The characteristic reaction of carboxylic acid derivatives is nucleophilic acyl substitution.
the carboxylic acid contains c=o bonds and at the starting there is a nucleophilic attack on a electrophilic carbonyl atom which forms a tetrahedral alkoxide intermediate.
now, the alkoxide negative charge give stability by transferring the y leaving group which allows the c=o bond to reform and which make a new acyl compound.
[tex]R-CO-Y+:Nu^{-} \rightarrow R-C-(O)(Y)(Nu)[/tex]
now, the above reaction is considered substitution because y group of the carboxylic acid derivative get exchanged with nucleophile.
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A newspaper started an online version of its paper 14 years ago. In a recent presentation to stockholders, the lead marketing executive stated, “The revenues for online ads are more than double that of the revenues for printed ads.”
Answer:
According to the graph, during year 14, revenue from online ads is approximately $4.2 million, while revenue from online ads has more than doubled revenue from printed ads (at least by year 14)
Both curves intersect between the seventh and eighth year, I would say around the middle of year 7, and both online ads and printed ads generated an approximate revenue of $2.2 million each
Explanation:
Suppose you found a material in which 12. 5% of the original radioactive atoms were present. If the half-life is 47 years, how old is the material?
The response dates back 141 years. The formula (1/2)n = x can be used to compute it. x is the remaining fraction, There are n half-lives in total.
How do you determine a radioactive substance's half-life?The amount of time needed for the reactant concentration to drop to half its initial value is known as the half-life of a reaction. A first-order reaction's half-life is a constant that is correlated with its rate constant radioactive atoms: t1/2 = 0.693/k.
How many half life does it take for a radioactive substance, such as a 1 C 3 b2 D 4, to decay to 12.5 percent of its initial volume?The period of time it takes for half of the atoms in a given sample to experience radioactive, or nuclear, decay, is known as the half-life of a radioisotope.
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The particle accelerator with a circular path that smashes together particles to make new atoms and particles is called a
Question 28 options:
synchrotron.
mass spectrometer.
cyclotron.
linear particle accelerator.
Answer:
linear particle accelerator
melt-away creamery combines sugar, cream, and the best natural flavorings, then churns and freezes the resulting mixture at a very low temperature, creating ice cream. the method melt-away uses is an example of
Melt-away creamery combines sugar, cream, and best natural flavorings, then churns and freezes resulting mixture at low temperature, creating ice cream. This method is an example of process manufacturing.
What do you understand by process manufacturing?A production method that creates goods by combining supplies, ingredients or raw materials using formula or recipe is called process manufacturing.
It is usually used in industries that produce bulk quantities of goods, like food, beverages, refined oil, gasoline, pharmaceuticals, chemicals and plastics. Process manufacturing is also known as a process industry and is defined as an industry, like the chemical or petrochemical industry, that is concerned with the processing of bulk resources into other products.
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draw the major product formed when the epoxide reacts with methanol in the presence of sulfuric acid. use wedge‑and‑dash bonds, including hydrogens at each stereogenic center, to show the stereochemistry of the product.
The major product of the reaction is (2S,3R)-3-methoxy - 3-methylpentan-2-ol
Epoxide reacts with methanol in the presence of sulfuric acid.
In this chemical reaction, methanol act as nucleophile and sulfuric acid act as catalyst.
What are Epoxides?
Epoxides are a type of cyclic ether in which a three-membered ring is formed by a oxygen atom bonded to two adjacent carbon atoms. They are also known as oxiranes. Epoxides are used in a variety of applications, including as chemical intermediates, catalysts, and as raw materials for a range of products.
What is sulfuric acid?
Sulfuric acid is a strong, corrosive acid that is used in a variety of industrial applications. It is also known as battery acid, as it is used in car batteries to facilitate a chemical reaction. Sulfuric acid is colorless and odorless, and is composed of two hydrogen atoms, one sulfur atom, and four oxygen atoms.
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Describe the unique properties of water and how they affect the following:
phase changes
physical properties
This is my answer. Is it ok? Do you have suggestions to make it better?
Unique properties of water are polarity, solvency, cohesion, adhesion, high boiling point, density and the ability to dissolve other substances. The three phases of water are solid (frozen), liquid and gas and are changed by temperature. Water molecules don't change between the phases, the molecules just interact differently to make the change.
