The correct answer to the question is: The principle of res ipsa loquitur is used to prove negligence and causation due to the defendant having exclusive control and there being no indication of any carelessness by the plaintiff.
The principle of res ipsa loquitur can be applied to cases where the plaintiff does not have enough evidence to prove the negligence of the defendant. It allows the plaintiff to prove the defendant's negligence by showing that the accident would not have happened without the defendant's negligence.
There are three elements that must be present to apply the principle of res ipsa loquitur:
1. The accident must be of a kind that does not usually occur unless someone is negligent.
2. The instrumentality that caused the accident must be under the exclusive control of the defendant.
3. The plaintiff must not have contributed to the accident in any way.
The waitress in this case can apply this principle because the bottle was in the exclusive control of the manufacturer, and she had not done anything wrong to cause the accident. Therefore, she can prove that the manufacturer was negligent and caused her injuries.
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Suppose that we have two countries, Home and Foreign. They can either produce bicycles or snowboards. At Home, 4 hours of labor in necessary to produce one bicycle and 6 hours of labor in necessary to produce one snowboard. In Foreign, 6 hours of labor in necessary to produce one bicycle and 8 hours of labor in necessary to produce one snowboard.
a. Which country has an absolute advantage in the production of bicycles? Which country has an absolute advantage in the production of snowboards?
b. What is the opportunity cost of bicycles in terms of snowboards in Home? What is the opportunity cost of bicycles in terms of snowboards in Foreign?
c. Assume that the price of bicycle is $170 and the price of snowboard is $240. Are the Home and Foreign countries going to specialize in the production of ONLY one product? Explain.
d. What is the ratio of wages at Home relative to the wages in the Foreign country after trade? Compare relative wages with relative productivity in each country.
e. Calculate the cost of production for one unit of each good in both Home and Foreign. Explain the cost advantages for each country and how different levels of wages can be offset by different productivity levels.
Absolute advantage refers to the ability of a country to produce more products using fewer resources. Home has an absolute advantage in the production of bicycles while Foreign has an absolute advantage in the production of snowboards.
Opportunity cost is the loss of potential gain from another alternative. In Home, the opportunity cost of producing 1 bicycle is 1.5 snowboards while the opportunity cost of producing 1 snowboard is 0.67 bicycles. In Foreign, the opportunity cost of producing 1 bicycle is 1.33 snowboards while the opportunity cost of producing 1 snowboard is 0.75 bicycles.
The Home and Foreign countries will specialize in the production of bicycles and snowboards respectively. Home has a lower opportunity cost of producing bicycles while Foreign has a lower opportunity cost of producing snowboards.
Hence, both countries can produce the goods at lower prices than the other country, making trade beneficial for both countries.d. The ratio of wages at Home relative to the wages in the Foreign country after trade is 0.67:0.75 or 0.89:1. This means that the wages in Home are 11% lower than in Foreign.
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Compare and contrast the logistics strategies of China and the European Union. Basically, compare "Belt and Road" with the EU Transport WhitePaper
China's Belt and Road Initiative aims to enhance connectivity and trade across continents through infrastructure development, while the EU Transport White Paper focuses on improving sustainability and efficiency in transportation within the European Union.
The Belt and Road Initiative is a comprehensive infrastructure project initiated by China that seeks to create a network of transportation and trade routes. It includes the construction of roads, railways, ports, and other infrastructure projects to connect China with various countries and regions. The aim is to facilitate trade, enhance economic cooperation, and boost development along the routes.
In contrast, the EU Transport White Paper is a policy framework proposed by the European Union to address the challenges and opportunities in the transportation sector within its member countries. The white paper focuses on sustainable transport systems, promoting greener modes of transport, reducing greenhouse gas emissions, and improving the efficiency and safety of transportation networks.
While the EU Transport White Paper concentrates on the transportation needs and challenges within the European Union. Both strategies reflect the respective priorities and goals of China and the European Union in their approach to logistics and transportation.
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Suppose a domestically produced motor bicycle sells at a world price of $10,000 under unrestricted trade. The domestic producer uses $6000 worth of imported inputs. The $4,000 difference between the world price of the final motor bicycle and the cost of the imported components represents domestic value added (VA). Suppose a 10 percent ad valorem (on the value) tariff is imposed on the imported motor bicycle.
What is the domestic price of the imported motor bicycle?
What is the possible price of the domestically produced motor bicycle?
What is the domestic value-added of the imported motor bicycle (VA)?
What is the effective rate of protection (ERP)?
What does the effective rate of protection depend on? Can it be bigger than the nomina; tariff rate? Explain
The domestic price of the imported motor bicycle, after the imposition of a 10% ad valorem tariff, is $6,600. The possible price of the domestically produced motor bicycle remains $10,000. The domestic value-added (VA) of the imported motor bicycle is $4,000. The effective rate of protection (ERP) is 66.67%.
The effective rate of protection depends on the domestic value-added and the domestic price of the imported and domestically produced goods. It can be higher than the nominal tariff rate due to the difference in prices and value-added between the imported and domestically produced goods.
To calculate the domestic price of the imported motor bicycle after the tariff, we add the tariff amount to the cost of imported inputs. The tariff rate is 10% of the imported inputs, which is $600 ($6,000 * 0.1). Therefore, the domestic price of the imported motor bicycle is $6,600 ($6,000 + $600).
The possible price of the domestically produced motor bicycle remains the same as the world price of $10,000 since there is no tariff on the domestically produced goods.
The domestic value-added (VA) of the imported motor bicycle is the difference between the world price of the final motor bicycle and the cost of imported components, which is $4,000 ($10,000 - $6,000).
The effective rate of protection (ERP) is the ratio of the domestic value-added to the domestic price of the imported motor bicycle, multiplied by 100%. In this case, it is (4,000 / 6,600) * 100% = 66.67%.
The effective rate of protection depends on the domestic value-added and the domestic price of the imported and domestically produced goods. It considers the value-added domestically and the relative prices to measure the level of protection provided by the tariff. Therefore, it can be higher or lower than the nominal tariff rate.
