Codons are three letter genetic words: and the language of genes use 4 letters (=nitrogenous bases). Hence 64 words are there in genetic dictionary, to represent 20 amino acids that the biological organisms use.
And you must note that more than one codon may code for the same amino acid. This is referred to as degeneracy of the code. For example, three amino acids are coded by any of six different codons, and that alone uses up 18 of the 64 combinations. Three of the codons are stop codons. They do not code for any amino acid. Instead, they act as signals to end the genetic message carried by messenger RNA.
A stop codon is a trinucleotide sequence of three nucleotides found in messenger RNA (mRNA) or DNA that instructs the cell to stop production of proteins. There are 64 distinct trinucleotide codons, of which 3 are stop codons and 61 define amino acids (i.e., UAA, UAG and UGA). A stop codon (or termination codon) is a codon (nucleotide triplet within messenger RNA) that marks the end of the current protein's translation process in molecular biology, more specifically in protein biosynthesis.
The number of amino acids coded by codons is
1 codons ×2 amino acids = 2 codons
2 codons ×9 amino acids = 18 codons
3 codons ×1 amino acid = 3 codons
4 codons ×5 amino acids = 20 codons
6 codons ×3 amino acids = 18 codons
3 stop codons
Total = 64 codons
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polypeptides in the er are usually larger than polypeptides synthesized from the same mrna that have not entered the er.
Polypeptides in the er are usually larger than polypeptides synthesized from the same mrna that have not entered the er.
Hence, the above statement is True
The size of polypeptides inside the ER is typically less than that of polypeptides made from the same mRNA but not yet inside the ER. On the rough ER, proteins for plasma membrane transmembranes are synthesised. Through a translocon, a freshly created polypeptide chain enters the ER.Peptide synthesis is primarily carried out on the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER). By sequentially digesting transfer RNAs (tRNA) with their attached amino acids, messenger RNA (mRNA), which is encoded by nuclear DNA, is translated into peptides by cytosolic ribosomes.To know more about DNA here
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What is the only sense in which signals can reach the cerebral cortex without passing first through the thalamus?.
Information related to smell is the sole sense that is not sent by the thalamus to the cerebral cortex (olfaction)
Explain function of thalamus.
Your body's information relay system is located in your thalamus. Before being sent to the cerebral cortex of your brain for interpretation, all information from your body's senses (aside from smell) must first be processed through your thalamus. Additionally, the thalamus affects consciousness, learning, memory, wakefulness, and sleep.
Olfactory receptors in the nasal epithelium are responsible for detecting smell. Their axons (fila olfactoria) form small bundles of true olfactory nerves that pass through the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone's small foramina and into the cranial cavity.
The fibers enter the cranial cavity and then the olfactory bulb, which is located in the anterior cranial fossa's olfactory groove.
The mitral cells, which are specialized neurones, are found in the olfactory bulb, an ovoid structure. Synaptic glomeruli are clusters that are formed when the olfactory nerve fibers and the mitral cells synapse. Second order nerves exit the glomeruli and proceed posteriorly into the olfactory tract.
On the frontal lobe's inferior surface, the olfactory tract travels posteriorly. The tract separates into medial and lateral stria when it approaches the anterior perforated substance, which is a region at the level of the optic chiasm.
The lateral stria is responsible for transporting axons to the primary olfactory cortex, which is situated in the temporal lobe's uncus.
The olfactory bulb on the other side is met by the axons as they traverse the medial plane of the anterior commissure with the help of the medial stria.
The piriform cortex, the amygdala, the olfactory tubercle, and the secondary olfactory cortex are just a few of the brain regions that receive nerve fibers from the primary olfactory cortex. These regions have a role in olfactory experiences' recall and enjoyment.
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1 point
This is a solution that contains an equal amount of dissolved particles as within the cell; cell doesn’t change shape or size
Isotonic solution is a solution that contains an equal amount of dissolved particles as within the cell; cell doesn’t change shape or size.
What is a Solution?This is referred to as a homogeneous mixture which consists of one or more solutes dissolved in a solvent such as water.
There are different types of solution and an example is Isotonic solution which contains an equal amount of dissolved particles as within the cell and the process of osmosis which involves the movement of solute molecules doesn't occur in the cell which is therefore the reason why the cell doesn’t change shape or size.
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this part of the middle ear vibrates and stimulates the bones of the ossicles when it perceives sounds waves.
The eardrum part of the middle ear vibrates in response to incoming sound waves, and three small bones in the middle ear receive these vibrations. The names of these bones are malleus, incus, and stapes.
