Survey research has several drawbacks, including potential response biases, limited generalizability, and reliance on self-reporting. The three types of measurement in research are nominal, ordinal, and interval/ratio.
One drawback of survey research is the possibility of response biases. Respondents may provide inaccurate or biased information due to social desirability bias (providing socially acceptable answers), recall bias (inaccurate recollection of past events), or acquiescence bias (tendency to agree with statements). These biases can affect the validity and reliability of survey data.
Another limitation is the potential lack of generalizability. Survey samples are often selected using convenience sampling methods, which may not represent the entire population of interest. This can limit the extent to which survey findings can be generalized to broader populations.
Additionally, survey research relies on self-reporting, which can introduce errors and limitations. Respondents may not always provide accurate or truthful information, especially when sensitive or personal topics are involved. Furthermore, self-reporting is subjective and may be influenced by individual perceptions and interpretations.
Regarding the three types of measurement, nominal measurement involves categorizing variables into distinct categories without any inherent order or value. Ordinal measurement assigns variables into ordered categories, indicating relative differences in magnitude. Interval/ratio measurement provides numerical values with equal intervals, allowing for precise measurement of the magnitude and meaningful interpretation of differences.
Understanding the drawbacks of survey research helps researchers identify potential limitations and address them through careful study design, sample selection, and data analysis techniques. Additionally, knowledge of the three types of measurement allows researchers to select appropriate measurement scales for their research objectives and ensure accurate data collection and analysis.
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Which of the following are considered as one of the "Four Noble Truths" in Buddhist teachings? O(a) Truth of Suffering; O (b) Truth of Origin; O (c) Truth of Cessation; O (d) Truth of the Way; (e) All of the above. 5. Which Buddhist teaching of the Eightfold Path urges us to practice virtue and * avoid vice? (a) Cease to do Evil; (b) Practice meditation; (c) Maintain the Right Thought; O (d) Learn to do good; O(e) Purify your mind.
The Four Noble Truths in Buddhist teachings include the Truth of Suffering, the Truth of Origin, the Truth of Cessation, and the Truth of the Way. The teaching of the Eightfold Path that urges practicing virtue and avoiding vice is "Learn to do good."
The Four Noble Truths form the foundation of Buddhist teachings and provide insights into the nature of existence and the path to liberation from suffering. They include:
1. Truth of Suffering: This truth acknowledges the existence of suffering (dukkha) as an inherent part of human existence. It recognizes that suffering is present in various forms, including physical, emotional, and existential.
2. Truth of Origin: This truth explains that suffering arises from attachment, desire, and ignorance. It highlights the role of craving and clinging in perpetuating suffering.
3. Truth of Cessation: This truth teaches that the cessation of suffering is attainable. It emphasizes that by eliminating craving and attachment, one can experience liberation and the end of suffering.
4. Truth of the Way: This truth presents the Eightfold Path as the path leading to the cessation of suffering. It outlines a set of guidelines for ethical conduct, mental development, and wisdom.
Among the teachings of the Eightfold Path, the instruction to "Learn to do good" urges individuals to cultivate virtue and avoid engaging in harmful actions. It emphasizes the importance of ethical conduct and behaving in a morally upright manner.
By following this aspect of the Eightfold Path, individuals are encouraged to engage in actions that promote well-being, kindness, and compassion while abstaining from actions that cause harm or suffering to oneself and others. This practice of virtue contributes to the cultivation of a wholesome and skillful way of living, leading towards the path of liberation from suffering.
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FILL THE BLANK.
Children are more likely to imitate behavior when ______.
A. they are proficient in language development
B. they have been exposed to formal education
C. the model is distant and powerful
D. the model is competent and powerful
Children are more likely to imitate behavior when the model is competent and powerful. Here option D is the correct answer.
Imitation is the behavior of an individual who is inspired by observing another person performing that behavior. The individual who is observing someone else performing the behavior is referred to as an observer, and the individual who is performing the behavior is referred to as a model.
Observers might imitate many behaviors they have witnessed from others throughout their lives, even in early childhood. Therefore, they are more likely to imitate behaviors when they are perceived as competent and powerful.
Children are particularly prone to imitating behaviors they observe in others, especially when the model is perceived as competent and powerful. This means that if a child sees someone who is skilled or influential engaging in a particular behavior, they are more likely to imitate it themselves. Therefore option D is the correct answer.
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Explain the difference between "knowing" and "remembering" from Tulving's perspective. Give an example of each to support your thinking. Is knowing or remembering a more valid cue to episodic memory retrieval, why? 10 points Knowing is when information is familiar but you do not remember the source, like with semantic memory, remembering is when you know the source of the information and the details around the memory. Knowing is when you recognize a person but not sure why, Remembering is when you recognize a person from you psychology class and where he usually sits. Remembering is more reliable because we are more likely to have a true memory if we also have the details. A familiar thing could be made up. Knowing is when information is familiar but you do not remember the source, remembering is when information is both unfamiliar and you do not know the source. Knowing is when you recognize a person but not sure why, Remembering is when you recognize a person from you psychology class but do not remember specific details. Knowing is more reliable because we can trust our memory if something feels familiar, even if we do not know the source. Remembering is when information is familiar but you do not remember the source, Knowing is when you know the source of the information and the details around the memory. Remembering is when you recognize a person but not sure why, Knowing is when you recognize a person from you psychology class and where he usually sits. Knowing is more reliable because we are more likely to Remembering is when information is familiar but you do not remember the source, Knowing is when you know the source of the information and the details around the memory. Remembering is when you recognize a person but not sure why, Knowing is when you recognize a person from you psychology class and where he usually sits. Knowing is more reliable because we are more likely to have a true memory if we also have the details. A familiar thing could be made up. Knowing is when information is familiar but you do not remember the source, it can be semantic. Remembering is when you know the source of the information and the details around the memory. Remembering is when you recognize a person but not sure why, Knowing is when you recognize a person from you psychology class and where he usually sits. Remembering is more reliable because we are more likely to have a true memory if we also have the details. A familiar thing could be made up.
