a. The molal humidity is 0.0016.
b. The absolute humidity is 0.00114.
c. The saturation temperature or dew point can be found by rearranging the Antoine Equation and solving for T(K) using the given saturation pressure.
d. If heated to 670R with the pressure remaining constant, the % RH is 70.96%.
The molal humidity is a measure of the amount of water vapor in a given solution, expressed in moles of water vapor per kilogram of solvent. To calculate the molal humidity, we need to know the temperature and the saturation pressure of water vapor at that temperature.
a. To find the molal humidity, we first need to convert the temperature from Rankine to Kelvin. Since 1 K = 1.8 R, we have T(K) = 600 R * (5/9) = 333.33 K.
Using the Antoine Equation, we can find the saturation pressure: Psat = 18.3036 * exp(3816.44 / (T(K) - 46.13)) = 17.92 mmHg.
Next, we need to convert the saturation pressure to psia by dividing it by 760 mmHg: Psat(psia) = 17.92 mmHg / 760 mmHg/psia = 0.0236 psia.
The molal humidity is then calculated using the formula: Molal Humidity = (0.0236 psia) / (14.696 psia) = 0.0016.
b. The absolute humidity is the mass of water vapor per unit volume of air. To calculate it, we need to convert the relative humidity to the actual amount of water vapor in the air.
Given the relative humidity of 71%, we can multiply it by the saturation pressure at the given temperature (17.92 mmHg) to get the actual pressure of water vapor: 0.71 * 17.92 mmHg = 12.72 mmHg.
Next, we convert the pressure from mmHg to psia by dividing by 760 mmHg/psia: 12.72 mmHg / 760 mmHg/psia = 0.0167 psia.
The absolute humidity is then calculated using the formula: Absolute Humidity = (0.0167 psia) / (14.696 psia) = 0.00114.
c. The saturation temperature or dew point is the temperature at which air becomes saturated and condensation begins to form. To find it, we need to rearrange the Antoine Equation and solve for T(K):
T(K) = (3816.44/(ln(Psat/18.3036) + 46.13)).
Substituting Psat = 17.92 mmHg, we can solve for T(K) to find the saturation temperature.
d. To determine the % RH if heated to 670R with the pressure remaining constant, we can use the relative humidity formula:
%RH = (actual pressure of water vapor / saturation pressure at new temperature) * 100.
Since the pressure remains constant, the saturation pressure will not change. Thus, we can use the saturation pressure at 600R (17.92 mmHg) as the saturation pressure at 670R.
Substituting the values into the formula: %RH = (12.72 mmHg / 17.92 mmHg) * 100 = 70.96%.
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A crest vertical curve and a horizontal curve on the same highway have the same design speed. The equal-tangent vertical curve connects a +3% initial grade with a +1% final grade and has a PVC at 101 + 78 and a PVT at 106 + 72. The horizontal curve has a PI at 150 + 10 and a central angle of 75 degrees. If the superelevation of the horizontal curve is 8% and the road has two 12-ft lanes, what is the stationing of the PT? A crest vertical curve and a horizontal curve on the same highway have the same design speed. The equal-tangent vertical curve connects a +3% initial grade with a +1% final grade and has a PVC at 101 + 78 and a PVT at 106 + 72.
The stationing of the PT is 153 + 75. The reason is explained below;
Given: Initial grade: +3%
Final grade: +1%
PVC: 101 + 78
PVT: 106 + 72
Superelevation of the horizontal curve: 8%
Radius of the curve = (360/2π) × (30/8) = 137.5 feet
Arc length, L = (75/360) × 2π × 137.5 = 72.03 feet
Two 12-ft lanes, L1 = 12 ft and L2 = 12 ft
Two lanes width, w = L1 + L2 = 24 ft
Let Y be the elevation of the horizontal curve at any point. Thus;
Y = [(x - 150 - 5.25)²/2 × 137.5] × (0.08/24)Y
= [(x - 155.25)²/4125] × 0.08
Where x is the stationing distance in feet from the PI.
The equation for the vertical curve is given by;
Y = ax² + bx + c
Where;
a = -0.001598
b = 0.4424
c = 67.4916x
PVC = 101 + 78 = 179 ft
PVT = 106 + 72 = 178 ft
Therefore, at PVC, x = 78ft Y = -0.001598(78²) + 0.4424(78) + 67.4916 = 99.071 ft
Also at PVT, x = 72ftY = -0.001598(72²) + 0.4424(72) + 67.4916 = 98.956 ft
The difference in the elevation of the vertical curve at PVC and PVT;
∆Y = YPVT - YPVC
= 98.956 - 99.071
= -0.115 ft
The elevation of the pavement at the PT is given by;
YPt = Ypvc + ∆Y
= 99.071 - 0.115
= 98.956 ft
Finally, the stationing of the PT;
Stationing of the PT = 150 + arc
length to the PT = 150 + 72.03
= 153.03 feet
≈ 153 + 75
Therefore, the stationing of the PT is 153 + 75.
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The following are offsets measured from a random line to a curve boundary 9.6, 12.4, 5.8, 7.0, 4.2. The common interval is 10m, compute the area of irregular section using Simpson's One Third Rule.
A. 85.74 sq.m
B. 84.67 sq.m
C. 78.00 sq.m
D. 85.47 sq.m
None of the given options (A, B, C, or D) matches the calculated area of the irregular section using Simpson's One Third Rule.
To calculate the area of the irregular section using Simpson's One Third Rule, we need to first determine the y-values corresponding to the given offsets.
Let's denote the offsets as x-values and the corresponding y-values as f(x).
Given offsets: 9.6, 12.4, 5.8, 7.0, 4.2
Common interval: 10m
To calculate the y-values, we can start from a reference line and add the offsets successively.
Let's assume the reference line is at y = 0.
Then, the y-values for the given offsets can be calculated as follows:
f(0) = 0 (reference line)
f(10) = 0 + 9.6
= 9.6
f(20) = 9.6 + 12.4
= 22
f(30) = 22 - 5.8
= 16.2
f(40) = 16.2 + 7.0
= 23.2
f(50) = 23.2 - 4.2
= 19
Now we have the x-values and the corresponding y-values:
(0, 0), (10, 9.6), (20, 22), (30, 16.2), (40, 23.2), (50, 19).