Which component of the ear moves sound with the ossicles when it vibrates?The ossicles were set in motion by the eardrum's vibrations. In reality, the ossicles are the tiniest bones in the human body.
What component of the ear is vibrating and transmitting the vibration to the three small bones?Eardrum vibrations occur. The three little bones in the middle ear known as the ossicles are thus exposed to the vibrations. The ossicles make the sound louder. They direct the sound waves toward the hearing organ's fluid-filled inner ear (cochlea).
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If adenine makes up 20% of the bases in a DNA double helix, what percent of the bases are guanine
a) 60%
b) 40%
c) 20%
d) 30%
Because cytosine and guanine are always present in equal numbers, the guanine molecule accounts for 30% of the total.
What is DNA double helix?A double helix is a term used in genomics to describe the physical structure of DNA. A DNA molecule is made up of two linked strands that wind around one another to form a twisted ladder shaped like a helix. Each strand has a sugar (deoxyribose) and phosphate backbone that alternates.A double helix is a twisted ladder-like structure formed by two linked strands that wind around each other. Each strand has a sugar (deoxyribose) and phosphate backbone that alternates. Each sugar is attached to one of four bases: adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), or thymine (T).DNA and proteins, for example, each have a distinct and ordered structure, such as a right-handed double helix or a single -helix.To learn more about DNA refer to :
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Two plants are heterozygous for seed shape and have round seeds. If the two plants are crossed, what is the probability that the offspring will have wrinkled seeds?
Answer: 25%
Explanation: Heterozygous means that an individual has two different versions, or alleles, of a gene. In this case, one plant has an allele for round seeds and an allele for wrinkled seeds, while the other plant also has an allele for round seeds and an allele for wrinkled seeds. When these two plants are crossed, each offspring will inherit one allele for seed shape from each parent.
The probability that an offspring will have wrinkled seeds is determined by the proportion of offspring that inherit the allele for wrinkled seeds from both parents. If both parents are heterozygous, this means that each parent has a 50% chance of passing on their allele for wrinkled seeds to their offspring. Therefore, the probability that an offspring will inherit the allele for wrinkled seeds from both parents is (0.5)(0.5) = 0.25, or 25%. This means that the probability that an offspring will have wrinkled seeds is 25%.
Answer:
A
Explanation:
just trust me bro
Why is genetic variation for necessary for evolution by natural selection?
Group of answer choices
Genetic variation results in different traits which can be selected for or against
Genetic variation creates new traits that increase the competition for resources.
Genetic variation makes organisms more susceptible to disease and many would die
Genetic variation produces new species through random changes in DNA
Answer:
Genetic variation is necessary for evolution by natural selection because it (A) results in different traits which can be selected for or against.
Explanation:
Natural selection is a process in which organisms with certain traits are more likely to survive and reproduce, while those with less advantageous traits are less likely to survive and reproduce. This results in the survival of the fittest and the evolution of new species over time. Without genetic variation, there would be no differences in traits and therefore no way for natural selection to occur.
Bacteria that cause periodontal disease have adhesins for receptors on streptococci that colonize on teeth. This indicates that.
The fact that these bacteria have adhesins for strep cells means that strep is the cell they attach to when starting the disease process.
Periodontal disease represents a group of oral inflammatory diseases mediated by adhesins on the surface of bacteria and by receptors on the surface of bacteria. Oral streptococci produce an arsenal of adhesive molecules that allow them to efficiently colonize different tissues in the mouth. Bacteria associated with periodontal disease are predominantly Gram-negative anaerobic bacteria and may include A. actinomycetemcomitans, P. gingivalis, P. Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, Fusobacteria, Spirochaetes, and Synergistete were highly associated with periodontal disease. On the other hand, Actinobacteria was found in a higher proportion in health. The dominant bacterial species in dental plaque are Streptococcus sanguis and Streptococcus mutans, both of which are considered responsible for plaque.
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Malaria is caused by
Answer:
Malaria is a serious and sometimes fatal disease caused by a parasite that commonly infects a certain type of mosquito which feeds on humans. People who get malaria are typically very sick with high fevers, shaking chills, and flu-like illness. Four kinds of malaria parasites infect humans: Plasmodium falciparum, P.
Answer:
A parasite that most likely infects mosquitos. The mosquitos feed on humans which passes Malaria to humans.
Explanation:
People with Malaria usually have high fevers, shaking chills, and similar symptoms to the flu-illness.
6. Examine the horse forelimb fossil evidence below. Describe the evolution of the forelimb of the horse. VI is the most recent fossil while I is the oldest fossil.