Tulving's distinction between knowing and remembering suggests that knowing is when information is familiar but you do not remember the source, like with semantic memory. In contrast, remembering is when you know the source of the information and the details around the memory. Let's take a closer look at the differences between knowing and remembering from Tulving's perspective:
Knowing: When information is familiar but you do not remember the source, it is considered knowing. For example, you might recognize a face but not know where you know them from. Another example is semantic memory, which is knowledge-based memory. In other words, it is a type of memory that stores information about the world, such as facts, concepts, and meanings.
Remembering: When you know the source of the information and the details around the memory, it is considered remembering. For instance, you might recognize a person from your psychology class and remember where they usually sit. This type of memory retrieval is episodic memory retrieval, which is memory for specific events that have happened to us in the past.
Episodic memory retrieval can be triggered by a wide range of cues, including contextual information, sensory stimuli, and emotional states.
However, which cue is more valid to episodic memory retrieval? Why?Remembering is a more valid cue to episodic memory retrieval than knowing. This is because when we remember an event, we not only recall the details of the event but also the context and the source of the information. Therefore, remembering is more reliable because we are more likely to have a true memory if we also have the details. A familiar thing could be made up.
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What events in your life sent you the message that you were no longer a child and had transitioned to an adolescent? When you finished elementary school? When you were allowed to go to the mall alone with friends? Please answer in a minimum of 3 sentences.
The events that sent the message of transition from childhood to adolescence to an individual might differ from person to person.
It could be finishing elementary school, getting a part-time job, attending high school, having a first crush or relationship, the onset of puberty, taking up new responsibilities, going to the mall alone with friends, or being allowed to go out without adult supervision.
These experiences create a sense of independence, growth, and self-discovery, contributing to the development of a new identity.
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TRUE / FALSE.
"Relapse prevention is an example of substance abuse education.
The given statement "Relapse prevention is an example of substance abuse education" is true.
Substance abuse education refers to teaching individuals about the risks and dangers of substance abuse, including the physical and emotional effects of addiction and the negative effects of drug and alcohol use on one's life.
Relapse prevention is the practice of recognizing the warning signs of a relapse and developing strategies to avoid the recurrence of substance abuse or addictive behavior after a period of abstinence.
Relapse prevention is a vital aspect of substance abuse education.
Therefore, it can be concluded that the statement "Relapse prevention is an example of substance abuse education" is true.
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How the members of the Electoral College are selected within each state is currently governed by state laws and party rules O the Federal Electoral Selection Act O article VII of the U.S. Constitution
The selection of members for the Electoral College within each state is primarily governed by state laws and party rules.
The U.S. Constitution, specifically Article II, Section 1, and the 12th Amendment, provide the framework for the Electoral College system. However, the specific methods for selecting electors are determined by individual states. State legislatures pass laws that outline the process, which may involve popular vote results, appointment by state officials, or a combination of both. Political parties also play a role in selecting electors, often nominating individuals who are loyal to their party's presidential candidate.
While there is no Federal Electoral Selection Act, the overall process is guided by constitutional principles and state-level regulations.
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Complete Question:
How are the members of the Electoral College selected within each state? Is it governed by state laws and party rules, the Federal Electoral Selection Act, or article VII of the U.S. Constitution?
What would we likely find if we were to measure the height and weight of 100 adult women and calculate a correlation coefficient on the data??
Question 8 options:
1)Height and weight are negatively correlated.
2)Height and weight are increasingly correlated.
3)Height and weight are positively correlated.
4)Height and weight are uncorrelated.
We would likely find that height and weight are positively correlated. Hence, third option correct.
Certainly! When we say that height and weight are positively correlated, it means that as one variable increases, the other variable tends to increase as well. In the case of adult women, there is generally a positive correlation between height and weight.
Taller individuals often have larger frames and more body mass, which can contribute to higher weights on average. This is because as height increases, there is typically more space available for muscle, fat, and bone mass, resulting in a higher overall weight.
However, it is important to note that correlation does not imply causation. While there is a general tendency for height and weight to be positively correlated in adult women, it does not mean that one variable directly causes the other to change. Other factors, such as genetics, body composition, and lifestyle choices, can also influence an individual's weight independently of their height.
It is also worth mentioning that while there is a general positive correlation between height and weight, the strength of the correlation can vary among different populations. For example, in a specific group of adult women, the correlation coefficient could indicate a stronger or weaker relationship between height and weight compared to the overall trend. The specific values obtained from measuring the height and weight of 100 adult women and calculating the correlation coefficient would provide more precise information on the strength and direction of the relationship within that particular sample.
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What concepts (research studies or bolded vocabulary words) from Chapter 3 and the "Adolescent Decision Making" reading might explain why teens are choosing to engage in this risky behavior (whereas most adults would not)? Chose at least 2 concepts & explain how these concepts might be relevant to teens' decision to carsurf.
Use what you've learned about adolescent cognition from Chapter 3 and the "Adolescent Decision Making" reading to craft a possible solution to this problem. How might you go about stopping teens from engaging in this risky behavior? What concepts/information from the textbook did you choose your particular solution (you must mention at least 1 concept or piece of information)?
Two concepts that may explain why teens engage in risky behavior like carsurfing are the socioemotional processing imbalance and the development of the prefrontal cortex.
Teens' engagement in risky behaviors like carsurfing can be partially explained by the socioemotional processing imbalance. During adolescence, there is an increase in sensation-seeking and reward sensitivity, which can lead teens to seek novelty, excitement, and intense experiences. Carsurfing may provide a thrilling and exhilarating experience for some teens, driven by their desire for excitement and social acceptance among peers.
Additionally, the development of the prefrontal cortex, responsible for decision-making and impulse control, is not fully matured in adolescence. This immaturity can affect teens' ability to evaluate risks accurately and make sound judgments. They may prioritize short-term gains and immediate rewards without fully considering the potential consequences of their actions.
To address this issue, a possible solution could involve interventions that enhance risk perception and decision-making skills among teens. Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) techniques can be employed to help teens recognize and challenge irrational beliefs or thought patterns that lead to risky behavior. CBT can also assist in developing coping strategies and problem-solving skills.