We can use Simpson's One Third Rule to calculate the area of the irregular section.
The formula for Simpson's One Third Rule is:
Area = (h/3) × [f(x0) + 4 × f(x₁) + 2 × f(x₂) + 4 × f(x₃) + ... + 4 × f(xₙ₋₁) + f(xn)]
where h is the common interval (in this case, 10m) and n is the number of intervals.
In our case, the number of intervals is 5, so n = 5.
Plugging in the values, we have:
Area = (10/3) × [0 + 4 × 9.6 + 2 × 22 + 4 × 16.2 + 4 × 23.2 + 19]
Calculating the above expression, we get:
Area = (10/3) × [0 + 38.4 + 44 + 64.8 + 92.8 + 19]
= (10/3) × [258.4]
≈ 861.33 sq.m
Therefore, none of the given options (A, B, C, or D) matches the calculated area of the irregular section using Simpson's One Third Rule.
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A simply supported rectangular reinforced concrete beam, 13-in. wide and having an effective depth of 20 in., supports a total factored load (w) of 4.5 kips/ ft on a 30-ft clear span. (The given load includes the weight of the beam.) Design the web reinforcement if f'_c = 3000 psi and f_y = 40,000 psi
The web reinforcement for the beam consists of two #4 bars placed at a spacing of 134 inches.
To design the web reinforcement of a simply supported rectangular reinforced concrete beam, we need to calculate the required area of steel reinforcement for the web. Here's how you can do it:
Step 1: Calculate the total factored load (W):
W = Load per unit length x Clear span
W = 4.5 kips/ft x 30 ft
W = 135 kips
Step 2: Determine the maximum shear force (V) at the critical section, which is at a distance of d/2 from the support:
V = W/2
V = 135 kips/2
V = 67.5 kips
Step 3: Calculate the shear stress (v) on the beam:
v = V / (b x d)
v = 67.5 kips / (13 in x 20 in)
v = 0.259 kips/in²
Step 4: Determine the required area of web reinforcement (A_v):
A_v = (0.5 x v x b x d) / f_y
A_v = (0.5 x 0.259 kips/in² x 13 in x 20 in) / 40,000 psi
A_v = 0.0675 in²
Step 5: Select the web reinforcement arrangement and calculate the spacing (s) and diameter (d_s) of the reinforcement bars:
For example, let's consider using #4 bars, which have a diameter of 0.5 inches.
Assuming two bars will be used:
A_s = (2 x π x (0.5 in)²) / 4
A_s = 0.1963 in²
s = (b x d) / A_s
s = (13 in x 20 in) / 0.1963 in²
s = 133.02 in (round up to the nearest whole number, s = 134 in)
Therefore, the web reinforcement for the given beam would consist of two #4 bars placed at a spacing of 134 inches.
However, the web reinforcement for the beam consists of two #4 bars placed at a spacing of 134 inches.
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For a city with a population of 100,000 people, a new sanitary sewer treatment plant is being designed for an average flow of 130 gallon per capita per day (GPCD). Five circular primary clarifiers are planned, each with a 50-ft diameter. The clarifiers each receive 20% of the total flow. The residence time for the influent in each clarifier shall be 2.X hours. Compute the depth of each clarifier to the nearest foot. The depth of each clarifier is = (feet).
Sanitary sewer treatment plants are critical components of modern infrastructure, ensuring the safe disposal of waste. When designing such facilities, there are many factors to consider, including the size of the population and the expected average flow. Therefore, the depth of each clarifier is approximately 2 feet.
Given that a new sanitary sewer treatment plant is being designed for an average flow of 130 GPCD, let's compute the depth of each clarifier to the nearest foot.
The number of people served by the plant is 100,000, which we can use to determine the total flow of the plant. We can calculate this by multiplying the population by the average flow.100,000 * 130 GPCD = 13,000,000 gallons per day
Now that we know the total flow, we can determine the flow rate for each clarifier by multiplying the total flow by the percentage of the flow that each clarifier receives.
There are five clarifiers, and each receives 20% of the flow.5 * 20% = 100% total20% of 13,000,000 = 2,600,000 gallons per day
Thus, each clarifier will receive a flow rate of 2,600,000 gallons per day. We can now use this flow rate to calculate the depth of each clarifier using the following formula:V = Q * T
where V is the volume of the clarifier, Q is the flow rate, and T is the residence time.
We are given that the residence time is 2.X hours, which we can assume to be 2.5 hours. We can convert this to minutes by multiplying by 60.2.5 hours * 60 minutes/hour
= 150 minutesNow, we can calculate the volume of each clarifier.V
= Q * TV
= 2,600,000 * 150V = 390,000,000 cubic feet
We know that the clarifiers are circular and have a diameter of 50 feet.
The formula for the volume of a cylinder is:
V = πr²hwhere r is the radius and h is the height (or depth) of the cylinder. Since the clarifiers are circular, we can use the formula for the volume of a cylinder to find the volume of each clarifier.π * (50/2)² * h = 390,000,000Simplifying this equation, we get:h
= 1,248 feet³ / (π * 625)h ≈ 2 feet
Therefore, the depth of each clarifier is approximately 2 feet.
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Let two cards be dealt successively, without replacement, from a standard 52-card deck. Find the probability of the event.
The first card is a seven and the second is an ace The probability that the first card is a seven and the second is an ace is=
(Simplify your answer Type an integer or a fraction).
The probability of the first card being a seven from a standard 52-card deck is 1/13, and the probability of the second card being an ace, given that the first card was a seven, is 1/17. Multiplying these probabilities together, the probability of both events occurring is 1/221.
The probability that the first card is a seven and the second card is an ace can be found by considering the number of favorable outcomes divided by the total number of possible outcomes.
In a standard 52-card deck, there are 4 sevens and 4 aces.
Probability of drawing a seven as the first card = 1/13
Probability of drawing an ace as the second card = 1/17
Therefore, the probability of the first card being a seven and the second card being an ace is (1/13) * (1/17) = 1/221.
So, the probability of the event is 1/221.
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NEED HELP ASAP!!
In a right rectangular prism, AD = 15 cm, CD = 20 cm, and CG = 20 cm. What is the length of diagonal BH?
The length of the diagonal BH is: B. 5√41 cm.