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A production process consists of a three-step operation. The scrap rate is 19 percent for the first step and 10 percent for the other two steps. a. If the desired daily output is 486 units, how many units must be started to allow for loss due to scrap? (Do not round intermediate calculations. Round up your final answer to the next whole number.) Answer is complete and correct. b. If the scrap rate for each step could be cut in half at every operation, how many units would this save in terms of the scrap allowance? (Do not round intermediate calculations. Round up your final answer to the next whole number) Answer is complete but not entirely correct.
The total units saved in terms of the scrap allowance is approximately 32 + 34 + 37 = 103 units.
a. To determine the number of units that must be started to allow for loss due to scrap, we need to account for the scrap rate at each step of the three-step operation.
Step 1 scrap rate: 19%
Step 2 and 3 scrap rate: 10%
Desired daily output: 486 units
To calculate the total units that must be started, we divide the desired daily output by the complement of the scrap rate at each step. The complement of the scrap rate represents the proportion of units that are not lost due to scrap.
Step 1 units: 486 / (1 - 0.19) = 486 / 0.81 ≈ 600
Step 2 units: 600 / (1 - 0.10) = 600 / 0.9 ≈ 667
Step 3 units: 667 / (1 - 0.10) = 667 / 0.9 ≈ 741
Therefore, approximately 741 units must be started to allow for loss due to scrap.
b. If the scrap rate for each step is cut in half at every operation, we need to recalculate the number of units saved in terms of the scrap allowance.
New scrap rates:
Step 1 scrap rate: 19% / 2 = 9.5%
Step 2 and 3 scrap rate: 10% / 2 = 5%
Using the same calculation method as in part a, we can determine the new number of units saved.
Step 1 units saved: 600 - (600 / (1 - 0.095)) ≈ 32
Step 2 units saved: 667 - (667 / (1 - 0.05)) ≈ 34
Step 3 units saved: 741 - (741 / (1 - 0.05)) ≈ 37
The total units saved in terms of the scrap allowance is approximately 32 + 34 + 37 = 103 units.
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You leased retail space 12 years ago for $6,450 per month, payable at the beginning of each month.
Your lease is for 20 years and allows you to sublease the space. You have decided to move your
business to another location and sublease to Thai Pagoda Palace for $8,500 at the beginning of each
month for the remainder of the lease. What is the value of your position (referred to as a leasehold
interest), assuming that money is worth 6.7% compounded monthly?
Calculate the present value of sublease payments to determine the value of the leasehold interest.
The value of the leasehold interest can be determined by calculating the present value of the remaining sublease payments.
Using the formula for the present value of an annuity, we can calculate the present value of the sublease payments of $8,500 per month for the remaining lease term.
The lease term is 20 years, and since 12 years have already passed, there are 20 - 12 = 8 years remaining.
The interest rate is 6.7% compounded monthly, which is converted to a monthly interest rate of 6.7%/12 = 0.5583%.
Using the present value of the annuity formula, the value of the leasehold interest can be calculated by multiplying the monthly payment ($8,500) by the present value annuity factor for 8 years at a monthly interest rate of 0.5583%.
The calculation of the present value annuity factor can be done using financial calculators, spreadsheets, or tables.
Once the present value annuity factor is determined, multiply it by the monthly payment of $8,500 to find the value of the leasehold interest.
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Lxpenditure Please Draw the full expenditure model bellow filling in all the amounts Expenditure
Unfortunately, your question seems to be incomplete. It is not clear what type of expenditure model you are referring to, or what specific amounts need to be filled in.
Please provide more information or context so that I can assist you better. Additionally.
if you have a specific question related to an expenditure model, feel free to ask it and I will do my best to provide a helpful response.
Remember to include all necessary information in your question to ensure that I can provide a complete and accurate answer.
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The assignment of new or additional responsibilities to a subordinate is referred to as: a) responsibility b) centralization c) delegation d) span of control e) accountability
The correct answer is option c).The assignment of new or additional responsibilities to a subordinate is referred to as delegation.Delegation is the act of handing over or entrusting responsibility and authority to another person in order to perform specific tasks, activities, and objectives.
Delegation is usually seen as a vital component of management, as it allows for the assignment of work to subordinates who have the necessary skills to complete the job, resulting in increased productivity and efficiency.
In addition, delegation is a vital tool for promoting employee development and training as well as teamwork and motivation, as it gives employees the opportunity to take on new challenges and develop new skills.
The assignment of new or additional responsibilities to a subordinate is referred to as delegation.
Thus, the correct answer is option c).
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To add Line sparklines in the range F5:F10 based on the data in the range B5:E10, please follow these steps:
1. Select the range F5:F10.
2. Go to the "Insert" tab in the Excel ribbon
To add line sparklines in the range F5:F10 based on the data in the range B5:E10, follow these steps: Select the range F5:F10., Go to the "Insert" tab in the Excel ribbon.
Open the Excel spreadsheet and navigate to the worksheet containing the data.
Click and drag to select the range F5:F10 where you want to insert the line sparklines.
Switch to the "Insert" tab in the Excel ribbon at the top of the window.
Look for the "Sparklines" group within the "Insert" tab.
Click on the "Line" sparkline option to insert line sparklines.
A dialog box will appear where you need to specify the data range. In this case, the data range is B5:E10.
Select the data range B5:E10 by clicking and dragging over the cells containing the data.
Click "OK" to confirm and insert the line sparklines into the selected range F5:F10.
Now you should see line sparklines representing the data in the range B5:E10 within the range F5:F10.
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When using the Fetch API, server responses are typically processed using a promise chain.
Select one:
True
False
True.When using the Fetch API, server responses are typically processed using a promise chain.A promise is an object that represents an eventual result, usually an asynchronous one.
Promises are JavaScript objects that handle callbacks and async code in a cleaner, more concise manner than other callback methods. Promises are resolved and rejected states that communicate the result of an asynchronous action. The Fetch API is used to get resources from the server. It is part of the window object, and it uses promises to manage responses. It simplifies the process of making network requests and handling the responses.
When using Fetch API, server responses are processed using a promise chain.This makes it possible to write cleaner code because the logic can be separated into smaller, more manageable chunks. The fetch() function returns a promise that resolves when the response is received. Once the response is received, the response object can be passed through the promise chain to handle the data. The promise can be passed to other functions to handle errors and responses.