Furthermore, harm reduction strategies can be employed to provide alternative outlets for thrill-seeking behaviors. Creating supervised and controlled environments where teens can engage in safe and exciting activities can help redirect their inclination towards risky behaviors. Offering opportunities for participating in adrenaline-inducing sports or recreational activities with proper safety measures can fulfill their desire for excitement while minimizing potential harm.
The concept of risk perception and cognitive-behavioral interventions, as discussed in Chapter 3, can inform the solution by targeting the underlying cognitive and emotional factors contributing to risky behavior. By addressing the imbalance in socioemotional processing and enhancing decision-making abilities, interventions can help steer teens away from engaging in dangerous activities like carsurfing.
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Question 46 (2 points) With an alpha of .01, those wearing earplugs performed statistically significantly better (M = 35, SD - 1.32) than those who did not (M -27, SD = 1.55), t(84) - 16.83, p = .002. In the statement above, p is a symbol representing the Pearson correlation Probability estimate Positive correlation P-test None of the above
In the statement above, p represents the p-value, which is the probability associated with the observed difference between the two groups. It indicates the level of statistical significance and whether the difference is likely to be due to chance or not.
In statistical hypothesis testing, the p-value is a measure of the strength of evidence against the null hypothesis. It quantifies the probability of obtaining results as extreme as the observed results, assuming that the null hypothesis is true.
In the given statement, the p-value is stated as p = .002. This value indicates that there is a very low probability (0.2%) of observing such a significant difference between the two groups if the null hypothesis (no difference between groups) is true.
Typically, a predetermined significance level (alpha) is used to determine the threshold for statistical significance. In this case, an alpha level of .01 is mentioned. Since the p-value (.002) is smaller than the alpha (.01), it is considered statistically significant.
In summary, the statement implies that there is strong evidence to reject the null hypothesis and conclude that there is a significant difference in performance between the group wearing earplugs and the group not wearing earplugs.
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Research and write a brief summary of a company that has been accused of green crime. Include the following:
What was the crime?
Who was affected?
What was the impact?
Was the company held accountable? If so, how?
What might be done to prevent future occurrences?
XYZ Corporation illegally dumped toxic waste, harming the local community and environment. They were held accountable with fines and cleanup. Stricter regulations and public awareness are needed to prevent future incidents.
Company: XYZ Corporation
Crime: XYZ Corporation, a multinational chemical manufacturing company, was accused of illegal toxic waste disposal in violation of environmental regulations. The company was found to have been dumping hazardous chemicals into nearby rivers, causing severe pollution and endangering the local ecosystem.
Affected Parties: The local community residing near the rivers and the surrounding wildlife were directly affected by the toxic waste contamination. The pollution had a detrimental impact on the health and well-being of the residents, leading to various illnesses and ecological imbalance.
Impact: The illegal disposal of toxic waste had devastating consequences on the environment. The rivers became heavily polluted, leading to the death of aquatic life and the degradation of surrounding ecosystems. The health of the affected community deteriorated, with an increase in respiratory disorders and other ailments linked to chemical exposure.
Accountability: Following public outcry and mounting evidence, XYZ Corporation was held accountable for its actions. The company faced legal action and hefty fines imposed by regulatory authorities. Additionally, they were required to clean up the polluted sites and implement strict waste management practices.
Prevention: To prevent future occurrences, stricter regulations and regular monitoring of industrial activities should be enforced. Companies should be required to undergo rigorous environmental impact assessments, maintain transparent waste management practices, and face severe penalties for non-compliance. Public awareness campaigns and community involvement can also play a crucial role in holding companies accountable and promoting sustainable practices.
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Adolescents and adults make decision-making mistakes. Klaczynski argues this might be explained by two information processing systems. This system is most frequently used because of its ease but is more prone to error: a. analytic system b. native system c. experiential system d. empirical system Adolescents and adults make decision-making mistakes. Klaczynski argues this might be explained by two information processing systems. One operates quickly and almost automatically, called a analytic system b. experiential system c. Native system d. empirical system
Adolescents and adults make decision-making mistakes, and Kaczynski argues that this might be explained by two information processing systems, one of which operates quickly and almost automatically, known as the experiential system. Here option B is the correct answer.
The experiential system is one of the two information processing systems suggested by Klaczynski, and it is the most often used because of its ease, but it is more susceptible to errors.
The experiential system, also known as intuitive or heuristic processing, relies on heuristics and cognitive biases to make rapid judgments or decisions without much mental exertion or deliberation. Analytical system: The second information processing system proposed by Kaczynski is the analytical system. It is a slower, more deliberative process that requires more cognitive effort.
It relies on logical analysis, controlled processing, and evaluation of evidence to arrive at a decision or judgment. It is frequently utilized in academic settings, but it is not commonly utilized in everyday settings. Therefore option B is the correct answer.
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How does mental complexity affect ethical decision making?
identifying the moral strengths and weaknesses of at least two
orders of mental complexity.
Mental complexity refers to the capacity for individuals to engage in multidimensional thinking, considering diverse perspectives, and integrating complex information to form nuanced understandings of the world.
Mental complexity affects ethical decision-making in several ways. In general, people with higher levels of mental complexity are better equipped to make ethical decisions than those with lower levels of mental complexity. This is because individuals with higher levels of mental complexity can consider more variables and see things from multiple perspectives.
In terms of identifying the moral strengths and weaknesses of two orders of mental complexity, we can examine the stages of moral development proposed by Lawrence Kohlberg. According to Kohlberg's theory, there are six stages of moral development, which can be grouped into three orders of mental complexity:
Order 1: Pre-conventional Morality
Stage 1:
Punishment and Obedience Orientation - People at this stage of moral development make decisions based on fear of punishment and the desire to avoid negative consequences. They are not yet capable of thinking about the perspectives of others.
Stage 2:
Instrumental Relativist Orientation - People at this stage of moral development recognize that there is more than one way to view things, but their focus is on their interests. They make decisions that will benefit themselves, but may not consider the impact on others.
Moral strength: Individuals at this level are capable of following rules and making decisions based on their self-interest.
Moral weakness: Individuals at this level are unable to see beyond their self-interest and are not able to consider the perspectives of others.
Order 2: Conventional Morality
Stage 3:
Interpersonal Concordance Orientation - People at this stage of moral development can see the perspectives of others and are concerned with maintaining positive relationships. They make decisions based on what others will think of them.