Unique properties of water
Water molecules have a bent overall structure, partial positive charges on the hydrogens, partial negative charges on the oxygen, and are polar. This is due to the fact that oxygen is more electronegative than hydrogen, making it more effective at drawing electrons. Excellent solvents include water.
Temperature alters the three states of water, which are solid (frozen), liquid, and gas. Although the interactions of the water molecules change, the molecules themselves do not alter between the phases.
Water quality's physical characteristics
Color: Polluted water may be coloured; pure water is colourless.
Turbidity: Clear, light-unabsorbing water is the opposite of pure water.
Taste and odour: Pure water never has a taste or an odour.
How many distinct characteristics does water have?Given their polar nature, water molecules form hydrogen bonds. This gives water its distinctive properties, including polarity, solvency, cohesion, adhesion, high specific heat, and the capacity to act as a buffer. A solute that has dissolved in a solvent creates a homogeneous mixture known as a solution.
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. Calculate the frequency of a photon with an energy of 2.55 x 10-18 J
Answer:
The equation gives the frequency of a photon
f = E/h,
Where E is the photon's energy and h is Planck's constant (6.626 x 10-34 J s).
Substituting the values, we get:
f = 2.55 x 10-18 J / (6.626 x 10-34 J s)
= 3.85 x 1015 Hz
Explanation:
you have a flask to which you add 0.025 m nh3, 0.25m n2 what is the value of the equilibrium constant
The value of the Equilibrium Constant is 1 when 0.025 m NH3, 0.25m N2 is added to the flask.
The value of a chemical reaction's reaction quotient at chemical equilibrium, a state that a dynamic chemical system reaches when enough time has passed and at which its composition has no observable tendency to change further, is the equilibrium constant for that reaction. As a result, the composition of a system at equilibrium can be calculated from its initial composition using known equilibrium constant values. The equilibrium constant's value, however, may be impacted by parameters affecting the reaction, such as temperature, solvent, and ionic strength.
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The pH of a 0. 095 M solution of an unknown monoprotic acid is 5. 42. Calculate the Ka of the acid
Ka of Monoprotic Acid
Ka = [H+] [A-] / [HA]
What is a Monoprotic Acid?One proton or hydrogen atom per molecule is all that a monoprotic acid contributes to an aqueous solution. In contrast, polyprotic acids, which can donate more than one proton or hydrogen, can do so. Depending on how many protons they can contribute, polyprotic acids can be further divided into several types.
Given,
Ph = 5.42;
Conc of unknown MonoProtic Acid = 0.095M;
X= conc. of H+ = 3.8×10∧-6
Ka = x∧2 / 0.095 - x
We know the value of x, obtained from pH:
x = [H+] = 10∧-5.42 = 3.8 x 10∧-6
We solve for Ka
Ka = [3.8 x 10∧-6]2 / [0.095 - 3.8 x 10∧-6]
Ka = 1.5216 x 10∧-10
So, Ka of Monoprotic Acid
Ka = [H+] [A-] / [HA]
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What are some of the disadvantages of electron microscopy?
Explain
A type of microscope known as an electron microscope uses an accelerated electron beam as its illuminating source.
The electron microscope offers benefits and drawbacks. One of the biggest drawbacks of the electron microscope, though, is that it cannot examine live samples. As a result of utilizing this microscope to view microorganisms, the following drawbacks are listed:
*Samples must be exposed to analysis in a vacuum state since other molecules in the air easily scatter electrons. This states that using this microscope to study live specimens is not possible.
*Additionally, the requirement that the sample be evaluated in a vacuum state makes it impossible to comprehend biological interactions in various bacteria.
*When investigating microorganisms, an electron microscope can only provide black-and-white images, which is not ideal.
* Equipment as expensive and specialised as electron microscopes. The employment of an electron microscope in the research could be counterproductive because most studies have little funding.
* For proper use of this technology, specialized operators, who may need years of training, are needed to operate electron microscopes.
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How many grams of CO would be
required to generate 635 g CO2?
Fe2O3 + 3CO → 2Fe + 3CO2
CO: 28.01 g/mol
CO2: 44.01 g/mol
[?] g CO₂
3 moles or 84.03 g of CO produces 3 moles of or 132 g of CO₂. Thus, the mass of CO required to produce 635 g of CO₂ is 404.23 g.