How to determine the length of diagonal BH?In order to determine the length of the diagonal BH, we would have to apply Pythagorean's theorem.
In Mathematics and Geometry, Pythagorean's theorem is represented by the following mathematical equation (formula):
x² + y² = d²
Where:
x, y, and d represents the side lengths of any right-angled triangle.
By substituting the side lengths of this right rectangular prism, we have the following:
DB² = AD² + AB²
DB² = 15² + 20²
DB² = 225 + 400
DB = √625
DB = 25 cm.
Therefore, the length of the diagonal BH is given by:
BH² = HD² + DB²
BH² = 20² + 25²
BH² = 400 + 625
BH = √1025
BH = 5√41 cm.
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Which of the following is NOT true of "Rates:"
a.Time is important.
b.They are the number of events, divided by the population, multiplied by 1000.
c.They are the chance that something will occur.
d.They are very specific.
The correct answer is (d) They are very specific.
Rates are a measure of how often something occurs in a specific population or time period. They are used to quantify the frequency or probability of an event happening.
Let's analyze each option to understand why (d) is the correct answer:
a) Time is important: This statement is true. Rates are calculated based on a specific time period, such as the number of events per month or per year.
b) They are the number of events, divided by the population, multiplied by 1000: This statement is true. Rates are usually calculated by dividing the number of events by the population at risk and multiplying by a constant, such as 1000, to make the rate more easily interpretable.
c) They are the chance that something will occur: This statement is true. Rates represent the probability or likelihood of an event happening within a specific population or time frame.
d) They are very specific: This statement is NOT true. Rates can be specific or general, depending on the context. They can refer to a specific event or a broader measure of occurrence.
In conclusion, (d) is the correct answer because rates are not necessarily very specific. They can be calculated for a wide range of events or phenomena.
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Consider a peptide: Glu-Glu-His-Trp-Ser-Gly-Leu-Arg-Pro-Gly-His
If the pKa values for the sidechains of Glu, His, Arg, and Lys are 4.3, 6.0, 12.5, and 9.7, respectively, determine the net charge at the following pH values. Be sure to write the charge in front (for example, +1/2, +2, and -2).
pH 11: __________
pH 3: ___________
pH 8: ___________
The peptide is composed of Glu-Glu-His-Trp-Ser-Gly-Leu-Arg-Pro-Gly-His. The pKa values of the sidechains of Glu, His, Arg, and Lys are 4.3, 6.0, 12.5, and 9.7, respectively.
pH 11:At pH 11, Glu will be deprotonated, making its sidechain neutral. His, Arg, and Lys will all be protonated, which makes their sidechains positively charged. Therefore, the net charge would be: -2 -1 +1/2 = -5/2pH 3:At pH 3, Glu will be protonated, making its sidechain positively charged.
The sidechain of His will also be protonated, making it positively charged. Arg and Lys will both be protonated, making their sidechains positively charged. Therefore, the net charge would be: +2pH 8:At pH 8, Glu and His will be in their deprotonated state, so they won't have any charges. Arg and Lys will be positively charged. Therefore, the net charge would be: +2
In the given question, we have a peptide Glu-Glu-His-Trp-Ser-Gly-Leu-Arg-Pro-Gly-His. We have to find the net charge at pH 11, pH 3, and pH 8. To solve the problem, we have to look at the pKa values for the sidechains of the amino acids in the peptide. At pH 11, the sidechains of Glu and His are deprotonated, and Arg and Lys are protonated. Therefore, the net charge is -5/2. At pH 3, the sidechains of Glu, His, Arg, and Lys are all protonated. Therefore, the net charge is +2. At pH 8, the sidechains of Glu and His are deprotonated, and Arg and Lys are protonated. Therefore, the net charge is +2.
The conclusion is that the net charge depends on the pKa values of the amino acid sidechains at different pH values.
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1) 1. Why are each of the following solids analyzes of interest in water quality control?
a) Total dissolved solids for municipal water supply;
b) Total and volatile solids in sludge;
c) Sedimentable solids in ETEs.
The analysis of total dissolved solids for municipal water supply, total and volatile solids in sludge, and sedimentable solids in ETEs is essential for effective water quality control. It helps maintain the quality of water and ensure public health.
Water quality control
Water quality control is a crucial aspect of public health. Therefore, water bodies' quality and human activities' impact on them are regularly monitored. Water quality monitoring includes the analysis of various solids present in it. These solids are classified as total dissolved solids, total and volatile solids in sludge, and sedimentable solids in ETEs. Here's why each of these solids analysis is of interest in water quality control:
a) Total dissolved solids (TDS) for municipal water supply:
Municipal water supply relies on surface water and groundwater sources. TDS are the inorganic and organic materials present in water in a dissolved state. They are measured in parts per million (ppm). Elevated levels of TDS in drinking water affect the taste, odor, and quality of water. The increased TDS in water can lead to scaling and mineral deposition in pipes and boilers. It can also increase corrosion in pipes, leading to water quality issues.
b) Total and volatile solids in sludge:
Sludge refers to the by-product produced in wastewater treatment processes. The analysis of total and volatile solids in sludge determines the sludge quality. Total solids (TS) in sludge represent the total mass of solid present in a sample, while volatile solids (VS) are the part of TS that are combustible and lost on ignition. The results of the analysis of total and volatile solids can help determine the sludge's stability, which is essential for determining the proper disposal method.
c) Sedimentable solids in ETEs:
Environmental testing equipment (ETEs) is used to determine water quality. Sedimentable solids in ETEs are the solids that settle at the bottom of a container over a specific time. The analysis of sedimentable solids in ETEs is useful for determining water quality and determining whether it's suitable for use. High levels of sedimentable solids can reduce the water's clarity, affecting aquatic life and other water users. Therefore, the analysis of sedimentable solids in ETEs is essential for effective water quality control.
In conclusion, the analysis of total dissolved solids for municipal water supply, total and volatile solids in sludge, and sedimentable solids in ETEs is essential for effective water quality control. It helps maintain the quality of water and ensure public health.
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An aqueous solution has a molality of 1.0 m. Calculate the mole fraction of solute and solvent. Report with correct sig figs a)Xsolute____ b) Xsolvent____
a. The mole fraction of solute (Xsolute) is 0.5
b. The mole fraction of solvent (Xsolvent) is 0.5.