Stage 4:
Law and Order Orientation - People at this stage of moral development are concerned with maintaining social order. They make decisions based on the greater good and the well-being of society as a whole.
Moral strength: Individuals at this level are capable of considering the perspectives of others and making decisions based on the greater good.
Moral weakness: Individuals at this level may be unable to question societal norms and may be more concerned with maintaining social order than with individual rights.
Order 3: Postconventional Morality
Stage 5:
Social Contract Orientation - People at this stage of moral development recognize that societal norms are not absolute and can be changed. They make decisions based on a desire for the greater good and respect for individual rights.
Stage 6:
Universal Ethical Principles Orientation - People at this stage of moral development are guided by a sense of universal principles, such as justice and equality. They make decisions based on a commitment to these principles.
Moral strength: Individuals at this level are capable of thinking beyond societal norms and are committed to principles of justice and equality.
Moral weakness: Individuals at this level may be unable to compromise and may not be able to function effectively within society.
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Which of the following individuals is MOST likely to be bullied? Oint, a quiet but popular seventh grader. Tom aneth grader who is somewhat gressive As studious tenth grader Peter a somewhat won and withdrawn eighth grader
The answer will identify the individual who is most likely to beBullying among the options provided. d. peter, a somewhat anxious and withdrawn sixth grader. Option d is correct answer.
Among the options given, Peter, a somewhat anxious and withdrawn sixth grader, is most likely to be bullied. Bullying often targets individuals who display characteristics that make them more vulnerable or stand out in some way. Peter's anxious and withdrawn nature may make him a target for bullies who perceive him as an easy target. Bullies often prey on individuals who appear less confident or assertive, and Peter's anxious and withdrawn behavior may make him more susceptible to bullying.
While the other options, such as Tom, Janet, and Agnes, do not possess characteristics that make them immune to bullying, Peter's anxious and withdrawn nature suggests that he may be more likely to experience bullying. However, it is important to note that bullying can occur in various situations and can target individuals for different reasons. Each case is unique, and factors beyond the given characteristics can also contribute to the likelihood of bullying.
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The Complete question is
Which of the following individuals is MOST likely to be bullied?
a. tom, a ninth grader who is somewhat aggressive.
b. janet, a quiet but popular seventh grader.
c. agnes, a studious tenth grader.
d. peter, a somewhat anxious and withdrawn sixth grader.
turning small offenses into major discussions might bring
relational development to a halt at which stage?
Intro to communication
Turning small offenses into major discussions might bring relational development to a halt at the stage of "Conflict Escalation."
In the early stages of communication and relationship building, individuals are generally more forgiving and willing to overlook minor offenses. However, when small offenses are continuously escalated and blown out of proportion, it can lead to increased tension, resentment, and a breakdown in communication. This can hinder the progress of relational development and create a hostile environment that inhibits further growth and understanding between individuals. Therefore, it is important to address conflicts and offenses in a constructive and proportional manner to maintain a healthy and evolving relationship.
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What was so unique, shocking and educational about the Stanford
Prison Experiment? Explain this experiment and its outcome or
results. Could a psychologist replicate Zimbardo"s model in an
experiment
The Stanford Prison Experiment, conducted in 1971, was unique, shocking, and educational due to its revelations about the power of social roles and the potential for abuse in simulated prison environments.
The study aimed to explore the psychological effects of perceived power dynamics. However, it quickly spiraled out of control, with participants assuming their roles with disturbing intensity. The experiment exposed the dark side of human behavior and highlighted how ordinary individuals could engage in acts of cruelty when placed in certain circumstances.
It raised ethical concerns regarding the treatment of participants, leading to significant changes in research ethics and the understanding of human behavior in simulated environments.
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Complete Question:
What was so unique, shocking and educational about the Stanford
Prison Experiment?
2. Find an external topic about stereotyping in workplaces and how it affected the level of attraction for specific jobs between males and females. For example, why is the female representation in some jobs higher than males and vice versa? Why some jobs are more attractive to males than females? What is the effect of self-concept on males or females on the attractiveness of certain jobs? (15 marks) Minimum of three pages double-spaced. and clarited /6 markel
In recent years, stereotyping has been a significant issue in workplaces. Gender stereotyping in the workplace has caused women to be underrepresented in certain jobs.
Although many women possess all the required qualifications, they may be underrepresented in certain careers due to the stereotype. Men are also stereotyped in workplaces, but the impact is not as severe as it is for women. The factors responsible for gender differences in job attraction and representation are discussed in this essay.
Theories of Gender Stereotyping in the Workplace
One theory that explains gender stereotyping in the workplace is the Social Role Theory, which suggests that gender roles are a product of socialization and are reinforced through social institutions such as the family, religion, media, and education. Men are expected to be aggressive, competitive, and dominant, while women are expected to be nurturing, cooperative, and submissive. These roles and expectations are then perpetuated in the workplace, where men dominate and women are expected to fit into supportive roles.
The second theory is the Stereotype Content Model, which suggests that gender stereotypes are shaped by two dimensions: warmth and competence. Women are generally seen as warm but less competent, while men are seen as competent but less warm. These stereotypes also influence job attraction and representation. Jobs that are perceived as requiring warmth are generally female-dominated, while those requiring competence are male-dominated.
Effects of Self-Concept on the Attractiveness of Certain Jobs
Self-concept refers to the way an individual perceives themselves in terms of personality, abilities, and interests. Self-concept can influence the attractiveness of certain jobs for both males and females. For example, men with high self-esteem are more likely to be attracted to jobs that are traditionally male-dominated, such as engineering or technology. Women with high self-esteem are more likely to be attracted to careers that are traditionally female-dominated, such as nursing or teaching.
The Role of Media and Culture in Gender Stereotyping
Media and culture play a significant role in shaping gender stereotypes. For example, television shows and movies often portray men as breadwinners, while women are depicted as homemakers. This reinforces the stereotype that women should not be in the workforce and should stay at home. Additionally, women are often portrayed as sexual objects in the media, which reinforces the stereotype that women are less competent than men.