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Blossom Bucket Co. a manufacturer of rain barrels, had the following data for 2021 : What is the contribution margin ratio? Contribution margin ratio % eTextbook and Media What is the break-even point in sales dollars? What is the margin of safety in sales dollars and as a ratio? Margin of safety Margin of safety ratio eTextbook and Media If the company wishes to increase its total dollar contribution margin by 30% in 2022 , by how much will it need to increase its sales dollars if all other factors (other than sales quantity) remain constant? Total increase in sales required
Given data for Blossom Bucket Co. in 2021, it is required to find the contribution margin ratio, break-even point in sales dollars, margin of safety in sales dollars and as a ratio, and how much increase in sales dollars will be required if the company wishes to increase its total dollar contribution margin by 30% in 2022.
Here are the calculations for each part of the question: Calculation of Contribution Margin Ratio Contribution margin is the difference between the sales revenue and variable costs. And the contribution margin ratio is calculated as follows:
Contribution Margin Ratio = (Contribution Margin / Sales Revenue) x 100For the given data, contribution margin can be calculated as follows: Contribution Margin = Sales Revenue - Variable Costs Contribution Margin = $1,125,000 - $825,000Contribution Margin = $300,000. Now, the contribution margin ratio can be calculated as follows: Contribution Margin Ratio = ($300,000 / $1,125,000) x 100. Contribution Margin Ratio = 26.67%. Therefore, the contribution margin ratio is 26.67%.Calculation of Break-Even Point in Sales Dollars. Break-even point is the level of sales at which the company neither makes any profit nor suffers any loss. It can be calculated as follows: Break-Even Point (in Sales Dollars) = Fixed Costs / Contribution Margin Ratio. For the given data, fixed costs are $225,000. Therefore, the break-even point can be calculated as follows: Break-Even Point (in Sales Dollars) = $225,000 / 26.67%Break-Even Point (in Sales Dollars) = $843,750Therefore, the break-even point in sales dollars is $843,750.
Therefore, the increase in total dollar contribution margin is $90,000.Now, the increase in sales required can be calculated as follows: Increase in Sales Required = Increase in Total Dollar Contribution Margin / Contribution Margin Ratio Increase in Sales Required = ($90,000 / $300,000) x 100Increase in Sales Required = 30%.
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Company YYK uses Normal costing system which has two direct cost categories (direct material and direct manufacturing labor) and one indirect-cost category (manufacturing overhead). The following information is obtained for 2020: - Total manufacturing costs = $ 9,500,000 - Manufacturing overhead allocated = $ 4,200,000 (at a rate of 150 % of direct manufacturing labor costs) - WIP inventory 1/1/2020= $ 440,000 - Cost of finished goods manufactured = $ 8,250,000 (a) Calculate the direct manufacturing labor costs in 2020. (b) Cost of direct material used in 2020. (c) Calculate the ending WIP inventory on 31/12/2020.
Normal costing system is used by Company YYK which includes direct cost categories that are direct material and direct manufacturing labor and an indirect-cost category that is manufacturing overhead.
The provided information for 2020 is as follows:
Total manufacturing costs = $9,500,000Manufacturing overhead allocated = $4,200,000 (at a rate of 150% of direct manufacturing labor costs)WIP inventory 1/1/2020 = $440,000Cost of finished goods manufactured = $8,250,000(a) Calculation of the direct manufacturing labor costs in 2020:
Total manufacturing costs = Direct material + Direct manufacturing labor + Manufacturing overhead allocated$9,500,000 = Direct material + Direct manufacturing labor + $4,200,000Direct material + Direct manufacturing labor = $9,500,000 - $4,200,000Direct material + Direct manufacturing labor = $5,300,000Direct manufacturing labor = $5,300,000 - Direct materialHence, direct manufacturing labor costs in 2020 are $5,300,000 - Direct material.
(b) Calculation of the cost of direct material used in 2020:Direct material + Direct manufacturing labor = $5,300,000Direct manufacturing labor = $5,300,000 - Direct material$4,200,000 = 150% * Direct manufacturing labor costDirect manufacturing labor cost = $4,200,000 / 1.5Direct manufacturing labor cost = $2,800,000Direct material = $5,300,000 - $2,800,000Cost of direct material used in 2020 = $2,500,000(c) Calculation of the ending WIP inventory on 31/12/2020:Total manufacturing costs = Direct material + Direct manufacturing labor + Manufacturing overhead.
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19. Discuss the difference between moral hazard and adverse selection.
Discuss examples from ENRON, TYCO, WORLDCOM, MERRILL
LYNCH.
"Moral hazard refers to increased risk-taking due to insurance, while adverse selection involves hidden information influencing transactions."
Moral hazard and adverse selection are two concepts related to asymmetric information in economics and finance. Moral hazard occurs when one party's behavior changes because they are insured against potential losses. For example, in the case of Enron, executives engaged in risky accounting practices due to the belief that their actions would not bear significant personal consequences.
On the other hand, adverse selection refers to a situation where one party possesses superior information compared to the other, leading to an imbalance in the transaction. Tyco is an example where the CEO, Dennis Kozlowski, withheld information about excessive executive compensation, creating a knowledge gap between the company's leadership and shareholders.
WorldCom provides an example of both moral hazard and adverse selection. The company's executives engaged in fraudulent accounting practices (moral hazard) while simultaneously hiding the true financial condition of the company (adverse selection) from investors and regulators.
Merrill Lynch experienced adverse selection during the financial crisis when the firm held mortgage-backed securities without fully disclosing the risks involved, leading to significant losses for investors who lacked the same level of information.
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The America Dog and Cat Hotel is a pet hotel located in Las Vegas. Assume that in March, when dog-days (occupancy) were at an annual low of 500, the average cost per dog-day was $14. In July, when dog-days were at a capacity level of 4,000, the average cost per dog-day was $7.
