By converting light energy to chemical energy through the process of photosynthesis, carbon dioxide and water are transformed into organic molecules.
Nearly all algae engage in the process, and in fact, much of what is currently known about photosynthesis was first uncovered through research on the green alga Chlorella.
Both light reactions and dark reactions are involved in photosynthesis (or Calvin cycle). The enzyme ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase binds carbon dioxide to ribulose bisphosphate, a 5-carbon sugar with two linked phosphate groups, during the dark processes. This is the first stage of a multi-step process that results in the production of sugars. The chemical energy required for the dark reactions is created during the light processes.
At the seedling and heading phases, five photosynthesis traits—chlorophyll content, net photosynthetic rate, intercellular CO2 concentration, transpiration rate, and stomatal conductance—were examined.
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over – percent of plastic waste has never been recycled, and much of it ends up in oceans. scientists estimate that by 2050, ocean plastics will outweigh ocean – . a total of 9 billion tons of plastic has been generated since 1950, more than – for every person on the planet.
In the next 15 years, the amount of plastic in the ocean is predicted to quadruple, and by 2050, there may be more plastic in the ocean than fish (by weight).
How much of the plastic produced actually gets recycled to manufacture new products?According to 2018 data from the Environmental Protection Agency, just approximately 9 percent of plastic garbage gets recycled, as I recently learned.
Our oceans are covered with 25 trillion macro and 51 trillion microplastics. 269,000 tonnes of that are surface-floating. This is equal to 500 times the number of stars in our galaxy and 1345 blue whales. The sea is clogged with 4 billion plastic microfibers every square kilometre.
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Arrange the steps of the contraction cycle in the correct order from left to right.
Step 1: Contraction Cycle Begins
Begins with the arrival of calcium ions within the zone of overlap
Step 2: Active-Site Exposure
Calcium ions bind to troponin, weakening the bond between actin and the troponin-tropomyosin complex.
This reaction leads to the exposure of the active sites on the actin molecules of the thin filaments.
Step 3: Cross-Bridge Formation
Once the active sites are exposed, the energized myosin heads bind to them, forming cross bridges.
Step 4: Myosin Head Pivoting
After cross-bridge formation, the stored energy is used to pivot the myosin head toward the M line. This action is called the power stroke, when it occurs, the bound ADP and phosphate group are released.
Step 5: Cross-Bridge Detachment
When another ATP binds to the myosin head, the link between the myosin head and the active site on the actin molecule is broken.
The active site in now exposed and able to form another cross bridge.
Step 6: Myosin Reactivation
Myosin reactivation occurs when the free myosin head splits ATP into ADP and P.
What is contraction cycle?
The muscle contracts in a pattern of repeated joining and releasing between the two thin and thick strands of the sarcomere. ATP is important for preparing myosin for binding and 'loading' of myosin.
ATP first binds to myosin, putting it in a high energy state. ATP is hydrolyzed to ADP and inorganic phosphate (Pi) by the enzyme ATPase. The energy released during ATP hydrolysis changes the angle of the myosin head to a 'tilted' position, ready to bind to actin when the site becomes available. ADP and Pi remain connected. Myosin exists in a high energy configuration.
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which factors are considered environmental factors that can cause genetic effects? (select all that apply.)
The factors that can can cause genetic effects For example, UV radiation can smash DNA strands.
Sometimes the surroundings modifications a gene—both its DNA collection or its pastime level. Either of those consequences can alternate the proteins which can be crafted from a gene, which in flip influences traits. Some dangerous environmental elements can alternate a gene's nucleotide collection.
Environmental elements along with diet, temperature, oxygen levels, humidity, mild cycles, and the presence of mutagens can all effect which of an animal's genes are expressed, which in the long run influences the animal's phenotype. Similarly, drugs, chemicals, temperature, and mild are a few of the outside environmental elements which can decide which genes are grew to become on and off, thereby influencing the manner an organism develops and functions.
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cells synthesize a variety of complex molecules to include proteins, nucleic acids, lipids and carbohydrates. a large majority of the molecules that cells make are proteins. which three organelles are most involved in synthesizing proteins?
The nucleus is one of the organelles involved in protein synthesis. Ribosomes. Endocytic reticulum in rough (RER).
The primary location for protein production is this organelle?The primary location for protein synthesis is the ribosome, which can be found inside the rough endoplasmic reticulum or floating in the cytoplasm. Building chains of amino acid molecules known as polypeptide chains, the ribosome reads the mRNA and then tRNA molecules add amino acid molecules.
Who produces proteins?Cells create proteins through a process known as protein synthesis. Transcription and translation take place simultaneously. The conversion of genetic information from DNA to mRNA in the nucleus is known as transcription.