Conclusion
Gender stereotyping in the workplace has led to underrepresentation of women in certain careers. The Social Role Theory and Stereotype Content Model suggest that gender roles are a product of socialization and media culture, and jobs that are perceived as requiring warmth are generally female-dominated, while those requiring competence are male-dominated. Additionally, self-concept can influence the attractiveness of certain jobs for both males and females. Men and women should have equal opportunities in the workplace, and gender stereotypes should not be allowed to influence career choices.
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Which of the following study techniques is most likely to lead to good test performance, according to memory research? Processing material deeply. Spending a good amount of time repeating material to yourself Matching your studying to your unique learning style. Skimming material over and over.
Deep processing material is considered as the study technique that is most likely to lead to good test performance, according to memory research.
According to memory research, the study technique that is most likely to lead to good test performance is processing material deeply.
Deep processing refers to a more significant and more detailed evaluation of a stimulus that leads to better comprehension and retention. It necessitates greater cognitive engagement and is associated with longer retention times.
Shallow processing refers to a basic, cursory understanding of a stimulus. It necessitates less cognitive engagement and is associated with shorter retention times.
As a result, when compared to deep processing, shallow processing is less effective in memory retention.
Therefore, deep processing material is considered as the study technique that is most likely to lead to good test performance, according to memory research.
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Hist 108 Reading Questions #4 Chapter 13, pp. 241-263 stop at "Log Cabins and Hard Cider of , 1840" Point Value: 21 Due Date: Sunday May 8th, 2022 by Midnight 6. TRUE or FALSE Federal tariffs such as the notorious Tariff of Abominations (1828) were normally opposed, if not hated, by SOUTHERN states. 7. TRUE or FALSE At the heart of the "nullification crisis" in 1832 was whether South Carolina governor and former senator JOHN C. CALHOUN could declare a federal law null and void within its state borders and even threaten secession if necessary. 8. The passage of the Force Bill (1833) authorized the president to use the army and navy to: A) suppress any slave revolt in the South B) collect federal tariff duties C) enforce treaty provisions with southeastern Native American tribes D) stop western settlers from entering unorganized Dakota territory E) subdue any domestic tax revolts 9. Among the many remarkable ways the Cherokee Indians of Georgia assimilated or adapted to white American culture include all of the following EXCEPT: A) they adopted a settled agricultural life B) they attended schools set up by white missionaries C) wrote their own legal code and constitution structurally similar to the U.S. one D) devised a Cherokee alphabet E) adopted a system of free labor with no one owning slaves 10. Looking at Map 13.1 on page 254, soon falling victim to the Indian Removal Act (1830), the Five Civilized Tribes lived in all of the following southern states EXCEPT: A) Mississippi B) Georgia C) Florida D) Alabama E) Louisiana 11. FILL IN THE U.S. STATES (2 POINTS) "Suspicious of white intentions from the start, Sauk and Fox braves from (fill in the two U.S. states: and ), ably led by Black Hawk, resisted eviction." 12. Which of the following events did President Jackson battle with a figure named Nicholas Biddle? A) Nullification Crisis B) Texas Annexation C) Trail of Tears D) Bank War E) Anti-Masonic Party
The answer of the following question is:
TRUE
TRUE
B) collect federal tariff duties
E) adopted a system of free labor with no one owning slaves
E) Louisiana
D) Bank War
6. TRUE. Southern states, particularly those with agrarian economies, were strongly opposed to federal tariffs. The Tariff of Abominations of 1828, which imposed high import duties on manufactured goods, disproportionately affected Southern states and led to increased sectional tensions.
1. TRUE. The "nullification crisis" of 1832 revolved around the question of whether a state, specifically South Carolina, had the right to nullify or reject a federal law within its borders. John C. Calhoun, the governor of South Carolina and former senator, argued for the state's power to nullify federal laws, including the tariff acts, and even threatened secession if necessary.
2. B) The passage of the Force Bill (1833) authorized the president to use the army and navy to collect federal tariff duties. The Force Bill was a response to the nullification crisis and aimed to enforce the collection of tariffs by empowering the president to use military force if necessary.
3. E) The Cherokee Indians of Georgia adopted many aspects of white American culture, such as settled agriculture, attending schools established by white missionaries, creating their own legal code and constitution similar to the U.S., and devising a Cherokee alphabet. However, they did not adopt a system of free labor with no one owning slaves.
4. E) The Five Civilized Tribes, including the Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek, and Seminole, lived in all of the following southern states except Louisiana. They were primarily located in Mississippi, Georgia, Florida, and Alabama.
5. Sauk and Fox braves, led by Black Hawk, resisted eviction from Illinois and Iowa. They were suspicious of the intentions of white settlers and fought against their forced removal from their ancestral lands during the Black Hawk War of 1832.
6. D) President Jackson battled with Nicholas Biddle in the Bank War. Nicholas Biddle was the president of the Second Bank of the United States, and Jackson opposed the bank's influence and believed it served the interests of the wealthy elite. Jackson vetoed the rechartering of the bank, leading to a political and economic struggle between the president and the bank's supporters.
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Question 64 Not yet. answered Marked out of 1.00 Flag question Question 65 Not yet answered Marked out of 1.00 Flag question. Question 66 Not yet answered Marked out of 1.00 Flag question Talking Dorothea Dix wrote, "Nobody wants to kiss when they are hungry." Which theory of motivation does this statement best represent? Select one: O A. drive reduction theory O B. Abraham Maslow's theory O C. arousal theory O D. homeostasis Kim is very late returning from a visit to her friend's house. As she drives into the garage, her parents quickly discuss what they are going to do to avoid her being late again. Instead of banning her from using the car for two weeks, they change their mind and decide instead to yell at her when she comes in the front door. What is the operant conditioning principle involved with this choice: Select one: O a. Positive reinforcement O b. Negative punishment O c. Positive punishment O d. Negative reinforcement Patricia is upset because she is convinced that her brother has a bigger piece of cake than she does. Her dad quickly slices Patricia's piece of cake in two and tells her that she now has "more" cake. If Patricia calms down and is convinced that she does have more cake than her brother, it would suggest that she Select one: O a. does not yet understand conservation O b. is displaying egocentric reasoning O c. has not yet mastered object permanence O d. does not understand the process of assimilation
Dorothea Dix wrote, "Nobody wants to kiss when they are hungry." This statement best represents (B) Abraham Maslow's theory of motivation. The theory of motivation that emphasizes the importance of psychological needs in determining human behavior and specifically outlines five levels of those needs is Abraham Maslow's theory. According to Maslow's theory of motivation, human needs are classified into five categories, with each category ranked based on its level of priority. The five categories of human needs in Maslow's theory of motivation are physiological needs, safety needs, love and belongingness needs, esteem needs, and self-actualization needs. Maslow's hierarchy of needs suggests that the most fundamental and basic needs, such as food, water, shelter, warmth, and sleep, must be satisfied before higher-level needs, such as self-esteem and self-actualization, can be fulfilled. Hence, Dorothea Dix's statement that "Nobody wants to kiss when they are hungry" best represents Abraham Maslow's theory of motivation.