What is carbon monoxide?Carbon monoxide is an inorganic gas produced from the covalent bonding of carbon with oxygen. When carbon monoxide reacts with metal oxides it produces carbon dioxide.
From the given balanced reaction, 3 moles of CO produces 3 moles of CO₂.
Molar mass of CO = 28.01 g/mol, 3 moles = (28.01 ×3) 84.03 g
molar mass of CO₂ = 44.01 g/mol , 3 moles = 132 g.
Thus, mass of CO required to produce 635 g of CO₂ is :
= (84.03 × 635 g) /132 g = 404.23 g.
Therefore, the mass of CO required to produce 635 g of CO₂ is 404.23 g.
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an absoprtion spectrum shows an empty space where a green wavelength should be. how does this occur in the atom
The green wavelength is absorbed by the medium hence it does not appear.
What is the absorption spectrum?We know that absorption has to do with the process by which the atom is able to take in energy and this would lead to the upward movement of the electrons that are in the atom.
Thus the wavelengths that can be taken in by the atom as it is absorbing energy can be seen in the absorption spectrum. It is also possible to have gaps in the absorption spectrum due to absorption by the medium.
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How would u know what kind of solvent is needed to clean a grease stain
Answer:
Trichloroethane is a solvent used to remove grease from clothes.
Identifying isotopes helpp
Isotopes are any of two or more forms of an element where the atoms have the same number of protons, but a different number of neutrons within their nuclei. Thus, isotopes have the same atomic number but a different mass number.
In an atom, there are three components called subatomic particles as follows:
ProtonElectronNeutronIn a neutral atom, the number of protons, which is the atomic number, equate the number of electrons.
According to this question, the transparent subatomic particle inside the atom's nucleus is proton while the blue colored particle is the neutron.
In atom A, there are 3 protons, hence the atomic number of atom A is 3. However, in atom B, the number of protons and neutrons are 4 and 3 respectively, hence, the mass number i.e. protons + neutrons is 7.
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the bonding energy of the 1s electron in nitrogen is 409.9 ev. what wavelength of light is required to remove this core electron from the atom?
E=2.1781018J is the ratio for an atom energy (n2Z2). wavelength of light required to shift an electron in a hydrogen atom between level n=1 to n=2.
What are frequencies and wavelengths?The wavelength, which will also apply to troughs, is the separation between two wave crests. The frequency is measured in frames a second (Hz), which is the quantity of vibrations that cross a specific area in a second (Hertz).
What does one wavelength go by?When wavelength is expressed in metres, 1/ represents the amount of waves in a wave train that can be discovered in a duration of one metre, or for the number in a height of one centimeter if wavelength is expressed in centimeters. Its amplitude of the wave of the spectra line is the name given to this figure.
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A baseball player throws a ball with a force of 10N. The ball travels 20 meters? How much work was done?
Answer:
200Joules
Explanation:
W=Fd W=10×20 W=200J
How much heat, in joules, does it take to raise the temperature of 225. 0 g of water from 25. 0°c to 100. 0°c ?.
10.5 kJ is required to convert the temperature of water.
What is Temperature?
Temperature is a unit used to describe hotness or coldness. It can be stated in terms of any number of arbitrary scales and shows the direction in which heat energy will naturally flow, i.e., from a hotter body to a colder body (one at a lower temperature). Temperature is not the same as the energy of a thermodynamic system; for instance, an iceberg has a significantly larger total heat energy than a match.
As opposed to extensive characteristics, like mass or volume, temperature is referred to as an intense property—one that is independent of the quantity of matter being considered—along with pressure, density, and other comparable properties.
q=m⋅c⋅ΔT, where
q - heat absorbed
m- the mass of the sample
c- the specific heat of the substance
ΔT - the change in temperature, defined as final temperature minus initial temperature
q=100.0g⋅4.18Jg∘C⋅(50.0−25.0)∘C
q= 10.5 kJ
10.5 kJ is required to convert the temperature of water.
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when the concentration of a and b were 0.023 m and 0.054 m, the reaction rate was 8.31x10-2 m/sec, calculate the value for k (with units).