(a) Develop an equation for monthly operating costs. (Let X = dog-days per month)
Total cost =Answer
+ Answer
* X
(b) Determine the average cost per dog-day at an annual volume of 24,000 dog-days.
a) Monthly operating costs for the America Dog and Cat Hotel is given below:
Total cost = Fixed Cost + Variable Cost * X
Given:
When dog-days occupancy were at an annual low of 500, the average cost per dog-day was $14.
Then, the total cost for that month can be given as, 500 * $14 = $7,000
When dog-days occupancy were at a capacity level of 4,000, the average cost per dog-day was $7.Then, the total cost for that month can be given as, 4,000 * $7 = $28,000
Now, we can use the above two values to find out the fixed and variable costs.
Monthly Fixed Cost = Total Cost - (X * Variable Cost)When X = 500, Total Cost = $7,000, Variable Cost = $14
Fixed Cost = $7,000 - (500 * $14) = $-1,000
When X = 4000, Total Cost = $28,000, Variable Cost = $7Fixed Cost = $28,000 - (4,000 * $7) = $0
Now, we can put the above values in the formula of Monthly operating costs.
Total cost = Fixed Cost + Variable Cost * XTotal cost = $0 + $7 * X
Total cost = $7XMonthly operating costs equation is:
Total cost = $7X. (Ans: $7X) b)
We are given that at an annual volume of 24,000 dog-days,
we have to find the average cost per dog-day.
Annual volume = 24,000 dog-days
Monthly volume = 24,000/12 = 2,000 dog-days
Using the formula of monthly operating costs, we can find the average cost per dog-day.
Total cost = $7X, X = 2,000 dog-daysTotal cost = $7 * 2,000 = $14,000
======================
Average cost per dog-day = Total cost/Number of dog-days
Average cost per dog-day = $14,000/24,000
Average cost per dog-day = $0.58333
The average cost per dog-day at an annual volume of 24,000 dog-days is $0.58333. (Ans: $0.58333)
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You can afford monthly payments of $400. If current mortgage rates are 4.09% for a 30 -year fixed rate loan, how much can you afford to borrow?
The loan amount you can afford to borrow would be approximately $78,772.
To calculate how much you can afford to borrow, you will need to consider your monthly payments and the current mortgage rates. Given that you can afford monthly payments of $400 and the current mortgage rate is 4.09% for a 30-year fixed rate loan, you can use a mortgage calculator to determine the loan amount.
Using a mortgage calculator, you can input the loan term (30 years), the interest rate (4.09%), and the monthly payment ($400). The calculator will then determine the loan amount you can afford.
Based on the given information, the loan amount you can afford to borrow would be approximately $78,772.
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Suppose you want to have $0.5 million saved by the time you reach age 30 and suppose that you are 20 years old today. If you can earn 10% on your funds, how much would you have to invest today to reach your goal?
You would have to invest approximately $67,185.50 today to reach your goal of $0.5 million by the time you reach age 30. This calculation demonstrates the importance of considering the time value of money and the impact of compounding returns when setting savings goals and making investment decisions.
To calculate the amount you need to invest today to reach your savings goal, we can use the present value formula, as you are looking to determine the present value of a future amount.
Given:
Desired savings goal: $0.5 million
Interest rate: 10%
Time horizon: 10 years (from age 20 to age 30)
Using the formula for present value (PV):
PV = FV / (1 + r)^n
Where:
PV = Present value
FV = Future value
r = Interest rate
n = Number of periods
Substituting the values into the formula:
PV = $0.5 million / (1 + 0.10)^10
Simplifying the calculation:
PV = $0.5 million / 2.5937
PV ≈ $193,050.28
Therefore, you would need to invest approximately $193,050.28 today to reach your savings goal of $0.5 million by the time you reach age 30.
In conclusion, to have $0.5 million saved by the time you reach age 30, you would need to invest approximately $193,050.28 today, assuming an interest rate of 10% and a time horizon of 10 years. This calculation demonstrates the importance of considering the time value of money and the impact of compounding returns when setting savings goals and making investment decisions.
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According to the seven-run rule, the results are shown on quality control chart where one of these results is considared a non-random event: 3 results above the mean and 4 results under the mean 8 results above the mean 6 results under the mean 5 results above the mean
According to the seven-run rule, the results are shown on a quality control chart where one of these results is considered a non-random event: 8 results above the mean.
The seven-run rule is a quality control principle that aids in identifying non-random activity in a process. The seven-run rule states that if seven data points in a row are either increasing or decreasing, then the process is not in control or is not random.
There are some exceptions to the seven-run rule that can be used based on certain conditions. The Seven-run Rule plot can be made on the quality control chart. The quality control chart is a graphical representation of quality data, which aids in identifying and tracking any changes to the process over time.
A quality control chart includes a line that represents the mean or average of the data points, as well as upper and lower control limits (UCL and LCL), which are determined based on the amount of variability present in the data set.
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List the pros and cons associated with the U.S. system of financing health care relative to the U.K. system. Do the same relative to the Canadian system. Use your understanding of opportunity cost to think about why we can't have "the best of both worlds."
The U.S. system of financing health care offers advanced technology and greater choice, but has high costs and limited accessibility compared to the U.K. system. Similarly, the U.S. system provides advanced technology and flexibility, but is associated with high costs and administrative complexity compared to the Canadian system.
The U.S. system of financing health care relative to the U.K. system has both pros and cons. On the positive side, the U.S. system provides access to advanced medical technology and offers individuals greater choice in selecting healthcare providers and treatment options. However, the U.S. system is also characterized by high costs, including expensive medical procedures and insurance premiums, which can be a financial burden for many. Additionally, limited accessibility is a concern, as a significant portion of the population lacks health insurance or faces barriers to necessary healthcare services. It is important to consider these factors when comparing the U.S. system to the U.K. system.
The U.S. system of financing health care compared to the Canadian system has its pros and cons. On the positive side, the U.S. system offers advanced technology and greater choice in healthcare providers and treatment options, resulting in improved health outcomes and personalized care. However, the system is burdened by high costs, including insurance premiums, medical procedures, and prescription drugs, posing financial challenges for individuals, employers, and the government. Additionally, administrative complexity within the U.S. healthcare system leads to higher administrative costs and inefficiencies, affecting the overall accessibility and efficiency of healthcare services.