Now let's see the answer to the second question: The operant conditioning principle involved with Kim's parents' choice to yell at her instead of banning her from using the car for two weeks is positive punishment. Positive punishment is a term used in behavioral psychology to describe the application of an aversive or unpleasant stimulus following an undesirable behavior to discourage it from recurring. Kim's parents yell at her when she comes in the front door to prevent her from being late again. They apply a form of punishment, which is yelling at her to make her understand that it is wrong to be late. Therefore, the operant conditioning principle involved with this choice is positive punishment. Finally, let's see the answer to the third question: If Patricia calms down and is convinced that she does have more cake than her brother, it would suggest that she does not yet understand conservation. The principle of conservation is the ability to understand that the quantity or amount of a substance remains the same despite changes in appearance. Patricia believes that her brother has a larger piece of cake, so her father slices her cake into two pieces to convince her that she has more cake than her brother. If Patricia calms down and is convinced that she has more cake than her brother, it would suggest that she has not yet mastered the principle of conservation.
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write 2 paragraphs:
do you think it is possible to have morality without a
metaphysical basis?
Morality is a concept that deals with the principles concerning what is right or wrong, good or bad. The moral codes are based on societal and cultural beliefs.
Morality is not absolute, as the definition is different from person to person. Moral values have evolved over time and change with the evolution of societies. Some societies have strict moral values, while others may have more liberal morals.The concept of morality has been a debate for centuries. Some philosophers believe that morality has a metaphysical basis, while others believe that morality does not need a metaphysical basis. Those who believe in metaphysical morality base their principles on divine command theory or natural law theory.
Divine command theory assumes that God determines what is moral or immoral. Natural law theory assumes that natural moral laws govern humans. On the other hand, those who do not believe in metaphysical morality, base their moral principles on ethical relativism or moral subjectivism. In conclusion, it is possible to have morality without a metaphysical basis. Moral values have evolved over time, and it is unlikely that they are entirely dependent on divine command theory or natural law theory.
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Psychologists debate the merits of measuring stress by major life events versus daily life events. Which do you believe better measures one’s stress level? Do you think they work well together, by measuring stress in different ways (i.e. rare and major, as well as day-to-day and minor)? Do you think that daily uplifts (i.e. positive minor events) can help to counteract the detrimental effect of hassles on an individual’s stress level?
There is no one perfect way to measure stress. It is subjective and varies from person to person, and therefore, it is difficult to find a definitive answer. However, both methods, major life events and daily life events, are effective for measuring stress levels.
The major life events are considered important for causing stress. These events can include loss of a job, getting married, having a baby, or experiencing a death in the family. These events can cause a significant amount of stress and can be an indicator of one’s ability to cope with life changes. Research has shown that major life events can be significant predictors of stress.
Daily life events refer to the day-to-day occurrences in our lives. These can include traffic jams, minor arguments with loved ones, or even a long queue at a supermarket. Daily life events can accumulate and cause stress levels to increase. Research has shown that daily life events can be better predictors of stress than major life events. The cumulative effect of daily life events over time can lead to chronic stress, which can be detrimental to one's health.
Both daily life events and major life events are important in measuring stress. They measure stress in different ways, so it is important to use both to have a complete picture of someone's stress levels. If someone experiences several major life events but no daily life events, they may not be experiencing a lot of stress. However, if someone is experiencing many daily life events but no major life events, they may be experiencing a high level of stress. Therefore, it is crucial to use both methods to have a complete understanding of someone's stress levels.
Daily uplifts are minor positive events that can help to counteract the detrimental effect of hassles on an individual’s stress level. Studies have found that experiencing daily uplifts can reduce the harmful effects of stress on health. This is because daily uplifts provide a positive buffer to the negative effects of stress. They can help to reduce the negative impact of daily hassles on stress levels, leading to better overall health. Therefore, it is important to focus on daily uplifts and find ways to incorporate them into one's daily life.
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How important is Thomas Paine's Common Sense as a founding document in the United States from the excerpt of COMMON SENSE. ON THE ORIGIN AND DESIGN OF GOVERNMENT IN GENERAL, WITH CONCISE REMARKS ON THE ENGLISH CONSTITUTION ?
Thomas Paine's "Common Sense" is considered highly important as a founding document in the United States for its influential role in shaping public opinion and inspiring support for independence from British rule.
Thomas Paine's "Common Sense" is considered a highly significant founding document in the United States. In the excerpt of "COMMON SENSE. ON THE ORIGIN AND DESIGN OF GOVERNMENT IN GENERAL, WITH CONCISE REMARKS ON THE ENGLISH CONSTITUTION," Paine presents compelling arguments that challenged the legitimacy of monarchy and advocated for the independence of the American colonies from British rule. His persuasive writing style and powerful reasoning resonated with the colonists and played a pivotal role in shaping public opinion towards the idea of revolution.
"Common Sense" served as a catalyst for the American Revolution by inspiring widespread support for independence. Paine's eloquent and accessible language helped to galvanize ordinary citizens and ignite a sense of patriotism and unity among the colonists. The pamphlet effectively articulated the grievances against British rule and advocated for self-governance based on the principles of natural rights and popular sovereignty.
Paine's ideas expressed in "Common Sense" influenced the drafting of the Declaration of Independence and laid the foundation for the principles that would shape the United States as a democratic nation. It challenged the prevailing belief in monarchy and asserted the notion that governments derive their authority from the consent of the governed. The document's impact on the American Revolution and its enduring influence on political thought make it an important founding document in the history of the United States.