Earlier horse ancestors were specialized for living in tropical forests,whereas current horses have evolved to live in drier environments.The evolution of tooth forms, foot and limb architecture, and grazing habits with predator-escape adaptations are all seen in successive fossils.
How is the evolution of a horse shown in its fossil history?In North America, there is a lengthy, continuous fossil sequence for horses dating back 55 million years, which provides the concrete evidence can trace individual steps and changes in evolution over a long period of time, he said. "Horses are a really good illustration of this," he said.
What kind of evolution are horse fossils displaying?As a result, this collection of prehistoric horses has gained widespread recognition as a classic, "textbook" illustration on development .The development of the horse is the most frequently cited instance of orthogenesis, in just about any definition of the word, according to Wallis (1944, p. 157) more than 50 years ago.
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The current decline of amphibian populations worldwide has been linked to a ________ fungus.
The sickness is brought on by the chytrid fungus. The significant population decreases or extinctions of amphibian species in western North America and South America have been attributed to chytridiomycosis.
In some amphibian populations, the fungus can cause sporadic fatalities whereas in others, it might result in 100% mortality. There is no known cure for the sickness that affects wild populations. People with the condition experience a variety of clinical symptoms. However, none of the potential solutions for eradicating this disease-causing fungus has shown to be workable on a wide scale. A global fall in amphibian populations that has reportedly affected roughly 30% of all amphibian species worldwide has been attributed to the disease.
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why does the dissolved oxygen concentration begin to dramatically decrease at the bottom of the epipelagic zone? group of answer choices this is where photosynthesis exceeds respiration. there is an increase in nutrients, so less oxygen can be dissolved. this is where respiration exceeds photosynthesis. there is an increase in photosynthesis, attracting more predators.
Dissolved oxygen concentration decreases dramatically at the bottom of the epipelagic zone, where respiration exceeds photosynthesis.
The quantity of free, non-compound oxygen in water or other liquids is called "dissolved oxygen." Due to its impact on the aquatic life present in a body of water, it is a crucial factor in determining the quality of the water. Dissolved oxygen is a crucial element in limnology, the study of lakes, coming in second only to water itself 1. Too much or too little dissolved oxygen in the water can harm aquatic life and alter its quality. Free oxygen (O2), also known as non-compound oxygen, is not bound to another element. These liberated O2 molecules in the water are referred to as dissolved oxygen.
Hence, phytoplankton's perform photosynthesis releases oxygen.
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Climate scientists use numerical climate __________ to project the future climate.
Climate scientists use numerical climate model to project the future climate.
Climate models are computer programmes that scientists use to study how our planet is evolving and forecast future climate. Computerized climate models operate similarly to a laboratory. They let researchers to examine how several variables combine to affect a region's climate.
Numerical climate models study the interactions of the major climatic drivers, such as the atmosphere, seas, land surface, and ice, using quantitative methodologies. They serve a number of functions, from studying the dynamics of the climate system to making climate forecasts.
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where would you expect to see the ligand binding site of a neurotransmitter-gated ion channel protein?
As we previously discussed, ligand-gated ion channels are frequently found in electrically excitable cells, such as neurons.
What exactly is a neuron? What are its functions?Neurons, usually referred to as nerve fibers or nerve fibers, are the fundamental constituents of the brain. They are the cells in favor of collecting in sensory data from the outside environment, transmitting nerve signals to our muscles, and transforming and relaying electronic pulses at each step along the route.
What is the neuron's most crucial role?Transmitting signals or impulses all throughout body is the primary role of neurons. The extended extensions of the neurons' cell bodies known as dendrites and axons are what primarily aid in this transmission.
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Which of the following statements most accurately describe a eukaryotic cell?
Answer: you did not provide any options so I can’t answer
Explanation:
In what two ways does cellular respiration seem to be the opposite of photosynthesis.
Answer:
Cellular respiration breaks down sugars to make ATP, while photosynthesis creates sugars. Photosynthesis creates O2 while respiration uses O2. Respiration creates CO2 while photosynthesis uses CO2. The processes overall chemical equations are mirror images of each other.
Explanation:
organism a is eukaryotic, unicellular, and lacks a cell wall. organism b is eukaryotic, multicellular, has cell walls, and is autotrophic. in which kingdoms should these organisms be classified?
Multicellular, heterotrophic eukaryotic creatures without cell walls are found in the Kingdom Animalia.
Multicellular autotrophic eukaryotes belong to which kingdom?All multicellular eukaryotic organisms belong to the kingdom of Plantae. They are autotrophs since their food is produced using solar energy. Plants' cell walls contain cellulose.