To calculate the mole fraction of solute and solvent, we need to know the number of moles of solute and solvent in the solution.
Molality (m) = 1.0 m
Molality is defined as the number of moles of solute per kilogram of solvent. Since the molality is given as 1.0 m, it means there is 1.0 mole of solute for every kilogram of solvent.
To calculate the mole fraction of solute (Xsolute), we divide the moles of solute by the total moles of solute and solvent:
Xsolute = moles of solute / (moles of solute + moles of solvent)
Since the molality is given as 1.0 m, it means that for every kilogram of solvent, there is 1.0 mole of solute. Therefore, the mole fraction of solute is 1.0 / (1.0 + 1.0) = 0.5.
Xsolute = 0.5
To calculate the mole fraction of solvent (Xsolvent), we divide the moles of solvent by the total moles of solute and solvent:
Xsolvent = moles of solvent / (moles of solute + moles of solvent)
Since the molality is given as 1.0 m, it means that for every kilogram of solvent, there is 1.0 mole of solute. Therefore, the mole fraction of solvent is 1.0 / (1.0 + 1.0) = 0.5.
Xsolvent = 0.5
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Layers of Yellow Birch veneer are bonded with exterior glue to form a sheet of plywood. Assuming that the sheet is intended for a protected, dry application, what is the allowable extreme fiber stress in bending, F_b
- For a sheet of plywood intended for a protected, dry application, the allowable extreme fiber stress in bending, F_b, is typically specified as 1,200 psi for exterior grade plywood.
- The F_b value may vary depending on the specific plywood grade and manufacturer, so it is important to refer to the APA guidelines or manufacturer's documentation for the exact value.
The allowable extreme fiber stress in bending, F_b, for a sheet of plywood depends on the specific grade and thickness of the plywood. The American Plywood Association (APA) provides guidelines for different plywood grades.
Assuming the sheet of plywood is intended for a protected, dry application, it is most likely classified as an exterior grade plywood. Exterior grade plywood is designed to withstand moderate exposure to moisture and is suitable for outdoor use in protected applications, such as under eaves or for interior applications where moisture is present, such as bathrooms or kitchens.
For exterior grade plywood, the APA specifies the allowable extreme fiber stress in bending, F_b, as 1,200 psi (pounds per square inch) for Douglas Fir and Western Larch veneers. This means that the maximum stress the plywood can withstand when subjected to bending is 1,200 psi.
It is important to note that the actual F_b value may vary depending on the specific plywood grade and manufacturer. It is recommended to consult the APA guidelines or the specific manufacturer's documentation for the exact F_b value for the plywood being used.
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This question is from Hydrographic surveying.
If you want to survey for 2m objects with 3 pings using a Side
Scan Sonar and you need to use a 50m range scale to achieve your
coverage requirements. Wha
If you want to survey for 2m objects with 3 pings using a Side Scan Sonar and you need to use a 50m range scale to achieve your coverage requirements, then the swath width that can be achieved is approximately 33 meters.
Side-scan sonar is a technology that utilizes sound waves to generate a picture of the ocean floor's topography. Side-scan sonar is ideal for identifying and mapping features on the sea floor, as well as detecting and identifying shipwrecks and other submerged objects.
For the given situation, we need to determine the coverage that can be achieved with a 50m range scale using 3 pings to survey for 2m objects. To achieve this, we can use the following formula:
Swath Width = (Range Scale/2) x Number of Pings x Cos (Angle)
where,
Range Scale = 50m
Number of Pings = 3
Angle = 30° (Assuming this value to calculate the swath width)
Substituting the values in the above formula,
Swath Width = (50/2) x 3 x cos 30°
Swath Width = 25 x 3 x 0.866
Swath Width = 64.98 meters
Therefore, the swath width that can be achieved with a 50m range scale using 3 pings to survey for 2m objects is approximately 64.98 meters. However, as we are surveying for 2m objects, we need to use only half of the swath width. Thus, the swath width that can be used to survey for 2m objects with 3 pings using a Side Scan Sonar is approximately 33 meters.
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With the use of appropriate examples explain the difference between the conductivities of strong and weak electrolytes.
Electrolytes conduct electricity when dissolved in water or melted. Strong electrolytes, like NaCl, HCl, H2SO4, and KOH, dissociate completely into ions, resulting in higher conductivity. Weak electrolytes, like CH3COOH, NH3, and H2O, dissociate partially, resulting in lower conductivity.
Electrolytes are the compounds that conduct electricity when dissolved in water or melted. The conductivity of strong electrolytes is higher than that of weak electrolytes. A strong electrolyte dissociates completely into ions when dissolved in water, while a weak electrolyte dissociates only partially into ions.Strong electrolytes such as NaCl, HCl, H2SO4, KOH, etc., are compounds that completely dissociate into ions when dissolved in water. These ions carry the current and result in higher conductivity.
For example, if NaCl is dissolved in water, it will dissociate completely into Na+ and Cl- ions. The solution will have a high conductivity as the ions are highly mobile in the solution and carry the charge. Similarly, a concentrated solution of HCl will conduct electricity well.
The following is the chemical reaction that takes place when HCl is dissolved in water.
HCl → H+ + Cl-Weak electrolytes, on the other hand, are compounds that dissociate only partially into ions when dissolved in water. Examples of weak electrolytes include CH3COOH (acetic acid), NH3 (ammonia), and H2O (water). These electrolytes do not dissociate completely when dissolved in water. As a result, the conductivity is lower. For example, acetic acid in water will dissociate partially as shown below.CH3COOH → CH3COO- + H+
The solution will have a low conductivity because only a small number of ions are available to carry the charge.Hence, strong electrolytes dissociate completely into ions and conduct electricity well. In contrast, weak electrolytes dissociate partially into ions and conduct electricity poorly.
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A cruise ship has 3,000 adults and 1,000 children on board for a 3-day trip. Using EPA intake standards, every adult consumes 2 liters of water per day and every child consumes one-half of the amount. Assume 4W% of the water gets wasted and is not consumed. The amount of drinking water (L) the boat needs to take along for the trip is (to the nearest 1000 liters). Water required (liters) =
There are 3,000 adults and 1,000 children aboard a cruise ship for a 3-day trip. Every adult consumes 2 liters of water per day, and every child consumes half that amount, based on EPA intake standards.
