two or more chemical compounds with different properties that are not chemically connected. The physical combination of two or more substances results in solutions, suspensions, or colloids, which retain the separate identity of the individual constituents.
The amount of hydro chlorocalcite will be calculated as below:- 1500x12
Hence, 180 mL of hydrochloric acid needs to be mixed with 1500 milliliters of water to make a solution that is 12% acid.
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using an acetic acid\sodium acetate buffer solution, what ratio of acid to conjugate base will you need to maintain the ph at 5.00? explain how you would make up such a solution.
Using an acetic acid\sodium acetate buffer solution, ratio of acid to conjugate base that will be needed to maintain the pH at 5.00 is 1:1.
How do you prepare a buffer solution with a pH of 5?Firstly, prepare 800 mL of distilled water in a suitable container.Then add 7.721 g of Sodium acetate to the solution.Next, add 352.5 mg of acetic acid to the solution.Now, adjust the formed solution to final desired pH using HCl or NaOH.In the end, add distilled water until the volume is 1 L.For having, effective buffer, the number of moles of the weak acid and its conjugate base must be large as compared to the number of moles of strong acid /base that is added. The best buffering occur when the ratio of [HA] to [A-] is 1:1.
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What is the formula of the oxide that reacts with water to form hno3?
NO2 is the formula of the compound that reacts with water to form HNO3.
What is a chemical compound?
A chemical compound is a substance made up of several similar molecules (or molecular entities) that contain atoms from more than one chemical element and are bound together by chemical bonds. A molecule made up of only one element's atoms is hence not a compound. A chemical reaction can change a compound into a distinct substance, which may entail interactions with other chemicals. Bonds between atoms may be disrupted and/or new bonds generated during this process. Compounds are classified into four categories based on how the constituent atoms are linked together. Covalent bonds hold together molecules; ionic bonds hold together ions; metallic bonds hold together intermetallic compounds; and coordinate covalent bonds hold together coordination complexes.
NO2 is the formula of the compound that reacts with water to form HNO3.
Nitrous dioxide reacts with water to form nitric acid.
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each of the flasks you used for the standardization of naoh had initially turned pink with the addition of phenolphthalein, but the color disappeared when you added khp to each (and you did not rinse the flasks and start over).
Standardization of a solution is performed by titration. The NaOH will be titrated into a known quantity of acid. Faint pink color is obtained.
Standardization of a solution is carried out by way of titration. The NaOH might be titrated into a recognised quantity of acid. In this situation, the amount of NaOH delivered to the acid is recorded, and the use of that price, the concentration of NaOH is calculated.
For the standardization of the NaOH solution, the endpoint turned into continuously reproduced to a faint pink color. But, the endpoint for the titration of the acid answer turned into constantly reproduced to a dark pink color.
You'll standardize NaOH and HCl solutions so you realize the precise attention and then put together samples of common family objects with a purpose to determine the amount of calcium in Mg(OH)2 in Milk of Magnesia, and many others.
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Iconic bonds, fill in the blanks
In Ionic Bond metals lose valence electrons and become positively charged cations, non metals accepts valence electrons and become negatively charged anions .
Ionic bonds are formed in vicinity of atoms like for example NaCl , KCl , CaCl₂.
Ionic bonding is the complete transfer of valence electrons between atoms. Ionic compounds obey octet rule and become more stable and so they are typically neutral.
Ionic Bonds, metals lose valence electrons and become Positively charged cation .
Non metals accepts electrons and becomes negatively charged anion.
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Identify the phase of the copper product after each reaction in the copper cycle.
- The heating of Cu(OH)2 to form CuO
- The addition of NaOH to Cu(NO3)2 to form Cu(OH)2
- The addition of HCl to CuO to form CuCl2
- The addition of Al to CuCl2 to form Cu
the phase of the copper product after the reaction in the copper cycle is listed below
1.the heating of Cu(OH)2 to form CuO i.e
Cu(OH)2 (s) ⇒ CuO(s) + H2O (l) which means the product of copper is in a solid phase after the reaction.