Opportunity cost: Choosing one healthcare system over another involves trade-offs due to different priorities. The U.S. system prioritizes advanced technology and choice, but it comes with higher costs and limited accessibility. Conversely, the Canadian system prioritizes universal coverage and affordability, potentially leading to longer wait times for certain treatments. Finding the right balance between these priorities is complex and requires considering the resources and values of each healthcare system.
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The six-month and one-year zero rates are both 10% per annum. For a bond that has a life of 18 months and pays a coupon of 8% per annum (with semiannual payments and one having just been made), the yield is 10.4% per annum. What is the bond’s price? What is the 18-month zero rate? All rates are quoted with semiannual compounding.
The bond's price is $2,004.38, and the 18-month zero rate is approximately 11.6% per annum.
To calculate the bond's price, we need to determine the present value of its cash flows. The bond pays a coupon of 8% per annum, with semiannual payments. Since the coupon has already been paid, there are three remaining coupon payments of $20 each ($1,000 * 8% * 0.5). We discount these cash flows using the semiannual zero rates.
The present value of the three coupon payments can be calculated as follows:
PV = (20 / (1 + (0.1 / 2))) + (20 / (1 + (0.1 / 2))^2) + (20 + 1,020 / (1 + (0.1 / 2))^3)
≈ 18.18 + 16.53 + 1,026.98
≈ $1,061.69
Next, we need to calculate the present value of the bond's face value. The face value of the bond is $1,000, and it will be received in 18 months. We discount the face value using the 18-month zero rate.
The present value of the face value can be calculated as follows:
PV = 1,000 / (1 + (r / 2))^3
= 1,000 / (1 + (0.104 / 2))^3
≈ 1,000 / 1.06169
≈ $942.69
Finally, we sum the present values of the cash flows to find the bond's price:
Bond Price = PV of coupons + PV of face value
= $1,061.69 + $942.69
= $2,004.38
To calculate the 18-month zero rate, we use the bond's price formula with the known values and solve for the rate:
2,004.38 = 1,000 / (1 + (r / 2))^3
(1 + (r / 2))^3 ≈ 1.00038
(1 + (r / 2)) ≈ 1.00038^(1/3)
r / 2 ≈ (1.00038^(1/3) - 1)
r ≈ 2 * ((1.00038^(1/3) - 1))
r ≈ 0.116
Therefore, the 18-month zero rate is approximately 11.6% per annum.
The bond's price is $2,004.38, and the 18-month zero rate is approximately 11.6% per annum. This means that an investor would be willing to pay $2,004.38 to purchase the bond, considering the future cash flows and the prevailing interest rates.
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The following table lists the components needed to assemble an end item, lead times, and quantities on hand. Click bere for the Excel Data Fille a. If 21 units of the end item are to be assembled, how many additional units of E are needed? (Hint You don't need to develop an MRP plan to determine this. Answer is complete and correct. a. If 21 units of the end item are to be assembled, how many additional units of E are needed? (Hint You don't need to develop an MRP plan to determine this.) b. An order for the end item is scheduled to be shipped at the start of week 13. What is the latest week that the order can be started and still be ready to ship on time? (Hint: You don't need to develop an MRP plan for this part either) Answer is complete but not entirely correct.
a. If 21 units of the end item are to be assembled, additional units of E are required.
The above table contains all the information required to determine the number of additional units of component E required to assemble 21 units of the end item. According to the table, for one end item, 2 units of component E are required. The total quantity of component E available is 70.
As a result, 2 x 21 = 42 units of component E are needed to produce 21 end items. As a result, an additional 42 - 70 = 28 units of component E are required to produce 21 end items. Therefore, if 21 units of the end item are to be assembled, 28 additional units of E are required.
b. The start of the week 10 is the latest time the order can be started in order to ship it at the start of the week 13.
According to the table, the lead time for end item is 3 weeks. As a result, to get the end item ready to ship at the beginning of week 13, the manufacturing order for end items should start in week 10. If the manufacturing order begins in week 11, there is no guarantee that the end items will be completed in time for shipment on time.
If the order starts in week 12, the end items will be completed in week 15, which is past week 13, the due date, and hence, can't be considered for on-time delivery. Therefore, week 10 is the last week in which the manufacturing order for end items should be started in order to ship the order on time, which is the beginning of week 13.
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Ahmed Solomon has run his printing business since 2009 in Somolu. He started with a second hand Gestetner machine but about seven years ago had acquired a complete suite of equipment and was doing very well. In order to position himself to handle much bigger jobs he decided to incorporate his business. He has three sons and a daughter. He registered Solomonic Printers as a limited liability company with a share capital of N500,000.00. He held N200,000.00 shares directly and took out a debenture of N250,000.00. He gave his wife shares of N20,000.00 and registered N10,000.00 in the names of his sons.
Jensen Jibiti was one of his regular customers and often gave him printing jobs running into several millions of naira. Some seven months ago Jibiti introduced a business of printing fake dollars to Ahmed’s son who was running the business as the managing director. Lured on by Jibiti that son began to divert much of the company’s business to this business as an advance against payments by Jibiti. The company became insolvent in July 2021 and had to be wound up. The liquidator wants to know whether he should pay Ahmed first or the other creditors who had given advances on printing jobs. If he paid Ahmed there would not be enough to satisfy the other creditors. He wishes to take various steps against the managing director, as well. Advise him
In this scenario, the company has become insolvent due to the actions of Ahmed Solomon's son, who, in collusion with Jensen Jibiti, diverted much of the company's business to print fake dollars as an advance against payments by Jibiti.
Now, the liquidator wants to know whether he should pay Ahmed first or the other creditors who had given advances on printing jobs. Advise him.The liquidator should prioritize the payment of creditors who had given advances on printing jobs over Ahmed Solomon as per the principles of priority in liquidation. In a winding-up, the liquidator must follow certain rules when distributing the assets of the insolvent company.