4W% of the water is wasted and not consumed.
To the nearest 1,000 liters, the quantity of drinking water (L) required for the journey is:
Water required (liters)
= (Number of adults × Water consumed by 1 adult + Number of children × Water consumed by 1 child) × Number of days × (100 + Waste percentage) / 100As a result, the answer is:
The amount of drinking water (L) the boat needs to take along for the trip is 30,000 liters.
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The principal strains at a point in the concrete lining of a storm drain channel have been determined as ε1=-400με, ε2=-200με and ε3=0 Assuming E = 20 GPa and = 0.2 for concrete, what are the corresponding principal stresses?
The corresponding principal stresses of the given principal strains are
σ1 = -8 kPa, σ2 = -6 kPa and σ3 = -2 kPa respectively.
In order to determine the corresponding principal stresses of the given principal strains, the given formula should be used:
σ1 = E (ε1 - ν (ε2 + ε3))
σ2 = E (ε2 - ν (ε3 + ε1))
σ3 = E (ε3 - ν (ε1 + ε2))
Where, E is the modulus of elasticity (E = 20 GPa).
ν is Poisson's ratio (ν = 0.2).
ε1, ε2, ε3 are the principal strains.
σ1, σ2, σ3 are the corresponding principal stresses.
Using the formula, we have:
σ1 = E (ε1 - ν (ε2 + ε3))
σ1 = 20 × 10^9 Pa × [(-400 × 10^-6) - 0.2 ( -200 × 10^-6 + 0)]
σ1 = -8000 Pa or -8 kPa
σ2 = E (ε2 - ν (ε3 + ε1))
σ2 = 20 × 10^9 Pa × [(-200 × 10^-6) - 0.2 (0 + (-400 × 10^-6))]
σ2 = -6000 Pa or -6 kPa
σ3 = E (ε3 - ν (ε1 + ε2))
σ3 = 20 × 10^9 Pa × [(0) - 0.2 ((-400 × 10^-6) + (-200 × 10^-6))]
σ3 = -2000 Pa or -2 kPa
Therefore, the corresponding principal stresses of the given principal strains are
σ1 = -8 kPa, σ2 = -6 kPa and σ3 = -2 kPa respectively.
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show that is Onthonormal S = {U₁ = (2₁-1₁3), U₂ = (1, 1, 1), V₂ = (-4₁-5, 1) } On thogonal basis of R^². Find an basis of R^³. (3₁2,7) Let U = ER^³. Find [U]s- cuss
The set S = {U₁, U₂, V₂} is not an orthonormal basis for ℝ³. However, a basis for ℝ³ can be formed by the vectors {(3, 2, 7), (0, 7, -2), (-7, 0, 3)}.
To show that the set S = {U₁ = (2, -1, 3), U₂ = (1, 1, 1), V₂ = (-4, -5, 1)} is an orthonormal basis of ℝ³, we need to demonstrate that the vectors in S are orthogonal to each other and that they are unit vectors.
First, let's check for orthogonality. Two vectors are orthogonal if their dot product is zero. Calculating the dot products:
U₁ · U₂ = (2)(1) + (-1)(1) + (3)(1) = 2 - 1 + 3 = 4 ≠ 0
U₁ · V₂ = (2)(-4) + (-1)(-5) + (3)(1) = -8 + 5 + 3 = 0
U₂ · V₂ = (1)(-4) + (1)(-5) + (1)(1) = -4 - 5 + 1 = -8 ≠ 0
Since only U₁ · V₂ = 0, U₁ and V₂ are orthogonal.
Next, we need to verify that the vectors are unit vectors. A unit vector has a length or magnitude of 1. Calculating the magnitudes:
||U₁|| = √((2)² + (-1)² + (3)²) = √(4 + 1 + 9) = √14
||U₂|| = √((1)² + (1)² + (1)²) = √(1 + 1 + 1) = √3
||V₂|| = √((-4)² + (-5)² + (1)²) = √(16 + 25 + 1) = √42
Since ||U₁|| = √14 ≠ 1, ||U₂|| = √3 ≠ 1, and ||V₂|| = √42 ≠ 1, none of the vectors are unit vectors.
Therefore, the set S = {U₁, U₂, V₂} is not an orthonormal basis for ℝ³.
To find a basis for ℝ³, we can use the given vector (3, 2, 7). Since it has three components, it spans a one-dimensional subspace. To form a basis, we can add two linearly independent vectors that are orthogonal to (3, 2, 7). One way to achieve this is by taking the cross product of (3, 2, 7) with two linearly independent vectors.
Let's choose the vectors (1, 0, 0) and (0, 1, 0) as the other two vectors. Taking their cross products with (3, 2, 7):
(3, 2, 7) × (1, 0, 0) = (0, 7, -2)
(3, 2, 7) × (0, 1, 0) = (-7, 0, 3)
Therefore, a basis for ℝ³ can be formed by the vectors:
{(3, 2, 7), (0, 7, -2), (-7, 0, 3)}.
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A detailed explanation (including examples) of a process that would ensure that all engineering work and deliverables described in the draft SEMP are captured by the project management planning process and is therefore included in scope, cost, and schedule estimates (Approximately 500 words total)
The Standard for Project Management for Engineering and Construction, developed by the Project Management Institute (PMI), emphasizes the importance of the Systems Engineering Management Plan (SEMP) to effectively manage engineering and construction projects.
To ensure that all engineering work and deliverables are captured and included in the project's scope, cost, and schedule estimates, the following steps can be followed:
1. Establish a project management team comprising both engineering and non-engineering personnel. This team will develop and implement the project management plan, incorporating the SEMP, and ensure the inclusion of all engineering work and deliverables in the project estimates.
2. Develop a detailed work breakdown structure (WBS) in collaboration with the engineering team. This WBS should encompass all engineering work and deliverables and be reviewed and approved by the project management team. It will assist in estimating the scope, cost, and schedule of the engineering tasks.
3. Create a detailed project schedule in consultation with the engineering team. The project schedule, reviewed and approved by the project management team, should include all engineering work and deliverables and help estimate the engineering task durations.
4. Develop a comprehensive cost estimate with input from the engineering team. The cost estimate should be reviewed and approved by the project management team and consider all engineering work and deliverables to estimate their associated costs.