The reaction takes place in third order. The rate constant of the reaction for the given rate and concentrations is 1.23 × 10³ mol⁻² L² /s.
What is reaction rate?The rate of a reaction is the rate of increase in the concentration of products or rate of decrease in the concentration of the reactants.
For the given reaction, the rate law is written as:
rate = k[A][B]²
[A] = 0.023
[B] = 0.054
rate = 8.31 ×10⁻² M/s
Rate constant k = rate/[A] [B]²
K = 8.31 ×10⁻² M/s/(0.023 × 0.054²)
= 1.23 × 10³ mol⁻² L² /s
Therefore, the rate constant for the reaction is 1.23 × 10³ mol⁻² L² /s.
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Your question is incomplete. But your complete question probably was:
The rate of a reaction is, Rate = k[A][B]2.when the concentration of a and b were 0.023 m and 0.054 m, the reaction rate was 8.31x10-2 m/sec, calculate the value for k (with units).
Scientists are studying fertilizers to help grass grow in southern California. Fertilizer is any substance that can be added to soil to help plants grow in it. In other words, fertilizer makes soil more fertile. The scientists set up different plots of land that all use the same type of soil and grass seed, but they use different types of fertilizer in each plot. Scientists then measure the grass growth in the different soils over time.
How should scientists set up the control group in this experiment?
a plot with grass seed but no fertilizer in the soil
a plot with grass seed and many types of fertilizer in the soil
a plot without any grass seed or any fertilizer in the soil
a plot without any grass seed but with fertilizer in the soil
Answer:
The corrrect answer will be option-A.
Explanation:
A scientific experiment contains two types of groups: the control and the experimental groups. The control group in any scientific experiment is the sample which does not receive the variable we need to test which is provided in the experimental groups.
In the given question, the scientist wanted to study the effect of fertilizers on the growth of the grass. so the parameter (variable) to be studied is fertilizer. The experimental samples are provided with different concentration of the fertilizer but the control sample will not receive the fertilizers as the control sample provides the base or reference to the experimental group to increase the accuracy of the results obtained.
Thus, option-A is the correct answer.
in double replacement reactions, why will two metals not combine with each other when products are formed?
When both products are soluble, a double replacement equation will not produce a reaction.
What causes certain double displacement reactions to be inert?We use the (s) symbol for solid because salt is an insoluble substance that will not dissolve in water. The silver, fluoride, potassium, and chloride ions would have effectively moved to a new location if there had been no precipitate formation, but they would still be floating around as ions. In this scenario no reaction happens.
What guidelines apply to responses involving double replacement?A double replacement reaction occurs when two ionic compounds swap ions to form two new ionic compounds. The following response is an example of this kind: AB + CD AD + CB.
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1. Use Models: How does the GPS determine its distance from each satellite?
why would methyl salicylate be much more volatile than salicylic acid? refer to the structures of the acid and ester to explain your reasoning.
The reason that methyl salicylate be much more volatile than salicylic acid is because:
Methyl salicylate (MeSA) is a volatile that has been demonstrated to help plants defend themselves from diseases and some herbivores, most notably aphids. It has been demonstrated to have the ability to manage the aphid pest, but little is known about its mode of action, particularly the induced plant-mediated effects.Salicylic acid is it flammable?Salicylic acid's COOH group is esterified with methanol in methyl salicylate (oil of wintergreen), whereas acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin) has acetic acid as the acid component of the ester and salicylic acid provides the phenolic OH group.
Note that Methyl salicylate, a volatile methyl ester of salicylic acid, can also diffuse into the atmosphere and aid in plant-plant communication.
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c Shazad's pebble has a mass of 90 g and a volume of 30 cm³. What is its density?
Answer:
Density = 3 g/cm³
Explanation:
Density is a ratio which compares an object's mass per every 1 unit volume. Grams is a unit of mass and cm³ is a unit of volume. Since you have been given values for both a mass and volume, you can use them to determine the density.
Density = g/cm³ <----- Density units
Density = 90 g / 30 cm³ <----- Insert values
Density = 3 g / 1 cm³ <----- Simplify
Density = 3 g/cm³
Pema want to do an activity with hydrochloric acid and lime water (bae). Mot acid and bae can damage human kin. Which tep mut he follow during the activity to enure afety?