According to the rules of priority, certain claims have priority over others. Section 530(1) of the Companies and Allied Matters Act (CAMA) provides a list of preferred creditors whose claims are given priority over others. The priority order of distribution is as follows:
Costs and expenses of winding-up ;
Outstanding salaries, wages, and other benefits to employees;
Local government tax and dues;
Payments due to the Federal Inland Revenue Service (FIRS);
Payments due to any other creditor with a valid fixed charge;
Payments due to other creditors who have no valid fixed charge;
Payments due to shareholders for the return of capital (paid in cash);
Payments due to shareholders as dividends;
In this case, since Ahmed Solomon is a shareholder and has a debenture, he falls under the seventh category of preferred creditors, and his claim must be paid after the first five categories have been settled, but before other unsecured creditors such as those who gave advances on printing jobs.
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Using examples, explain what ‘organisational culture’ refers to and critically discuss the extent to which culture can be used to organise and manage individuals in the contemporary workplace.
Organizational culture refers to the shared values, beliefs, attitudes, and practices that characterise an organisation and guide its conduct. Organizational culture is a term used to describe the values, beliefs, and norms that influence the behaviour of an organization's members.
It's a mix of the organization's history, values, behaviour, and beliefs that influence the way people interact and work together. The values and beliefs of an organisation determine how employees interact with each other, as well as with external stakeholders, and how decisions are made.
For example, an organization may have a culture of innovation, which encourages creativity and risk-taking to achieve results. It may also have a culture of quality, which emphasises excellence and attention to detail. Additionally, there can be a culture of hierarchy, which values chain of command and formal authority to maintain stability.
Management and organisational culture- The extent to which culture can be used to organise and manage individuals in the contemporary workplace is subject to debate. Organizational culture plays an essential role in management and performance, but it's critical to remember that culture should serve the needs of the organization and its members.
Culture can be an essential tool for organizing and managing individuals in the workplace. A culture that encourages teamwork, for example, fosters collaboration and the sharing of information. Managers may use organisational culture to motivate employees, create a sense of belonging, and enhance productivity.
Culture can also be used to influence employee behaviour. For example, an organisation that values customer service is likely to have employees who prioritise providing excellent customer service. However, culture should not be used to control individuals. Employees should be free to express themselves, and their work should be evaluated based on its merits.
In conclusion, organisational culture is a crucial aspect of management and performance. It plays a crucial role in shaping employee behaviour, decision making, and productivity. A healthy organisational culture fosters teamwork, innovation, and commitment to shared goals. However, it is critical to remember that culture should serve the needs of the organisation and its members and should not be used to control individuals. Culture should be used as a tool to organise and manage individuals in the workplace, but not as a way to dictate their actions.
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Ethanol subsidies in the United States increased the demand for corn (corn is the primary resource used for ethanol production in the United States). The net result has been more corn sold at higher prices. This is an example of the:
a. supply curve shifting to the right.
b. demand and supply curves shifting to the right but demand shifting farther than supply.
c. demand curve shifting to the right.
e. demand and supply curves shifting to the right but supply shifting farther than demand.
The correct answer is c. demand curve shifting to the right.
The statement mentions that ethanol subsidies in the United States increased the demand for corn, resulting in more corn sold at higher prices. This scenario aligns with a shift in the demand curve for corn.
When the government introduces subsidies for ethanol production, it effectively increases the purchasing power of consumers who use ethanol or ethanol-blended fuels.
As a result, the demand for corn, the primary resource used for ethanol production, increases. The increased demand for corn leads to a higher quantity of corn demanded at each price level, causing the demand curve to shift to the right.
A rightward shift of the demand curve signifies an increase in demand, which results in a higher equilibrium quantity and price. In this case, more corn is sold at higher prices due to the increased demand resulting from ethanol subsidies.
Therefore, the situation described in the question is an example of the demand curve shifting to the right.
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Scanning your-memory for previous experiences with products or brands occurs during which stage of the consumer purchase decision process? Q. information search purchase decision alternative evaluation postpurchase behavior problem recognition QUESTION 7 The personal, social, and economic significance of the purchase to the consumer, which is known as the level of may cause him or her to skip or minimize one ormore stages in the purchase decision process. aspiration cognitive dissonance motivation situational influences involvement QUESTION 8 A reference group that a person wishes to be a member of or wishes to be identified with is referred to as a(n) preference associative aspiration integrated QUESTION 9 Consumer behavior refers to the aspects of a consumer's decision-making processes that cannot be measured. the actions a person takes in purchasing and using products and services, including the mental and social processes before and after them. the five stages a buyer passes through in making choices about which product and service to investigate, purchase, and consume. the mental and social processes related to purchasing that are innate in a person from birth those purchasing behaviors that result from repeated experience and reasoning QUESTION 10 Situational influences refer to the temporary impediments to a consumer's purchase decision psychological concepts that are useful for irterpreting buying processes and directing marketing efforts the feelings of postpurchase anviety that can arise from a namber of different factors induding social surroundings, physical surroundings. psychological effects, and precedent states. both the objective and subjective attributes a consumer uses to campare different products and brands Chick Save and Subimit to save and nubmit. Cick Shere All Annurrs to save all annuer:.
Scanning a consumer's memory for previous experiences with products or brands occurs during the information search stage of the consumer purchase decision process.
The consumer purchase decision process consists of several stages, and information search is one of them. During this stage, consumers gather information about different products or brands to make an informed decision. Scanning their memory for previous experiences with products or brands is part of this information search process. By recalling past experiences, consumers can evaluate the performance, quality, and satisfaction they obtained from certain products or brands. This information helps them make comparisons and judgments, ultimately influencing their purchasing decision. By utilizing their memory, consumers can draw upon their past experiences to guide their current decision-making process.
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Q.1. You donate $3000 to charities A, B and C in the ratio of
11:4:3. How much money did you donate to each charity?
Q.2. Your insurance company charges a premium of $2000
every quarter starting from beginning of a year. You started your insurance on Ist of February. How much would be your premium for the first quarter?
Q.3. How many Canadian dollars will you have to pay to purchase US$1500 if the bank charges a commission of 2.5% and the exchange rate for 1US$ is C$1.3241.
Q.4. Sam who lives in Canada purchased 5000 Australian dollars. After 5 days he decided to convert them back to CAD.