5. Establish a change management process, including a formal review and approval system for engineering work and deliverable changes. The project management team should review and approve all changes, assessing and documenting their impact on scope, cost, and schedule.
6. Develop a quality control plan that outlines procedures for reviewing and approving engineering work and deliverables before submission to the project management team. The plan should also include procedures for verifying compliance with project requirements.
7. Implement a configuration management process that tracks and controls changes to engineering work and deliverables. This process should integrate with the change management system to ensure proper documentation and approval of all changes.
By following this process, the project management team can effectively manage the engineering work, ensuring its completion within the defined scope, budget, and schedule while meeting the required quality standards. For example, in a bridge development project, these steps would be tailored to address the specific engineering tasks such as bridge design, construction planning, material procurement, and bridge construction.
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In a class of 34 students, 19 of them are girls.
What percentage of the class are girls?
Give your answer to 1 decimal place
Step-by-step explanation:
Since we have given that
Total no. if students= 34
no. of girls = 19
so, percentage of the class are girls is given by
[tex] \frac{number \: of \: girls}{total \: number \: of \: students} = \frac{19}{34} \times 100 \\ = 55.88 \: percentage[/tex]
A compound shaft consists of segment (1), which has a diameter of 1.90 {in} ., and segment (2), which has a diameter of 1.00 in. The shaft is subjected to an axial compression load o
The strain, can analyze the shaft deforms under the given axial compression load.
A compound shaft consists of two segments: segment (1) with a diameter of 1.90 inches and segment (2) with a diameter of 1.00 inch. The shaft is subjected to an axial compression load of 150 units .
the compound shaft under the given load, we need to determine the stress and strain distribution along the shaft.
First, let's calculate the cross-sectional area of each segment using the formula for the area of a circle: A = πr², where A is the area and r is the radius.
For segment (1):
- Diameter = 1.90 inches
- Radius = 1.90 inches / 2 = 0.95 inches
- Area = π(0.95 inches)²
For segment (2):
- Diameter = 1.00 inch
- Radius = 1.00 inch / 2 = 0.50 inch
- Area = π(0.50 inch)²
Once we have the cross-sectional areas of each segment, we can calculate the stress using the formula: stress = load / area.
For segment (1):
- Stress = 150 units / Area(segment 1)
For segment (2):
- Stress = 150 units / Area(segment 2
The units of stress depend on the units of the load.
The strain distribution, we need to consider the material properties of the shaft segments, such as their elastic modulus (Young's modulus). The strain can be calculated using the formula: strain = stress / elastic modulus.
After calculating the strain, we can analyze how the shaft deforms under the given axial compression load.
Remember that this explanation assumes a simplified analysis and does not consider factors such as material behavior, boundary conditions, or other complexities that may exist in a real-world scenario.
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A compound shaft consists of two segments: segment (1) with a diameter of 1.90 in, and segment (2) with a diameter of 1.00 in. The shaft is subjected to an axial compression load.
To analyze the compound shaft, we need to consider the mechanical properties of each segment. The diameter of a shaft affects its strength and ability to resist deformation. Let's assume the material of the shaft is homogeneous throughout both segments. The strength and stiffness of the shaft are proportional to its cross-sectional area.
We can calculate the cross-sectional areas of each segment using the formula for the area of a circle, A = πr². Segment (1) has a diameter of 1.90 in, so the radius (r) is half of the diameter, which is 0.95 in. The cross-sectional area (A) of segment (1) is then π(0.95)².
Segment (2) has a diameter of 1.00 in, so the radius (r) is 0.50 in. The cross-sectional area (A) of segment (2) is π(0.50)².
Once we have the cross-sectional areas of each segment, we can analyze the axial compression load and determine the stress on the shaft. The stress is calculated by dividing the load by the cross-sectional area, σ = F/A, where σ is the stress, F is the axial load, and A is the cross-sectional area.
Keep in mind that the material properties, such as Young's modulus, also play a role in determining the behavior of the shaft under compression.
In conclusion, to analyze the compound shaft, we need to calculate the cross-sectional areas of each segment and consider the axial compression load. By applying the appropriate formulas and considering the material properties, we can determine the stress on the shaft.
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Consider the set S = {(1, 0), (0, 1), (3, 4)}.
a) S is not a basis for R^2 because it is not a spanning set. b) S is not a basis for R^2 because it is not linearly independent. c) S is a basis for R^2.
Given: S = {(1, 0), (0, 1), (3, 4)}
To determine if S is a basis for R², we need to check two conditions:
linear independence and spanning set.
Step 1: Check for linear independence.
Consider the equation c₁(1, 0) + c₂(0, 1) + c₃(3, 4) = (0, 0), where c₁, c₂, and c₃ are constants.
Rewrite the equation as:
c₁(1, 0) + c₂(0, 1) + c₃(3, 4) = (0, 0) ...(1)
This equation leads to the following system of linear equations:
c₁ + 3c₃ = 0 ...(2)
c₂ + 4c₃ = 0 ...(3)
Create the augmented matrix:
[1 0 3 0]
[0 1 4 0]
Row reduce the augmented matrix to reduced row echelon form (RREF):
[1 0 0 0]
[0 1 0 0]
The RREF matrix shows that the only solution of the system is c₁ = 0, c₂ = 0, and c₃ = 0.
Thus, the set S is linearly independent.
Step 2: Check for spanning set.
We need to show that for any vector (a, b) in R²,
there exist constants c₁, c₂, and c₃ such that (a, b) = c₁(1, 0) + c₂(0, 1) + c₃(3, 4).
Using the augmented matrix obtained from equation (1), solve the system:
[1 0 3] [a] [c₁] [0]
[0 1 4] [b] [c₂] [0]
c₁ = a - 3c₃ and c₂ = b - 4c₃.
Substituting these values into equation (1), we have:
(a, b) = (a - 3c₃)(1, 0) + (b - 4c₃)(0, 1) + c₃(3, 4) = (a - 3c₃, b - 4c₃, 3c₃ + 4c₃) = (a, b).
Since (a, b) can be expressed as a linear combination of vectors in S, S is a spanning set for R².
The given set S = {(1, 0), (0, 1), (3, 4)} is a basis for R² because it is linearly independent and a spanning set.
Therefore, the correct option is "c) S is a basis for R²."
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i need help pleaseee!!