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2. What are the positive and negative aspects of the world showed in the movie? List at least two positive and two negative aspects.
gattaca
Less sickness; brighter, stronger, and more productive people are some positive characteristics of the film.
Negative features of the movie include social turmoil and a lack of genetic diversity.
What are the positive and negative aspects of movies ?It entirely depends on the film.
Everyone has a tendency to imitate, thus when one witnesses a movie star performing an act, they attempt to mimic it.
The benefits of movies include:
1. Increasing Knowledge (Historical Movies or Biography)
2. Improving your analytical capacity (By watching Suspense Movies)
The first negative effect of movies on society is caused by their sexual content.
2. The way one speaks to his elder indecently. The Kids might process in a different way.
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specialization can be both limiting and beneficial. how would a plant species benefit from a pollinator that only visits the flowers of that plant species?(1 point)
Less competition from other species for pollinators.
A plant's likelihood of having its pollen distributed rises when a large number of pollinators visit it, according to the mechanism of generalisation (Brosi 2016). These generalist pollinators can then gather resources from a variety of plants once they become active in a patch.
The generalist nature of the majority of plant-pollinator interactions and this need for specialisation appear to be at odds. At various levels of biological hierarchy, specialisation and generalisation coexist simultaneously in many states and are dynamic—not fixed.
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the major anatomic difference in autonomic reflex arcs is that there are two sensory afferents.
There are two motor neurons, called pre- and postganglionic motor neurons, in autonomic reflex arc pathways, which is the main anatomical distinction.
What two divisions make up the autonomic nervous system?Two major divisions make up the autonomic nerve system: Sympathetic. Parasympathetic.
Which two cranial nerves contribute to this autonomic reflex?Different receptors in the heart, lungs, and vasculature send sensory information to the brainstem via the glossopharyngeal and vagus cranial nerves. This afferent information is essential for the immediate control of arterial blood pressure as well as the dilating of mental and physical stimuli. In times of stress or danger, this system triggers bodily functions that can assist you.
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ecori a 6-cutter. theoretically, how often does it cut in a long stretch of dna given that each nucleotide has a 0.25 chance to appear in a position?
Given that every nucleotide has a 0.25 probability of appearing in a position 0.0002 in the DNA, it sliced through a lengthy section of it.
Why is DNA important, and what does it do?The biological codes that give each species its individuality are found in a molecule called deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). During reproduction, mature organisms transmit their DNA to their progeny in addition to the instructions it carries.
why does a person have DNA?All creatures are composed of genes, which are found in DNA. DNA's capacity for recurrent self-replication is its most crucial property. In order to create new cells, convey genetic information from parents to children, and code for RNA (ribonucleic acid), which is needed to create proteins, DNA must be replicated.
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What are Bioreactors?
Answer: Bioreactor is an apparatus for growing organisms (yeast, bacteria, or animal cells) under controlled conditions.
Explanation:
There are 5 types of bioreactors.
(1) Continuous Stirred
(2) Bubble Column Bioreactors.
(3) Airlift Bioreactors.
(4) Fluidized Bed Bioreactors.
(5) Packed Bed Bioreactors.
A manmade device called a bioreactor is used to conduct biological reactions.
The bioreactor is a closed system that fosters the development of cells or tissues and is utilized in bioprocessing. Anaerobic or aerobic processes are both possible. Fermenters are often where bacterial reactions happen, whereas bioreactors are where cell growth happens.
Typically cylindrical in shape, bioreactors come in a variety of sizes from litres to cubic meters. They are typically constructed from stainless steel.
Pharmaceuticals like antibiotics and insulin are produced in bioreactors. They are sterile vessels equipped with the necessary temperature controls and gassing equipment to initiate a biological reaction.
The best conditions for optimum cell development and production will result from control over temperature, moisture, pH level, oxygen levels, and stirring rate.
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Preganglionic sympathetic fibers exit the spinal cord via the __________ root and pass through the __________ to enter the __________.
The ventral root of the spinal cord serves as the exit point for preganglionic sympathetic fibres, which then go through the rami communicantes and into the sympathetic trunk ganglia.
Segments T1 through L3 of the lateral horn of the spinal cord contain the cell bodies of the preganglionic axons of the sympathetic division. These axons exit the spinal cord from this location via the ventral root and enter a spinal nerve. These neurons' axons leave the spinal cord through the ventral roots, where they then make connections with sympathetic ganglion cells or chromaffin cells, which are specialised cells in the adrenal gland.
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explain how resting potential is generated, including the transport proteins required, the ions transported and the ratio at which na and k are transported
The ground value for trans-membrane voltage, which is a relatively static membrane potential.