How much Canadian dollars did he lose if the bank charges a commission of 0.5% to sell and 0.75% to buy currencies.
Exchange rate-C$1= A$1.1167
Q.5. The List price of a product is $50 and its net price is $46.
What is the trade discount rate?
Q.1. Donated amounts: Charity A - $1833.33, Charity B - $666.67, Charity C - $500.
Q.2. Premium for the first quarter: $2000.
Q.3. Amount in Canadian dollars: C$1966.22.
Q.4. Loss in Canadian dollars: C$116.13.
Q.5. Trade discount rate: 8%.
Q.1. The amount donated to each charity can be calculated using the given ratio.
Charity A: (11/18) * $3000 = $1833.33
Charity B: (4/18) * $3000 = $666.67
Charity C: (3/18) * $3000 = $500
Q.2. Since the insurance premium is charged quarterly, the premium for the first quarter would be $2000.
Q.3. To calculate the amount in Canadian dollars to purchase US$1500, we need to consider the exchange rate and the bank commission.
US$1500 * (1 - 0.025) * C$1.3241 = C$1966.21825
Q.4. To calculate the loss in Canadian dollars when converting Australian dollars back to CAD, we consider the exchange rate and the bank commissions.
CAD to AUD: 5000 * (1 - 0.005) * A$1.1167 = A$5563.3175
AUD to CAD: A$5563.3175 * (1 - 0.0075) * C$1 = C$5447.19211
Loss: C$5563.3175 - C$5447.19211 = C$116.12539
Q.5. The trade discount rate can be calculated using the formula: (List price - Net price) / List price * 100.
Trade discount rate: ($50 - $46) / $50 * 100 = 8%.
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On January 1,2019 Terry's Towing Service owned 10 tow trucks valued at $600,000. During 2019, Terry's bought 8 new trucks for a total of $640,000. At the end of 2019 , the market value of all the firm's trucks was $1,180,000. What was Terry's gross investment? Calculate Terry's depreciation and net investment. Terry's gross investment during 2019 was $ The Bureau of Economic Analysis reported that the U.S. capital stock was $49.6 trillion at the end of 2012 , $51.2 trillion at the end of 2013 , and $53.6 trillion at the end 2014 . Depreciation in 2013 was $1.6 trillion, and gross investment during 2014 was $2.4 trillion. Calculate U.S. net investment and gross investment during 2013. ≫ Answer to 1 decimal place. U.S. net investment during 2013 was \$ trillion. Depreciation in 2013 was $1.6 trillion, and gross investment during 2014 was $2.4 trillion. Calculate U.S. net investment and depreciation during 2014. ≫ Answer to 1 decimal place. U.S. net investment during 2014 was $ trillion. Frank takes a summer job painting houses. During the summer, he earns an after-tax income of $4,000 and he spends $2,000 on goods and services. What was Frank's saving during the summer and the change, if any, in his wealth? ≫ If your answer is negative, include a minus sign. If your answer is positive, do not include a plus sign. Frank's saving during the summer is dollars.
Frank's savings during the summer is $2,000.
1. Gross investment for Terry's Towing Service in 2019:
Gross investment is the total amount of money spent by a company on purchasing new assets during the year.
It is calculated by adding the value of new assets bought to the value of old assets owned by the company.
Gross investment = Old assets + New assets = $600,000 + $640,000 = $<<600000+640000=1240000>>1,240,0002. Depreciation and net investment for Terry's Towing Service in 2019:
Depreciation is the reduction in the value of an asset due to wear and tear over time.
Net investment is the gross investment minus the amount of depreciation.
Terry's Towing Service's depreciation = $1,240,000 - $1,180,000 = $<<1240000-1180000=60000>>60,000
Net investment = Gross investment - Depreciation = $1,240,000 - $60,000 = $<<1180000=1180000>>1,180,0003.
Gross investment and net investment for the U.S. in 2013:
Gross investment is the total amount of money spent by the U.S. on purchasing new assets during the year. Depreciation is the reduction in the value of assets due to wear and tear over time. Net investment is the gross investment minus the amount of depreciation.
Gross investment in 2014 = $2.4 trillion
Depreciation in 2013 = $1.6 trillion
Gross investment in 2013 = Gross investment in 2014 - (Gross investment in 2014 - Gross investment in 2013)Gross investment in 2013 = $2.4 trillion - ($53.6 trillion - $51.2 trillion)
= $2.0 trillion
Net investment in 2013 = Gross investment in 2013 - Depreciation in 2013 = $2.0 trillion - $1.6 trillion = $0.4 trillion
4. Frank's savings during the summer and the change in his wealth:
Frank's savings during the summer = After-tax income - Spending
= $4,000 - $2,000
= $<<4000-2000=2000>>2,000Change in wealth
= Saving
= $2,000
Therefore, there was an increase of $2,000 in Frank's wealth.
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You have just received notification that you have won the $3 million first prize in the Centennial Lottery. However, the prize will be awarded on your 100 th birthday (assuming you're around to collect), 60 years from now. What is the present value of your windfall if the appropriate discount rate is 10 percent? (Do not round intermediate calculations and round your answer to 2 decimal places, e.g., 32.16.) You are scheduled to receive $14,000 in two years. When you receive it, you will invest it for eight more years at 9.5 percent per year. How much will you have in ten years? (Do not round intermediate calculations and round your answer to 2 decimal places, e.g., 32.16.) Assume the total cost of a college education will be $300,000 when your child enters college in 18 years. You presently have $63,000 to invest. What annual rate of interest must you earn on your investment to cover the cost of your child's college education? (Do not round intermediate calculations. Enter your answer as a percent rounded to 2 decimal places, e.g., 32.16.) You're trying to save to buy a new $204,000 Ferrari. You have $54,000 today that can be invested at your bank. The bank pays 6.2 percent annual interest on its accounts. How long will it be before you have enough to buy the car? (Do not round intermediate calculations and round your answer to 2 decimal places, e.g., 32.16.)