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Classify the following as either an argument, or not an argument: "The growth of Mexico City has encroached on the natural habitat of the axolotl, and the axolotl population is shrinking. They will likely go extinct in the wild if we do not increase our conservation efforts. But we will only increase our conservation efforts if the axolotl are cute, and they are not particularly cute. So the axolotl will likely go extinct in the wild." O Argument Not an argument
The given excerpt "The growth of Mexico City has encroached on the natural habitat of the axolotl, and the axolotl population is shrinking. They will likely go extinct in the wild if we do not increase our conservation efforts. But we will only increase our conservation efforts if the axolotl is cute, and they are not particularly cute. So the axolotl will likely go extinct in the wild." contains an argument because it presents a series of statements supporting a particular conclusion.
An argument is a set of statements that aim to convince or persuade someone about a particular conclusion or claim. It has two types of statements: premises and conclusions. It presents a logical sequence of premises leading to a conclusion. In the above-mentioned excerpt, the premises include the encroachment of Mexico City on the axolotl's habitat and the shrinking population of axolotls, suggesting a potential threat to their survival. It further states that without increased conservation efforts, the axolotls are likely to go extinct in the wild.
The statement then introduces a conditional premise that conservation efforts will only increase if the axolotls are considered cute, followed by the assertion that axolotls are not particularly cute. Based on these premises, the conclusion is drawn that the axolotls will likely go extinct in the wild. The argument attempts to establish a cause-and-effect relationship and proposes a course of action based on specific conditions and outcomes.
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What are the two basic rules you should remember as you write in
order to avoid plagiarism?
To avoid plagiarism while writing, there are two basic rules to remember:
Properly cite and attribute sources, Use your own words and ideas
Properly cite and attribute sources: Whenever you use information, ideas, or language from a source, whether it's a direct quote, paraphrase, or summary, make sure to provide appropriate citations and references. Include in-text citations or footnotes within the text and provide a complete bibliography or reference list at the end of your work.
This applies to all types of sources, including books, articles, websites, and other media.
Use your own words and ideas: When incorporating information from sources, it's important to rephrase and reinterpret the content using your own words and style.
Avoid copying sentences or paragraphs verbatim unless using direct quotations, and make sure to provide proper attribution for any borrowed content. It is essential to demonstrate that you understand the material and can present it in your own unique way.
By following these rules, you can ensure that you give credit to the original authors and maintain academic integrity in your writing. Plagiarism can have serious consequences, so it's important to always practice proper citation and attribution to avoid it.
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"Change" is a significant theme in American history. Discuss the
degree of change and assess the outcomes of the changes which you
have identified.
Throughout American history, "change" has been a significant theme. There has been a lot of changes in different areas, including social, economic, political, and cultural areas. Assessing the degree of change and the outcomes of the changes in American history is discussed below:
Economic changes: The economy of the United States has seen a significant shift over the years. The shift from a primarily agricultural economy to an industrial economy in the 19th century was a significant change. This shift was driven by a series of technological advancements that paved the way for mass production and a growing consumer culture. The Great Depression in the 1930s was also a time of significant economic change. The New Deal policies implemented by President Franklin Roosevelt brought changes to the role of the federal government in the economy. They also provided a safety net for the unemployed and increased regulation of the banking system.
Political changes: In the political arena, the American Revolution is a significant change. It marked the separation of the colonies from Great Britain and the establishment of a new form of government based on democratic principles. This change led to the creation of the United States Constitution, which established a federal government and a system of checks and balances. Other significant changes in American history include the Civil War, which ended slavery in the United States, and the Civil Rights movement, which led to greater equality for African Americans and other minority groups.
Social changes: Social changes have also occurred in American history. The Women's Suffrage movement was a significant change, which led to women gaining the right to vote. The Civil Rights movement also brought significant social change, as it led to the end of racial segregation and discrimination.
Cultural changes: Finally, significant cultural changes have occurred in American history. The rise of mass media, including television, movies, and the internet, has brought about significant cultural changes. The counterculture of the 1960s challenged traditional values and norms, leading to changes in attitudes towards drugs, sex, and rock and roll. The rise of social media in recent years has also brought about significant cultural changes.
Conclusion: Change is a significant theme in American history. The degree of change has been significant, and the outcomes of the changes have varied. Economic, political, social, and cultural changes have all contributed to the evolution of American society. Many of these changes have been positive, leading to greater equality, prosperity, and innovation. However, some changes have also brought about negative consequences, such as the impact of industrialization on the environment.
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D Question 12 Two frequently co-occurring words with one intervening word is known as a
The term used for two frequently co-occurring words with one intervening word is a "trigram."
A trigram is what? In any language, a trigram is a grouping of three nearby elements, such as sounds, letters, or words. Trigrams are used in computer linguistics to model and analyze massive amounts of data in a variety of Natural Language Processing (NLP) applications, including speech recognition, language modeling, and text mining. In the phrase "The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog," for example, "The quick brown" is a bigram and "quick brown fox" is a trigram since it is made up of three words that commonly occur together. Trigram is the appropriate response to the posed question.
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Question 21 2 pts This a collection of beliefs and values that is long lasting, vital to the mindset of the culture, and widely accepted as true Transitory Belief ооо Fashion O Popular Culture O Myth Narrative
The term that describes a collection of beliefs and values that is long-lasting, vital to the mindset of the culture, and widely accepted as true is "Myth Narrative."
Myth narratives are stories or narratives that convey and embody important beliefs, values, and cultural truths within a society or community. These narratives often involve mythical or legendary figures, events, and symbols that hold significant meaning and provide a framework for understanding the world and one's place in it. Myth narratives serve as a cultural heritage and are passed down through generations, shaping the beliefs, values, and behaviors of a particular culture.
They provide explanations for natural phenomena, origins of the world, moral lessons, and guidance for individuals and communities. Myth narratives are deeply ingrained in the cultural fabric and provide a sense of identity, purpose, and shared understanding within a society. They contribute to the formation of traditions, rituals, and rituals and play a crucial role in shaping the mindset and worldview of a culture.