Major processes for preserving the resting potential across the membranes of animal cells include the Na+/K+ -ATPase and the effects of ion diffusion.As opposed to the specific dynamic electrochemical processes known as action potential and graded membrane potential, quiescent cells' relatively static membrane potential is referred to as the resting membrane potential (or resting voltage).The majority of non-excitable cells' membrane voltage can alter in response to external or intracellular stimuli, in addition to the latter two, which happen in excitable cells (neurons, muscles, and some secretory cells in glands). The different membrane permeabilities are what cause the resting potential to exist.To know more about trans-membrane
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The electrical impulse generated by the heart originates in the:
Select one:
A. coronary sinus.
B. sinoatrial node.
C. bundle of His.
D. atrioventricular node.
The heart's sinoatrial node is where the electrical impulse is produced.
Sinoatrial node is the proper node to use.
What is the sinoatrial node's purpose?A healthy heart's typical rhythm and pace are set by the sinus node, which continually produces electrical impulses. The SA node is therefore referred to as the heart's natural pacemaker.
Why is the Sinoatrial Node referred to as the SA Node?The SA node is the heart's built-in pacemaker (sinoatrial node). The impulse comes from the small group of specialized cells called the SA node in the right atrium. The atria's walls constrict as a result of electrical activity that is circulating inside of them. Blood is therefore compelled into the ventricles.
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The sorting that occurs during blank______ separates homologues from each other.
Answer:
meiosis I
Explanation:
True or false: Forensic scientists find, examine, and evaluate evidence from a crime scene and provide expert testimony in court. 64
Answer:
True
Explanation:
crime based television shows. This effect influences jurors to have unrealistic expectations of forensic science during a criminal trial and affect jurors
thrombopoietin (tpo) is a hormone which stimulates the differentiation, maturation, and release of platelets from the bone marrow. which organs produce this hormone?
Thrombopoietin(TPO) is a hormone which stimulates differentiation, maturation and release of platelets from bone marrow. Organ which produce this hormone is liver.
What is Thrombopoietin?Thrombopoietin (TPO) is a 332 amino acid glycoprotein made in the liver that stimulates the formation of megakaryocytes from CFU-Meg.
TPO is physiologically relevant regulator of platelet production that acts to amplify the basal production rate of megakaryocytes and platelets.
Thrombopoietin is produced in the liver by both parenchymal cells and sinusoidal endothelial cells, as well as in the kidney by proximal convoluted tubule cells but small amounts are made by striated muscle and bone marrow stromal cells.
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Dear dr. sattari, we have concluded that the spiders have different traits for silk flexibility because the offspring inherited different combinations of gene versions from their parents. the evidence supports this claim because:_____.
Random recombination of genes has been implicated in altered silk flexibility in spider progeny.
It is also characterized by the flexibility of silk. All Darwin bark spiders have this property (they all have spider silk that is somewhat flexible), but some spiders produce silk that is more flexible than others. , medium and low silk flexibility are different characteristics of silk flexibility function. Silk is made from strands of protein called fibroin, which are rolled up into strong, flexible fibers unlike any material that humans have been able to create. Trait changes can be caused by changes in protein molecules within an individual's cells. The structure of a protein molecule affects its function and how it binds to other molecules. Spider silk is composed of proteins, and the bonds between these molecules affect the flexibility of silk.
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Answer
Hi
Explanation:
identify
What is the part of the cell cycle process by which chromosomes in a cell nucleus are separated into two identical sets of chromosomes, each in its own nucleus? Responses A meiosis.meiosis. B mitosis.mitosis. C cytokinesis.cytokinesis. D telekinesis.telekinesis.
The part of the cell cycle that processes by which chromosomes in a cell nucleus are separated into two identical sets of chromosomes, each in its own nucleus is known as Mitosis. Thus, the correct option for this question is B.
What is the Cell cycle?The cell cycle may be defined as the entire sequence of events that may happen from the end of one nuclear division to the beginning of the next. The complete cell cycle is divided into two phases. They are as follows;
Interphase.M phase (Division phase).During interphase, the cell prepares for division by increasing its size and replicating genetic material. While the M phase involves the division of the cell nucleus. By the M phase, chromosomes present in the nucleus are separated into two daughter nuclei which leads to the formation of genetically identical daughter cells.
Therefore, the correct option for this question is B.
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which of the answer choices is responsible for the increased growth of algae in the dead zones?
The things responsible for the increased growth of algae in the dead zones: Elevated phosphorous and nitrogen in the water
What are dead zones ?The term "dead zone" is most frequently used to describe hypoxia, which is a low oxygen content in the water.