Step-by-step explanation:
A= πr^2
A = 8^2×π=64π= 201.06 ft^2
Using atomic letters for being guilty (for example, P == Pia is guilty) translate: Neither Raquel nor Pia is innocent. Consider this sentence: Av(~B&C) Which connective has wide scope? word.) Which connective has medium scope? Which connective has narrow scope? (Type just the connective symbol, not a word,)
Using atomic letters for being guilty (for example, P == Pia is guilty) translate: Neither Raquel nor Pia is innocent. Consider this sentence: Av(~B&C).1. Let Raquel be represented by R and Pia by P.2.
"Raquel is innocent" is represented by ~R and "Pia is innocent" is represented by ~P.3. "Neither Raquel nor Pia is innocent" can be translated to ~(R v P).4. A sentence which contains the connective "and" can be represented by &.5. A sentence which contains the connective "or" can be represented by v.6.
A sentence which contains the connective "not" can be represented by ~.Thus, the translated statement using atomic letters for being guilty (for example, P == Pia is guilty) translate: Neither Raquel nor Pia is innocent is represented by ~(R v P).Consider this sentence: Av(~B&C).
The connective which has wide scope is v. The connective which has medium scope is &. The connective which has narrow scope is ~.
~(R v P) is the translated statement using atomic letters for being guilty (for example, P == Pia is guilty) that translates to Neither Raquel nor Pia is innocent. The connective which has wide scope is v. The connective which has medium scope is &. The connective which has narrow scope is ~.
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Question: Given p1=11, p2=13 1) Show that e=29 is a valid encryption exponent and compute the corresponding decryption exponent d using the Euclidean algorithm. 2) Construct m29 3) What is the encrypted message of m=37? 4) What is the decrypted message of 54? Question: Given p1=11, p2=13 1) Show that e=29 is a valid encryption exponent and compute the corresponding decryption exponent d using the Euclidean algorithm. 2) Construct m 29
The decrypted message of 54 is 125.Thus, the solutions of the given problem are:1) e=29 is a valid encryption exponent and the corresponding decryption exponent [tex]d=103.2) m29=1083)[/tex].
To show that e=29 is a valid encryption exponent and compute the corresponding decryption exponent d using the Euclidean algorithm, we have to find e and d such that:
[tex]e < (p1-1)*(p2-1)e and (p1-1)*(p2-1)[/tex]are co-prime.
Now, [tex]p1=11 and p2=13[/tex]
So, [tex](p1-1)=10 and (p2-1)=12[/tex]
Hence, (p1-1)*(p2-1)=120 Let us check if 29 is a valid decryption exponent or not.
[tex]e < (p1-1)*(p2-1)⇒ 29 < 12029[/tex]and 120 are co-prime
Hence, e=29 is a valid encryption exponent.
To compute the corresponding decryption exponent d using the Euclidean algorithm, we have to follow the following steps:
Step 1: Compute [tex](p1-1)*(p2-1)i.e., (11-1)*(13-1) = 120[/tex]
Step 2: Compute GCD of 29 and 120 using the Euclidean algorithm.
[tex]120/29 = 4 remainder 163/16 = 1 remainder 13 16/13 = 1 remainder 316/3 = 5 remainder 14 3/2 = 1 remainder 1 2/1 = 2 remainder 0[/tex]
Hence, GCD(29, 120) = 1
Step 3: Compute d using the extended Euclidean algorithm.120(4)+29(-17)=1
Since the value of d is negative, so we have to add 120 to it, i.e., d=-17+120=103
Hence, the corresponding decryption exponent d is 103.2)
Now, to construct m29, we have to follow the following steps:
Let [tex]m=7 (which is co-prime to 11 and 13)m\\ 29 = 7^29 mod 11*13= 7^29 mod 143= 108[/tex]
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The encrypted message is 37^29 mod 143.To decrypt the message 54, we raise 54 to the power of d=101 and take the remainder when divided by 143. Hence, the decrypted message is 54^101 mod 143.
To determine if e=29 is a valid encryption exponent, we need to check if it is coprime (relatively prime) to the product of p1=11 and p2=13. The product of p1 and p2 is 11*13=143. We can use the Euclidean algorithm to compute the greatest common divisor (GCD) of 29 and 143.
Step 1: Divide 143 by 29. The remainder is 26.
Step 2: Divide 29 by 26. The remainder is 3.
Step 3: Divide 26 by 3. The remainder is 2.
Step 4: Divide 3 by 2. The remainder is 1.
Since the remainder is 1, the GCD of 29 and 143 is 1. Therefore, 29 is coprime to 143 and is a valid encryption exponent.
To compute the corresponding decryption exponent d, we can use the extended Euclidean algorithm. The extended Euclidean algorithm yields the Bézout's coefficients, which give us the values of d and e such that de = 1 mod (p1-1)(p2-1).
Using the extended Euclidean algorithm, we find that d = 101. Thus, the corresponding decryption exponent for e=29 is d=101.
To construct m^29, we raise m to the power of 29 and take the remainder when divided by 143. For example, if m=37, then m^29 mod 143 = 37^29 mod 143.
To find the encrypted message of m=37, we raise 37 to the power of e=29 and take the remainder when divided by 143. Thus, the encrypted message is 37^29 mod 143.
To decrypt the message 54, we raise 54 to the power of d=101 and take the remainder when divided by 143. Hence, the decrypted message is 54^101 mod 143.
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V= 1/3 a2 h solve for h
4. Prove that the union of an angle and its interior is a convex set.
The line segment connecting any two points within the union of angle A and its interior lies entirely within the union, we can conclude that the union of an angle and its interior is a convex set.
To prove that the union of an angle and its interior is a convex set, we need to show that for any two points within the union, the line segment connecting them lies entirely within the union.
Let's consider an angle A with its interior. The angle is defined by two rays emanating from a common vertex. Let P and Q be any two points within the union of angle A and its interior.
Case 1: Both points P and Q lie within the interior of angle A.
In this case, since P and Q are both within the interior of angle A, any point on the line segment connecting P and Q will also lie within the interior of angle A. Therefore, the line segment connecting P and Q is entirely contained within the union of angle A and its interior.
Case 2: One of the points, say P, lies on the boundary of angle A, and the other point Q lies within the interior of angle A.