2.the addition of NaOH to Cu(NO3)2 to form Cu(OH)2 i.e
Cu(NO3)2 (aq) + NaOH (aq) ⇒Cu(OH)2 (s) + 2NaNO3 (aq) which means the product of copper is in the solid phase after the reaction.
3. the addition of HCL to CuO to form CuCl2 i.e
2 CuO(s) + 2 HCl(aq) ⇒ 2 CuCl2(aq) + H2O (aq) which means the product of copper is in the aqueous/liquid phase after the reaction.
4. the addition of Al to CuCl2 to form Cu i.e
Al(s) + CuCl2(aq) ⇒ AlCl3(aq) + Cu(s) which means the product of copper is in a solid phase after the reaction.
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What does a molecule structurally have to have in order to be able to form condensation polymers vs only being able to form a single ester?.
Monomers of condensation polymers must contain two functional groups so that each monomer can link with two other monomers
What are condensation polymers?
It is a form of a step-growth polymerization where smaller molecules or monomers react with each other to form larger structural units (usually polymers) while releasing by-products such as water or methanol molecule. The by-products are normally referred to as condensate.Monomers of condensation polymers must contain two functional groups so that each monomer can link with two other monomersMolecules should have one or two functional groups (like alcohol, amine, or carboxylic acid groups).Ex- Nylon and Polyester are some of the most common examplewhar ar esters?
Ester is a chemical compound which is made from either an organic acid or inorganic acid, during which a minimum of one –OH (hydroxyl) group is replaced by an –O–alkyl (alkoxy) group. Esters feature a carbon-to-oxygen double bond that is also singly bonded to second oxygen atom. The oxygen atom is further connected to aryl or an alkyl group. ex- ethyl ethanoateLearn more about condensation polymers at https://brainly.in/question/27753546
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1. An unavoidable side reaction of alkyl halides with active metals which lowers the yield of Grignard reagents is called coupling. 2RX + Mg ------> R-R + MgX2 Although the mechanism of the coupling process is not well understood, it is known that the rate appears to depend on the square of the concentration of the halide. With this in mind, explain the reason for the sequence of addition of the ether solution employed at the beginning of the formation of the Grignard reagent in the experimental procedure above.
Competing reactions:
Desired - RX + Mg ⇒ RMgX rate ~ [RX]
Side - RX + RMgX ⇒ R-R + MgX2 rate ~ [RX]²
The desired reaction is favored by keeping the [RX] low so that it reacts with Mg and not RMgVia the Schlenk equilibrium Grignard reagents form varying amounts of organomagnesium compounds. Alkyl halides react with magnesium metal in anhydrous ether solvents to form organometallic reagents.
Grignard reagents are formed by the reaction of magnesium metal with alkyl or alkyl halides. They are wonderful nucleophiles that react with electrophiles such as carbonyl compounds and epoxides. Since Grignard reagents are strongly basic, they often undergo elimination reactions or do not react at all. The transition state of the alkyl halide substitution is less stable than the magnesium bromide complex. This is due to ligation formation between the solvent and magnesium atoms.
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Nutrients that are made by living things, are required only in small amounts, and that assist many chemical reactions are.
Vitamins are an important nutrient that the body needs to grow, develop, and carry out its functions normally. These nutrients are classified as macronutrients or micronutrients, which means the body needs them in small amounts. Generally, vitamins come from organic foods and fruits.
VitaminsNot all vitamins can be produced by the body, so humans still need vitamins as additional nutrition. Vitamins and minerals are nutrients that fall into the category of micronutrients. The body requires levels of vitamins and minerals in small amounts.
Some types of vitamins that are known are:
Vitamins A, C, D, E, K,
B vitamins, including thiamin (B1), riboflavin (B2), niacin (B3), pantothenic acid (B5), pyridoxal (B6), cobalamin (B12) , biotin, and folic acid/folate.
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