Low-oxygen, or hypoxic, regions can be found in the world's oceans and lakes. Few organisms are able to thrive in hypoxic environments because most creatures require oxygen to survive.
These regions are known as "dead zones" for this reason.
The oceans and major lakes of the world contain hypoxic zones. Aquatic life begins to adapt its behavior to reach areas of water with higher oxygen levels when a body of water faces hypoxic circumstances.
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describe how increasing the stimulus frequency affected the force developed by the sleketal muscle in this activity
Each succeeding stimulus will cause more muscular tension as the stimulus frequency rises. This growth will have a ceiling.
What are skeletal muscles and where are they located ?All of your movements are made possible by skeletal muscle, which is made up of fibers of tissue connected to your skeleton or bones. These muscles can also be found at the openings of many body tracts, including the urethra, anus, and throat. Because you can regulate when and how they perform, they are frequently referred to as voluntary muscles.
One of the three important muscle tissues in the human body is found in the skeleton. Thousands of muscle fibers are encased in connective tissue sheaths to form each skeletal muscle. Fasciculi are the individual bundles of muscle fibers that make up skeletal muscles.
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once a substance is separated from the blood by the glomerulus, it is excreted in the urine.
False, once a substance is separated from the blood by the glomerulus it is not excreted in the urine.
A blood clot is a mass of blood that forms whilst platelets, proteins, and cells within the blood stick together. When you get harm, your frame forms a blood clot to prevent the bleeding. After the bleeding stops and recovery takes location, your body normally breaks down and gets rid of the blood clot.
Blood clotting, additionally known as coagulation, is an critical manner that reduces bleeding while we're injured. It occurs each time a blood vessel is broken, whether the injury is a scratch at the skin or something more critical.
There are two fundamental forms of clots:
Thrombus: Blood clots may be desk bound. which means they do not move. but they are able to block blood waft. doctors name this form of clot a thrombosis.
Embolus: Blood clots also can destroy loose. docs call those embolisms. they're risky due to the fact they are able to travel to other elements of the body.
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a large decrease in resistance is seen in the blood vessels supplying working skeletal muscle during exercise. what is the effect of this?
The effect of this Dilation of arterioles.
Skeletal muscles contain 30 to 40% of your total frame mass. they may be the muscle tissue that connects to your bones and allow you to perform a huge variety of moves and capabilities. Skeletal muscular tissues are voluntary, meaning you manage how and once they work.
Skeletal muscle groups permit human beings to transport and perform daily sports. They play an important function in breathing mechanics and assist keep posture and balance. in addition, they guard the crucial organs within the frame.
Skeletal muscle, also known as voluntary muscle, in vertebrates, maximum not unusual of the 3 sorts of muscle in the frame. Skeletal muscle tissues are attached to bones with the aid of tendons, and they produce all of the moves of body parts in relation to every other.
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if the somatic cells of a kookoburra bird has 38 chromosomes, the number of non-somatic cell chromosomes would be..?
A 2n chromosome number, in this case 38, are present in the cell during the G1 phase of Interphase. Each chromosome does have a sister chromatid by the time the cell enters the G2 phase, indicating that it has
What is the purpose of a chromosome?The highest level of organization for DNA and proteins is found in chromosomes. Chromosomes' primary role is to transport DNA and pass genetic material from one set of parents to another. During cell division, chromosomes are crucial. They guard the DNA against tangles and damage.
Is DNA present on a chromosome?Histones are proteins made from DNA that has been tightly wrapped several times to support the structure of each chromosome. Chromosomes cannot be seen inside a cell's nucleus while it is not dividing, not even under a microscope.
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A dam is built that separates a river into two sections—a deep upstream section and a shallow downstream section. When the dam is first built, a fish species is able to move from the upstream section into the downstream section, but not vice versa. Predators can more easily catch the fish in the shallow downstream section than they can in the deep upstream section. Which scenario is most likely to lead to speciation?
A. The fish population contains individuals with effective predation evasive traits and eventual changes to the dam prevent fish from moving downstream.
B. The fish completely lack any effective predation evasive traits across the entire population, move infrequently from upstream to downstream locations, and reproduce with low frequency.
C. The fish reproduce with high frequency, move with high frequency from upstream to downstream locations, and have a robust set of predation evasive traits across the entire population.
D. The rate of upstream fish entering the downstream section decreases over time without being completely shut off, and many of these fish carry predation evasive traits.
Scenario A is most likely to lead to Speciation
Speciation is the development of an entirely new species from a given population over the course of evolution.