The present value of the winfall at 10% interest rate can be calculated as follows;PV = FV / (1 + r)n where PV = present value FV = future value (3,000,000)rn = rate of interest per period, where n is the number of periods. In this case, n = 60 years and r = 10%.Therefore, PV = 3,000,000 / (1 + 0.1)60 = $23,365.52
2. The future value of the $14,000 after 8 years is;FV = 14,000(1 + 0.095)8 = $26,303.23This means that after ten years of the investment, the value of the investment will be the future value plus the $14,000 initial investment.FV = 26,303.23 + 14,000 = $40,303.23.
3. The present value of $300,000 in 18 years at a certain interest rate can be calculated as follows;PV = FV / (1 + r)n where PV = present value FV = future value r = rate of interest per period n = number of periods. In this case, FV = $300,000, n = 18 and PV = $63,000.Therefore;PV = 63,000 = 300,000 / (1 + r)18. Rearranging and solving for r, we get;r = (300,000 / 63,000)1/18 - 1 = 0.0734 = 7.34%Therefore, the required annual rate of interest is 7.34%.
4. To find out how long it will take for the investment to grow to $204,000 at a 6.2% interest rate, we can use the following formula;FV = PV(1 + r)n; where PV = present value. FV = future valuer = rate of interest per period n = number of periods. In this case, PV = $54,000, r = 6.2% and FV = $204,000. Therefore,$204,000 = $54,000(1 + 0.062)n
Dividing both sides by $54,000 and solving for n, we get;n = (log 4.0) / (log 1.062)=24.55. Therefore, it will take approximately 24.55 years for the investment to grow to $204,000.
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Compute the selling price of the bonds on December 31, 2019.
To compute the selling price of the bonds on December 31, 2019, we first need to know the purchase price and any changes in value that may have occurred between the purchase date and December 31, 2019.
If the bonds have not been sold before December 31, 2019, the selling price would be the same as the fair market value of the bonds on that date. However, if the bonds have been sold before that date, then the selling price would be the price for which they were sold.
To summarize, the selling price of the bonds on December 31, 2019, would depend on whether or not they were sold before that date and, if so, at what price. If they were not sold, then their selling price would be their fair market value on that date.
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Nonconstant Growth Valuation A company currently pays a dividend of $2.4 per share (D0=$2.4). It is estimated that the company's dividend will grow at a rate of 19% per year for the next 2 years, and then at a constant rate of 8% thereafter. The company's stock has a beta of 1.7, the risk-free rate is 8.5%, and the market risk premium is 4.5%. What is your estimate of the stock's current price? Do not round intermediate calculations. Round your answer to the nearest cent.
Based on the nonconstant growth valuation, the estimated current price of the stock is $35.39.
Nonconstant growth valuation is a method used to determine the current stock price of a company that experiences non-constant growth rates. This approach is applied when a company is in its early development stages or when its growth rate is expected to change over time.
The formula for nonconstant growth valuation is as follows:
PV = D0(1+g1)/(1+r) + D1(1+g2)/(1+r)2 + ... + Dn(1+gn)/(1+r)n
To calculate the current stock price (P0), the formula is:
P0 = D0(1+g1)/(1+r) + D1(1+g2)/(1+r)2 + ... + Dn(1+gn)/(1+r)n
In this scenario, we have the following values: D0 = $2.4, g1 = 19%, g2 = 19%, r = 8.5% + (1.7 × 4.5%) = 15.05%.
To determine the dividends for each year, we calculate:
Dividend for the first year = $2.4 × 1.19 = $2.856
Dividend for the second year = $2.856 × 1.19 = $3.395
Using these values, we can calculate the current stock price (P0):
P0 = (2.4 × 1.19)/(1.1505) + (2.856 × 1.19²)/(1.1505)² + (3.395 × 1.08²)/(1.1505)²
= $35.39 (approx)
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Read Case Study Strava's the New Social Network, page 144. Answer the following Case Study Questions. 1.Discuss why the
Strava is a popular app that is mainly used by runners and cyclists. This app allows users to keep track of their progress and share their accomplishments with friends and followers. The social media component of the app has made it very popular among fitness enthusiasts.
One of the significant benefits of Strava is the data it collects. It gives users a clear view of their progress and helps them identify areas where they can improve. The data also allows users to see how they stack up against other users, which is a source of motivation for many.
Strava is a popular app that provides a supportive community for fitness enthusiasts. Its social media component has made it very successful, and users enjoy the competition and the ability to track their progress. The data collected by the app is a significant benefit for users as it allows them to see their progress and identify areas for improvement. Overall, Strava has become a popular app because of its unique features and the supportive community it provides.
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If you selected American Airlines Group (AAL), look at 10-K (annual reports) and 10-Q (quarterly reports) and open the April 22,2021 – 10Q:Quarterly report for quarter ending March 31,2021 and in that file look for the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet at March 31, 2020 Inline XBRL Viewer (sec.gov). Find a proposed standard from the current or prior year that is related to this course (asset-type transactions only) in the FASB Codification system. Prepare a 2-3 page summary of the FASB proposal highlighting what changed, why, and the potential impact on the financial statements and disclosures of the company you have selected.
In the FASB Codification system, there are various proposed standards related to asset-type transactions. One such proposed standard from the prior year is the Accounting Standards Update (ASU) 2020-01, which is related to Clarifying the Interactions between Topic 321, Topic 323, and Topic 815.
The FASB issued ASU 2020-01 to provide clarifications on the accounting for equity securities, convertible debt, and contracts in an entity’s own equity. The main change brought about by ASU 2020-01 is the introduction of more guidance on how entities should classify and measure financial instruments. The standard requires that entities classify equity securities as either “held-to-collect,” “held-to-sell,” or “held-to-respond to changes in fair value.” This new guidance can affect an entity’s financial statements and disclosures.
The adoption of ASU 2020-01 can have an impact on American Airlines Group (AAL) as it holds various financial instruments like equity securities and convertible debt. AAL will need to assess how the standard affects the classification and measurement of these financial instruments. The company may also need to update its financial statements and disclosures to ensure compliance with the new guidance. In conclusion, the ASU 2020-01, issued by FASB, clarifies the interactions between Topic 321, Topic 323, and Topic 815. American Airlines Group (AAL) needs to assess how the standard affects its financial instruments and ensure compliance with the new guidance.
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