Unicellular eukaryotes are those that lack a cell wall?In the majority of prokaryotic cells, the plasma membrane is enclosed by a rigid cell wall that gives the organism its form. Cell walls are present in plants but not in vertebrate eukaryotes. Prokaryotic cells contain cell walls that are chemically distinct from eukaryotic plant cells, which are primarily made of cellulose.
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What are some possible uses for technology that can identify people based on their dna?.
Answer:
Forensics
Explanation:
Forensic teams often use DNA to determine if a person is a suspect or if they should be eliminated as a suspect. DNA can sometimes prove a person’s innocence or guilt, or, at least, it can prove whether a person was in the vicinity of the crime scene.
Which statement best describes an example of how society has influenced
science and engineering?
A. The Green Revolution reduced poverty by making food more
affordable.
B. The increased use of fertilizer in agriculture has polluted nearby
waterways.
C. Concerns about global food shortages led to selective breeding of
wheat and rice plants.
D. Farmers who use modern farming equipment have been able to
make more money.
Statement best describes an example of how society has influenced science and engineering is Farmers who use modern farming equipment have been able to make more money.
Explain science and engineering
The study of the natural and physical world is known as science. Engineering is the practice of using knowledge to plan, create, and maintain a process or product that addresses a problem or fills a need.
The utilization of contemporary equipment and technology in agriculture is referred to as modern farming methods. These techniques concentrate on increasing output utilizing HYV seeds, although this irrigation demands contemporary equipment like tractors and threshers. The majority of foreign countries are using current technologies to their advantage in agriculture. Farmers are reaping greater benefits from using this approach and are prepared to increase their produce efficiency.
Modern agriculture's overarching goal is to create an agricultural system that generates excellent harvests, in significant quantities, and with the least amount of pressure possible. As agricultural production increases over the long term, this cycle is clearly seen in the region.
Genetic manipulation, chemical pest control, and monoculture are some examples of modern farming methods.
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Answer:
The answer is C
Explanation:
Concerns about global food shortages led to selective breeding of wheat and rice plants.
When a portion of a population can no longer breed and produce fertile offspring with the rest of the population, then a ______ is present that prevents the two populations from sharing genes.
When a part of a whole population is not able to breed and give rise to fertile offspring with the remaining population, then a gametic isolation is present which checks the sharing of genes among the two populations.
A gametic isolation is a kind of a pre-zygotic barrier. Such type of a reproductive isolating mechanism ensures that fertilization does not occur following speciation. This biological mechanism prevents the sharing of genes among two populations when a part of a whole population is unable to breed successfully with the remaining population. The formation of a zygote is inhibited in a pre-zygotic barrier.
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What are the common types of mutations that occur to convert proto-oncogenes to oncogenes?.
The common types of mutations which occur to transform proto-oncogenes into oncogenes are: Missense and Amplifications.
The process of conversion of proto-oncogenes into oncogenes is known as activation. A proto-oncogene can get activated through various genetic mechanisms, which includes amplifications, point mutations, insertional mutagenesis, etc. Oncogenes are a product of mutations which tend to increase the activity of proto-oncogenes.
The question is incomplete. The complete question is:-
What are the common types of mutations which occur to transform proto-oncogenes into oncogenes?
Mark all that are correct from the options given below:-
(a) Missense,
(b) Nonsense,
(c) Silent,
(d) Amplifications,
(e) Hypermethylation of promoter sequences.
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DOMAIN 2 lesson 2
Gmetrix
Is in the photo pls help
Plssssss
HELPP
Answer:
1. Email Marketing
2. search engine marketing
3. Behavioral
4. Demographic
5. CAC (Customer acquisition cost)
Explanation:
The correct blanks of marketing plans for 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10 are email marketing, search engine advertising, historical, Demographic, customer acquisition and retention costs, marketing expenses, cost-effective, subtracting, executive summary and promotion.
Fill in the blanks:
1. A marketing method that uses customized newsletters to engage with customers is email marketing. [Platforms and Marketing Methods]
2. A marketing method that uses ads on a website within a search engine is search engine advertising. [Marketing Platforms and Marketing Methods]
3. The four segments of sales data are historical, geographical, demographic, and psychographic. [Market Reactions and Sales Data]
4. Demographic data provides information about a customer's age, gender, or ethnicity. [Market Reactions and Sales Data]
5. Investors use customer acquisition and retention costs to determine the cost of acquiring new customers. [Customer Acquisition and Retention Costs].