A group within a species undergoes speciation when it diverges from other individuals in the species and acquires its own distinct traits. The new species will be distinct from its ancestors due to environmental requirements or individual traits of the members of the new group.
Speciation requires:
.Geographical barrier.
.Natural selection.
.Genetic drift.
.Large mutation.
Here scenario is the only case where all conditions are met as eventual changes to the same provide a Geographical barrier.
Certain individuals have predator evasive traits which favor natural selection
The movement of fishes from Upstream stream to Down the stream is genetic drift.
So in the situation A the speciation will most likely to occur because of the invasive of the predators.
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explain why food molecules need to be broken down into smaller molecules to get energy from them in biological systems.
Before our cells can utilise the proteins, lipids, and polysaccharides that make up the majority of the food molecules we consume—either as a source of energy or as building blocks for other molecules—they must be divided into smaller molecules.
Why do food molecules get broken down by cells?Adenosine triphosphate (ATP), an energy-rich compound that absorbs the chemical energy obtained from the breakdown of food molecules and releases it to fuel other cellular processes, is one goal of the degradation of foodstuffs. ATP is created when the energy contained in chemical bonds is converted from one form to another.
How does the breakdown of food molecules affect energy?As the food molecules are broken down, the energy holding them together is released, and the cell temporarily stores this released energy.
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Where did information processing become increasingly centered in terrestrial vertebrates?.
Answer:
forebrain
Explanation:
Predict a potential outcome of a mutated mitotic arrest deficient (mad) protein.
Aneuploidy could develop in the daughter cell as a result of a mutant MAD protein.
What exactly is the mutant mitotic protein?The predetermined sequence of events known as the cell cycle includes cellular division and cell proliferation. In this cycle, two new daughter cells are produced. The interphase marks the beginning of the cycle. During this stage, the cell's DNA mostly replicates and develops.
Mitosis, also known as the M phase, is the second phase of a cell cycle. Cell division in the form of mitosis. During this process, parental cells divide into two daughter cells with the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell.
A type of protein called MAD is primarily found in humans and is encoded by the MXD1 gene. This protein is a mutant cell that lacks the ability to enter mitotic arrest. This protein plays a part in the recruitment of the anaphase inhibitor MAD-2, which aids in the dissociation of the kinetochores.
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A red four o'clock flower (RR) is crossed with a white four o'clock flower (WW) and the resulting F1 offspring are all pink (RW). If two of the pink offspring are crossed, what proportion of genotypes would you expect to see in the F2 generation?
A.1 RW: 2 RR: 1 WW
B.2 RR: 1 RW: 1 WW
C.1RR: 2 RW: 1 WW
D.4 RR: 0 RW: 0 WW
E.2 RR: 0 RW: 2 WW
PLSSS HELP IF YOU TURLY KNOW THISS
Answer:
D. At different times
Explanation:
Answer: D at different times
Explanation:
I not trying to be greedy but if you could mark me brainliest I would kindly appreciate it a moderator just deleted a question i got marked brainliest on and i lost my second one I’m am trying to level up to virtuoso.please and thank you
at the division level, what integration cell is most likely responsible for conducting rdsp and issuing fragords based upon a change in the plan?
At the division level, integration cell that is most likely responsible for conducting RDSP and issuing FRAGORDS is based upon a change in the plan current operations (CUOPs).
What does current operation mean?Current operation is essential for translating plans to order and then eventually execution of combat operations.
Current operations helps to maintain a balanced perspective in setting conditions and the planning capacity should manage situations like causality evacuation.
CUOPS is defined as the focal point for the execution of operations. This involves assessing current situation while regulating forces and WfFs in accordance with mission, commander's intent and concept of operations.” CUOPS is an organization comprised of all WfFs.
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contraction of this type of skeletal muscle, categorized as _________ muscles, increases the angle between their attached bones.
Skeletal muscle is found throughout the body, attached to bones via tendons
How are skeletal muscles attached to bones quizlet?Most skeletal muscles are attached to two bones through tendons. Tendons are tough bands of dense regular connective tissue whose strong collagen fibers firmly attach muscles to bones.Skeletal muscles are the voluntary muscles which help in the movement of the body. These muscles contract and relax in response to the impulse received at the neuromuscular junction.Muscles contraction takes place due to the hydrolysis of ATP which causes sliding of the actin and myosin. The myosin pulls on the actin which contracts the muscles, this contracted muscles pull on the tendons and cause movement.Skeletal muscles are attached to the skeleton by tough connective tis sues calle d tendons(see Figure above). Many skeletal muscles are attached to the ends of bones that meet at a joint. The muscles span the joint and connect the bones. When the muscles contract, they pull on the bones, causing them to move.To learn more about skeletal refer to:
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