When the hydrochloric acid react with the lime water then the product is formed by the reaction is calcium chloride.
The reaction of the hydrochloric acid with the reaction of the lime reaction is given as :
Ca(OH)₂ + HCl ----> CaCl₂ + H₂O
lime water hydrochloric calcium water
acid chloride
the safety taken during the reaction of acid and bases are :
wear the acid and bases resistant gloves , while handling the acid and base.wear the face shield, while working.wear the apron and the disposable gown, if you are working with the large amount the volume of acid and base.wash your hand properly.To learn more about hydrochloric acid here
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In a spectrophotometer, both absorbance and transmittance indicate choose. Passing through a sample. A high absorbance corresponds to a choose. Transmittance.
If the solution absorbs large amount of light, then it will transmit very less amount of light. Therefore, A high absorbance corresponds to a Low transmittance.
What is spectrophotometer?
A spectrophotometer is a device that accurately measures electromagnetic energy at specific wavelengths of light. It uses properties of light and energy to identify colors and determine the amount of each color in a ray. The two main components of a spectrophotometer are the spectrometer and the photometer.
Spectrometer: A spectrometer sends a straight beam of light through a lens to a prism, which splits it into individual wavelengths. A wavelength selector then filters only the specified wavelengths and sends them to the photometer.
Photometer: A photometer is a piece of device that detects the number of photons absorbed and transmits that measurement to a digital readout.
Therefore, A high absorbance corresponds to a Low transmittance.
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How many moles of O are in 132.03 g of CO2? (molar mass = 44.01 g/mol)?
There are 3.00 molecules of CO2 in 132.03 grams of CO2.
What is mass?Mass is quantitative measure of interia a fundamental quantity of all matter.
Mass of CO2 = 132.03 grams
Number of molecules of CO2 = ?
Molar mass of CO2 = ?
For the molar mass of CO2: Atomic mass of Carbon = 12; Oxygen = 16
= 12 + (16 x 2)
= 12 + 32 = 44g/mol
Apply the formula:
number of molecules = (mass in grams/molar mass)
N = (132.03 grams/44g/mol)
N = 3.00 molecules
Thus, there are 3.00 molecules of CO2 in 132.03 grams of CO2.
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based on the molar mass of nacl (58.44 g/mol) and on the count of the ions inside the unit cell, what is the mass (in grams) of nacl is in a unit cell.
Therefore, 0.25 moles of unit cells will be present in 58.5 g.
How many atoms make up a mole of sodium chloride?Therefore, 6.0231023 6.023 10 23 molecules make up 1 mole of NaCl. The total number of atoms in 1 mole of NaCl N a C l is twice Avogadro's number, or 6.0231023 6.023 10 23 because each molecule of the salt has two atoms (Na and Cl).
How can you determine an ion's mass?Similar to covalent compounds, the formula mass of an ionic compound is determined by adding the average atomic masses of all the atoms in the compound's formula.
Calculation:1 mole of NaCl
Avogadro's number, or 6.0231023
0.25 moles of unit cells will be present in 58.5 g.
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how many protons, neutrons, and electrons, respectively, by the following symbol? 4822x
The number of protons, electrons, and neutrons in the element, ⁴⁸₂₂X is:
Number of protons = 22
Number of electrons = 22
Number of neutrons = 26
What are protons, electrons, and neutrons?Protons are the positively charged particles found within the nucleus of an atom. The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom gives the atomic number of that element.
Electrons are the negatively-charged particles found within electron shells or a[orbits around an atom.
Neutrons are the neutral particles found within the nucleus of an atom. The number of neutrons together with the protons gives the atomic mass of the atom.
The given element, ⁴⁸₂₂X has the following number of protons, electrons, and neutrons:
Number of protons = 22
Number of electrons = 22
Number of neutrons = 48 - 22
Number of neutrons = 26
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two basketballs are sitting 1 m apart and are not moving which best explains why the gravitational force does not cause them to move
Newton's first law states that every object will remain at rest or in uniform motion in a straight line unless compelled to change its state by the action of an external force.
2H2O2 → O2 + 2H2O
a. Single Displacement
b. Synthesis
c. Decomposition
d. Combustion
Which one of these is it?
Answer:
c. decomposition
Explanation:
it formula is splitting between O2 and 2H2O