6. The formula used to determine customer acquisition costs is marketing expenses plus sales expenses divided by the number of new customers for the period. [Customer Acquisition and Retention Costs]
7. It is more cost-effective to keep current customers than to acquire new customers. [Customer Acquisition and Retention Costs]
8. Customer retention rates are found by subtracting the number of new customers acquired during a period from the number of customers at the end of a period, then dividing by the number of customers from the start of the period and multiplying by 100. [Customer Acquisition and Retention Costs]
9. An executive summary provides an overview of the marketing plan. [Elements of a Marketing Plan]
10. The four P's of the marketing mix are product, price, place, and promotion. [Elements of a Marketing Plan]
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which of these was the dominant plant group at the time that dinosaurs were the dominant animals?
During the Mesozoic, gymnosperms and dinosaurs coexisted as the dominant species.
What took place throughout the Mesozoic?"The Age of Reptiles" was the Mesozoic Era, which lasted from 251.9 to 66 million years ago. The present Rocky Mountains rose as Pangaea started to split into the continents we know today. The dominant land and air animals were pterosaurs, crocodiles, and dinosaurs.
what is The Mesozoic Era is known as the Age with Dinosaurs for a reason.?The Mesozoic era, sometimes known as the "Middle Life," saw a fast diversification of life on Earth, including the appearance of dinosaurs, enormous reptiles, and other terrifying creatures. The time range, which roughly corresponds to 252 million years ago to 66 million years ago, is sometimes referred to as the age of reptiles or the era of dinosaurs.
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You have an antibody raised against the peptide SHHLKEATIVKE, which,
proteins would your antibody recognise?
Your antibody would recognize polysaccharide if it were a protein.
What proteins also go by the name of antibodies?Proteins called antibodies defend you when your body comes into contact with an unwelcome chemical. Antibodies, which are made by your immune system, bind to these foreign chemicals and drive them out of your body. Immunoglobulin is another name for an antibody.
What proteins are also known as antibodies?When your body comes into contact with an undesirable chemical, antibodies, proteins, protect you. Your immune system produces antibodies that bind to these foreign substances and expel them from your body. An alternative name for an antibody is immunoglobulin.
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How do I do these??
Answer:
Picture is blurry can u unblur it
Explanation:
What is the difference between an inhibitory and an excitatory post synaptic potential?.
Although the details of postsynaptic action can be complex, there are simple rules that distinguish between postsynaptic excitation and inhibition.
EPSPs have reversal potentials more positive than the action potential threshold and IPSPs have reversal potentials more negative than the threshold.Excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) bring the potential of a neuron close to its firing threshold. Inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs) shift the charge across the membrane away from the firing threshold. Postsynaptic potentials undergo spatial and temporal addition. Neurons communicate via electrical currents called action potentials that are either excitatory or inhibitory. Currents responsible for sharing information about one action potential with the next neuron, inhibitory currents reduce the likelihood of such transmission occurring.
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How are the algae cells different from the other cells?
Hello there, Jaelyn!
Although algae and plants are both photosynthetic and categorized as eukaryotes (cells with unique features such as the nucleus), they vary in the following ways: Algae can be unicellular or multicellular, whereas plants contain numerous cells.
Have an amazing day!
-William
Which type of process first occurred in the ecosystem around Mount St. Helens after it erupted?
Answer: Succession
Explanation: Succession that begins in an area with no remnants of an older community
Autorise
A certain type of toad resembles tree bark with its brown color and rough skin. A
certain type of frog, has a bright yellow-green color with red toes and smooth skin.
How does the appearance of each organism most likely help them survive?
Answer
A
B
C
D
..
Both appearances act as camouflage.
Both appearances scare off predators.
The toad's appearance is to avoid detection, while the frog's appearance
is to scare off predators.
The toad's appearance is to scare off predators, while the frog
appearance is to avoid detection.
Answer: The answer is C
Explanation: I have my ways ;>
describe the manner in which activators and repressors influence the rate of transcription initiation. how might chromatin structure be involved in such regulation?
Activators and repressors change the relationship of RNAP II to the transcription complex and DNA loops bring distant enhancer or silencer elements in proximity with promoter regions of the genes.
How does activators and repressors influence the rate of transcription initiation?Transcription boost transcription of genes. Repressors decrease the transcription. Groups of transcription factors binding the sites that are called enhancers and silencers can turn a gene on/off in specific parts of the body.
Activators and repressors regulate transcription in eukaryotes by interacting with general transcription factors and other components of the transcriptional machinery and also by inducing changes in the structure of chromatin.
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