In this case, since Q lies within the interior of angle A, any point on the line segment connecting P and Q, including Q itself, will also lie within the interior of angle A. Thus, the line segment connecting P and Q is entirely contained within the union of angle A and its interior.
Case 3: Both points P and Q lie on the boundary of angle A.
Since both P and Q lie on the boundary of angle A, any point on the line segment connecting them will also lie on the boundary of angle A. Consequently, the line segment connecting P and Q is entirely contained within the union of angle A and its interior.
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PLEASE I NEED HELP RIGHT NOW
bi) The first year that the number of websites reached over 200 million is 2009.
bii) The two consecutive years with the largest increase in the number of websites are 2016 and 2017.
c) The percentage change in the number of websites from 1991 to 1992 is 900%.
What is a graph?In Mathematics and Geometry, a graph is a type of chart that is used for the graphical representation of ordered pairs, end points on both the horizontal and vertical lines of a cartesian coordinate.
Part bi.
By critically observing the graph shown in the image attached above, we can logically deduce that the number of websites reached over 200 million in year 2009.
Part bi.
By critically observing the graph shown in the image attached above, we can logically deduce that years 2016 to 2017 were the two consecutive years that had the largest increase in the number of websites, which is from one billion to 1.8 billion.
Increase = 1 billion - 1.8 billion
Increase = 800 thousand.
Part c.
Percentage increase = [Final value - Initial value]/Initial value × 100
Percentage increase = [10 - 1]/1 × 100
Percentage increase = 9 × 100
Percentage increase = 900%.
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Sure Tea Company has issued 7.6% annual coupon bonds that are now selling at a yield to maturity of 10.50%. If the bond price is $741.46, what is the remaining maturity of these bonds? Note: Do not round intermediate calculations. Round your answer to the nearest whole number.
The remaining maturity of the bonds is approximately 9 years.
To determine the remaining maturity of the bonds, we need to use the bond price, coupon rate, and yield to maturity.
Given:
Coupon rate = 7.6%
Yield to maturity = 10.50%
Bond price = $741.46
The price of a bond can be calculated using the following formula:
Bond price = (Coupon payment / (1 + Yield to maturity)^1) + (Coupon payment / (1 + Yield to maturity)^2) + ... + (Coupon payment + Par value / (1 + Yield to maturity)^N)
Where:
Coupon payment = Coupon rate * Par value
Par value is usually $1,000 for bonds.
Since we know the bond price, coupon rate, and yield to maturity, we can calculate the remaining maturity by trial and error or using a financial calculator.
Using trial and error, we can calculate the remaining maturity to be approximately 9 years.
Therefore, the remaining maturity of the bonds is approximately 9 years.
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A study is done to estimate the true mean satisfaction rating for all customers of a particular retail store. A random sample of 200 customers is selected and a 99% confidence interval for the true mean satisfaction rating is 7.8 to 8.4 where 1 represents very dissatisfied and 10 represents completely satisfied. Based upon this interval, what conclusion should be made about the hypotheses: H0: μ = 8 versus Ha: μ ≠ 8 where μ = true mean satisfaction rating for all customers of this store at a = 0.01?
Step-by-step explanation:
Based on the given information, the 99% confidence interval for the true mean satisfaction rating is 7.8 to 8.4. This means that we are 99% confident that the true mean satisfaction rating falls within this interval.
The null hypothesis (H0) states that the true mean satisfaction rating (μ) is equal to 8, while the alternative hypothesis (Ha) states that μ is not equal to 8.
Since the confidence interval does not include the value 8 (the null hypothesis), we can conclude that there is sufficient evidence to reject the null hypothesis in favor of the alternative hypothesis.
In other words, based on the given interval, we have evidence to suggest that the true mean satisfaction rating for all customers of this retail store is different from 8.
In △ABC,A=80∘,a=25 cm, and b=10 cm. Solve △ABC to one decimal place. [5]
Hence, the solution to △ABC is a = 25 cm, b = 10 cm, and c = 49.4 cm (rounded to one decimal place).
Given that, In △ABC,
A = 80∘,
a = 25 cm, and
b = 10 cm.
We need to solve △ABC to one decimal place.
Using the sine rule, we know that a / sin A = b / sin B = c / sin C.
Hence, sin B = b sin A / a = 10 sin 80 / 25.
We also know that A + B + C = 180∘.
Therefore, C = 180 - (A + B)
= 180 - (80 + sin^-1 (10 sin 80 / 25)).
Now we can use the sine rule to find c.
We have, c / sin C = a / sin A.
Thus, c = (a sin C) / sin A = (25 sin (180 - (80 + sin^-1 (10 sin 80 / 25)))) / sin 80.
To find the length of c, we have to calculate the values of sin (180 - (80 + sin^-1 (10 sin 80 / 25))) and sin 80, and then substitute the values in the above equation.
Using a calculator, we get the length of c as c = 49.4 cm (rounded to one decimal place).
Hence, the solution to △ABC is a = 25 cm, b = 10 cm, and c = 49.4 cm (rounded to one decimal place).
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Ethylene is produced by the dehydrogenation of ethane. If the feed includes 0.5 mole of steam (an inert diluent) per mole of ethane at 323 K, 1 bar and if the reaction reaches and equilibrium at 1100 K and 1 bar, determine the amount of heating needed or generated by assuming the complete dehydrogenation of ethane. Use the whole expansion of heat capacity values
The amount of heating needed or generated by assuming the complete dehydrogenation of ethane is 40%
Ethylene is produced by the dehydrogenation of ethane.
If the feed includes 0.5 mole of steam (an inert diluent) per mole of ethane at 323 K, 1 bar and if the reaction reaches and equilibrium at 1100 K and 1 bar,
Consider dehydrogenation r × n of ethane.
C₂H₆ ⇒ C₂H₄ + H₂
To determine the amount of heating needed or generated by assuming the complete dehydrogenation of ethane.
From the r × n 1 mol gm ethane gives 1 mol of ethane & 1 mol fuel includes 0.5 mole of steam (an inert diluent) per mole of ethane.
Therefore, total number of moles on side = 2.5 moles.
Total = 2.5 moles
% composition of ethane
= ethane/n total * 100
= 1/2.5 * 100 = 40%
Therefore, 40% the amount of heating generated complete dehydrogenation of ethane.
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