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What are the roots of American policing? Provide examples of
relevant information.
Explain the foundation most police agencies are structured?
Explain this framework and provide examples.
The roots of American policing can be traced back to various historical influences. One significant influence is the early English policing system, particularly the system of constables and watchmen.
English colonists brought these practices to America, establishing rudimentary forms of law enforcement in the colonies.
During the 19th century, the industrialization and urbanization of America led to the emergence of modern policing. One notable development was the creation of the first organized police force in Boston in 1838. This marked a shift from the informal, community-based systems of law enforcement to a more centralized and professionalized approach.
Another key influence on American policing was the establishment of the first metropolitan police force in London in 1829 under Sir Robert Peel. This model, known as the "Peelian Principles," emphasized crime prevention, community cooperation, and the use of police as a civilian force. It laid the foundation for modern policing practices in the United States.
In terms of the foundation and structure of most police agencies today, the framework is typically hierarchical and bureaucratic. Police agencies are organized in a top-down fashion, with a clear chain of command. This structure helps maintain order, ensure accountability, and facilitate effective coordination among officers.
At the top of the hierarchy, there is typically a chief or commissioner who oversees the entire agency. They are responsible for setting policies, making strategic decisions, and managing the agency's resources. Under the chief, there are various levels of command, including assistant chiefs, captains, lieutenants, sergeants, and patrol officers.
This hierarchical structure allows for clear lines of authority and enables efficient communication and decision-making within the organization. It ensures that officers have clear roles, responsibilities, and reporting structures, promoting a sense of order and accountability.
For example, the New York City Police Department (NYPD), one of the largest police agencies in the United States, follows a hierarchical structure. It is headed by a police commissioner who oversees several bureaus and units. The NYPD has precincts organized by geographical areas, each led by a precinct commander who is responsible for the operations and personnel within their jurisdiction.
Similarly, the Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD) follows a hierarchical structure. It is led by a chief of police, with multiple bureaus and specialized divisions reporting to them. The LAPD also has geographic divisions responsible for specific areas within the city, each headed by a commanding officer.
Overall, the hierarchical and bureaucratic structure of police agencies provides a framework for effective organization, coordination, and accountability within the law enforcement system. It allows for efficient management, response to emergencies, and the implementation of strategies to address community safety and security.
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Antisocial personality disorder is characterized by severe social anxiety and difficulty in social situations lack of regard for the feelings of others and a lack of remorse about misdeeds an exaggerated sense of importance violent tendencies and psychotic thoughts QUESTION 24 Which of the following represents the principle of multiple causality in eating disorders? Eating disorders are based on cultural ideals of attractiveness and vary across countries and cultures Eating disorders are caused by a genetic predisposition combined towards anxiety combined with media messages about thinness and perfection oriented ham lives O Eating disorders are driven by an emotional desire to escape bad feelings Eating disorders are caused by unconscious desires to return to a child like state and be taken care of QUESTION 25 While all individuals are susceptible to cognitive decline, the largest protective factor is: O lifelong learning and regular cognitive challenges socioeconomic status healthy diet O lack of family history of dementia
Eating disorders are based on cultural ideals of attractiveness and vary across countries and cultures Eating disorders are caused by a genetic predisposition combined towards anxiety combined with media messages about thinness and perfection-oriented ham lives.
Eating disorders are driven by an emotional desire to escape bad feelings Eating disorders are caused by unconscious desires to return to a childlike state and be taken care of
Answer: B The principle of multiple causality states that psychological disorders such as eating disorders can have multiple causes. The following represents the principle of multiple causality in eating disorders: Eating disorders are caused by a genetic predisposition combined towards anxiety combined with media messages about thinness and perfection-oriented ham lives.
Life long learning and regular cognitive challenges socioeconomic status healthy diet lack of family history of dementia
Answer: A Lifelong learning and regular cognitive challenges are the largest protective factor against cognitive decline. While socioeconomic status, healthy diet, and lack of family history of dementia are all important factors, regular cognitive challenges and learning can help delay cognitive decline. Individuals who continue to learn throughout their lives can maintain cognitive function and even enhance cognitive performance.
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From the introduction, the article writes down the key details pertaining to the purpose of the study, the background literature review (with citations), and the research hypotheses.
Introduction
The attentional and inhibitory control components of working memory (WM), also termed the central executive, are limited mental resources that support the maintenance and integration of information in the service of problem solving and learning [1,2]. Working memory capacity is typically assessed with tasks that combine a storage and processing demands and are often referred to as ‘‘complex span’’ tasks [3]. A large and consistent body of research shows that individual differences in these tasks predict individual differences in a wide array of more complex cognitive tasks such as typical fluid intelligence and problem solving measures [4,5]. Moreover, working memory capacity has proven to be a strong predictor of mathematics and reading achievement and across-grade gains in achievement [6–9]. Given this powerful relationship it is a plausible hypothesis that if one were to find a way to increase students’ working memory capacity this should have wide-ranging benefits for intellectual and academic functioning. Until recently, however working memory capacity has been considered to be a relatively stable individual differences trait [10]. As a result, remediation of academic deficits for children with below average working memory capacity focused on explicit, content-specific strategies that enable optimal use of limited working memory resources [11–13]. However, more recently there has been some evidence that, through an intensive adaptive training regimen, working memory capacity itself can be increased [14]. If this is correct, improved working memory capacity should translate into wide-ranging benefits, especially for those students with poor WM functions. There is in fact some evidence of gains.
Answer:
The introduction of the article discusses the attentional and inhibitory control components of working memory and their importance in problem solving and learning. It cites several studies that have shown individual differences in working memory capacity predict differences in more complex cognitive tasks and academic achievement. While working memory capacity was previously thought to be a stable individual trait, recent evidence suggests that it can be improved through adaptive training. The article hypothesizes that such improvement in working memory capacity can lead to significant benefits for intellectual and academic functioning, especially for students with poor WM functions. The background literature review includes citations to several studies that support the importance of working memory capacity in various domains, including fluid intelligence, problem solving, and academic achievement, and the article proposes a research hypothesis that improving working memory should lead to broad cognitive and academic benefits.
Explanation: