The ratio of the number of chlorine gas molecules in the first excited vibrational state to the number of molecules in the ground state at 298k is calculated to be 0.067.
The formula to calculate this ratio can be given as;
[tex]N_{1} / N_{0}[/tex] = [tex]exp (-\frac{hvc}{k_{B}T } )[/tex]
In this equation;
h represents the Planck's constant whose value equals 6.626 × 10^-34 Js
v represents the vibrational frequency
c represents the speed of light which is equal to 2.998 × 10^10 cm s^-1
[tex]k_{B}[/tex] means the Boltzmann constant which is equal to 1.381 × 10^-23 JK^-1
T is equal to 298 K
substituting these values in the above equations;
[tex]N_{1} / N_{0}[/tex] = exp {- (6.626 × 10^-34) (559.7) (2.998 × 10^10) ÷ (1.381 × 10^-23) (298K)}
[tex]N_{1} / N_{0}[/tex] = 0.067
Therefore, the ratio of the number of chlorine gas molecules in the first excited vibrational state to the number of molecules in the ground state at 298k is equal to 0.067.
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a titration experiment required 44.27 ml of naoh, which had a concentration of 0.120 m, to reach the endpoint when titrating 5.00 ml of an hcl sample with an unknown concentration. what is the concentration of the hcl solution in molarity? hcl(aq) naoh→nacl(aq) h2o(l)
The concentration of HCl is found to be 1.062M from the titration reaction.
Titration is a standard quantitative chemical analysis laboratory method for determining the concentration of a specified analyte. The titrant or titrator is a reagent that is produced as a standard solution of known concentration and volume. Titration is the constant addition of a known concentration solution (referred to as a titrant) to a known volume of a solution an unknown concentration until the reaction approaches equilibrium, which is indicated by a change in color.
Given:
V1 = 44.27mL
C1 = 0.120M
V2 = 5.00mL
To find:
C2 = ?
Formula:
V1C1 = V2C2
Calculations:
C2 = V1C1 / V2
C2 = 44.27 x 0.120 / 5
C2 = 5.3124 / 5
C2 = 1.062M
Result:
The concentration of HCl is found to be 1.062M
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For each of the following compounds, state whether it is ionic or covalent. If it is ionic, write the symbols for the ions involved:
(a) NF3
(b) BaO
(c) (NH4)2CO3
(d) Sr(H2PO4)2
(e) IBr
(f) Na2O
For each of the following compounds, state whether it is ionic or covalent.
(a) covalent compound
(b) ionic compound
(c) ionic compound
(d) ionic compound
(e) covalent compound
(a) NF₃ , nitrogen trifluoride is covalent. the nitrogen and fluorine are nonmetallic elements. they form bond by the sharing of electron.
(b) BaO , barium oxide is an ionic compound.
symbol of ions = Ba²⁺ O²⁻
(c) (NH₄)₂CO₃ , ammonium carbonate is an ionic compound.
symbol of ions = NH₄⁺ CO₃²⁻
(d) Sr(H₂PO₄)₂ , strontium dihydrogen phosphate is an ionic compound.
symbol of ion = Sr²⁺ (H₂PO₄)⁻
(e) IBr , iodine monobromide is a covalent compound.
Thus, For each of the following compounds, state whether it is ionic or covalent.
(a) covalent compound
(b) ionic compound
(c) ionic compound
(d) ionic compound
(e) covalent compound
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92 POINTS!!!!
What type of motion have you experienced today? Describe your motion in terms of speed, velocity, an
acceleration. What might a graph of your motion look like?
The motion of that I had today is a constant motion in a bus that does not change speed.
What is motion?The term motion has to do with the change in the position of a body with time. Now we know that when there is motion, the motion could occur in many different ways.
Today, I got on a bus on my way to school. This bus was moving at a constant speed. The speed of the bus never changed. We can say that the bus had a zero acceleration since the speed of the bus did not change through out the journey.
As such, the graph of the motion would have a flat horizontal line across the x axis.
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in nuclear reactions, information about the nuclei that take place in the reaction and the nuclei that are produced can be written out in an equation form. when looking at equations like this, how can you identify a reaction as a fission reaction?
By looking at a nuclear reaction, a fission reaction can be easily identified as it shows the breakdown of a larger atom into two or more smaller nuclei.
What is nuclear reaction?it is the formation of one or more new nuclides by the collision of two nuclei or external subatomic particles. Nuclear reactions are of two types:
Nuclear fission reaction Nuclear fusion reactionIn nuclear fission reaction, a heavier nucleus splits into several smaller lighter nuclei fragments and two or more neutrons. These fragments, or fission products, are either equal to or half of the original mass of the atom The reaction proceeds with a very high emission of energy.
[tex]238_{92}[/tex]U → [tex]234_{90}[/tex]Th + [tex]4_{2}[/tex][tex]\alpha[/tex]
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4.40 L of a gas is collected at 323 K. What will be its volume upon cooling to 298 K
4.40 L of a gas is collected at 323 K. The volume of this gas upon cooling to 298 K will be
To calculate the volume upon cooling, we will use the Charles law.
Charles law states that, Volume and the temperature of a gas are directly proportional to each other if there is a fixed amount of gas present at a fixed amount of pressure.
This law is given as -
V ∝ T
V/T = constant.
where,
V = volume
T = temperature
Using this equation, we will find the new volume -
substituting values -
V₁ = V₂
T₁ T₂
4.40 = V₂
323 298
V₂ = 4.40 x 298
323
V₂ = 4.05 L
Therefore, the new volume upon cooling will be 4.05 L.
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In a constant-pressure calorimeter of negligible heat capacity, 25 ml of 1. 00 m cacl2 is mixed with 25 ml of 2. 00 m kf, resulting in solid caf2 precipitating out of the solution. During this process, the temperature of the water rises from 25. 0°c to 26. 7°c. Assume the specific heat capacity of the solution is 4. 184 j/°c•g and the density of the solution is 1. 00 g/ml. Calculate the enthalpy of precipitation in kj per mole of caf2 precipitated.
The enthalpy of the process could be obtained as -14.22 kJ/mol.
What is the enthalpy?We have to find the number of moles of the calcium chloride from;
1. 00 M * 25/1000L = 0.025 moles
Number of moles of the calcium fluoride = 2.00 M * 25/1000 L = 0.05 moles
Given that 1 mole of calcium chloride reacts with 2 moles of calcium fluoride
0.025 moles of calcium chloride reacts with 2 moles * 0.025 moles/1 mole
= 0.05 moles
Hence, calcium chloride is the limiting reactant.
The total mass of the solution = 25 ml + 25 ml = 50 ml
Mass of the solution = 50 g
The heat lost = -( 50 g * 4. 184 j/°c•g * (26. 7°c * 25. 0°c)) * 10^-3/0.025 moles
= -14.22 kJ/mol
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a chemistry student uses 25.0 g of lithium sulfate to react with excess barium nitrate. the student isolates 43.5 grams of barium sulfate. what is the percent yield of this reaction? li2so4 ba(no3)2
The percent yield of the reaction is 81.95%.
The reaction of lithium sulfate with barium nitrate results to the precipitation of barium sulfate. The reaction is given below.
Li₂SO₄ + Ba(NO₃)₂ ⇒ BaSO₄ + 2 LiNO₃
Convert the mass of lithium sulfate used in the reaction to moles.
moles = mass/MM
moles = 25.0 g / 109.94 g/mol
moles = 0.2273967619
If 0.2273967619 moles lithium sulfate reacts with excess barium nitrate, then, theoretically, it will produce 0.2273967619 moles barium sulfate.
Convert the theoretical moles of barium sulfate to mass.
theoretical mass = MM(moles)
theoretical mass = 233.43 g/mol (0.2273967619 moles)
theoretical mass = 53.08122612 g
If the actual mass of the product is 43.5 g, solve the percent yield using the equation below.
percent yield = (actual/theoretical) x 100
percent yield = 43.5 g/53.08122612 g
percent yield = 81.95%
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you know that the boiling point of a given liquid is dependent on several different variables. what would happen to the boiling point of a liquid if the volume of the liquid was doubled?
The boiling point would remain unchanged, because boiling point does not depend on the volume of the liquid.
What is a boiling point?
The temperature at which a liquid's vapor pressure equals the pressure around it and the liquid transforms into a vapor is known as the boiling point of a material. A liquid's boiling point changes according on the atmospheric pressure in the area.
A liquid's boiling point changes depending on the pressure being applied; the normal boiling point is the temperature at which the vapour pressure is equal to the average atmospheric pressure at sea level (760 mm [29.92 inches] of mercury). Water boils at sea level at 100° C (212° F).
Hence, the boiling point will remain unchanged.
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HURRY PLEASE DO IN HOUR? Determine the mass in grams of 6.63 × 102' atoms of arsenic. (The mass of one mole of arsenic is 74.92 g.)
The mass of the 6.63 × 10²¹ atoms of Arsenic is equal to 0.825 grams.
What is Avogadro's number?The Avogadro constant can be described as the proportionality factor which is the number of constituent components such as atoms, molecules, or ions in one mole of a substance.
Avogadro's number has a numeric value of 6.022 × 10²³ reciprocal moles.
Given, the mass of one mole of the Arsenic = 74.92 g
The number of atoms of Arsenic is given = 6.63 × 10²¹
One mole of Arsenic has atoms = 6.022 × 10²³
The 6.022 × 10²³ atoms of Arsenic have mass = 74.92 g
Then 6.63 × 10²¹ atoms of the Arsenic will have mass :
= 6.63 × 10²¹ × 74.92/6.022 × 10²³
= 0.825 g
Therefore, the mass of the 6.63 × 10²¹ atoms of Arsenic is 0.825 grams.
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Low pressure is usually located over the ; high air pressure is usually located over the?
Low pressure is usually located near the equator whereas high air pressure is usually located over the North and South Poles.
Areas in low latitudes close to the equator are alluded to as the tropics. Sunlight hits the Earth’s surface there at a high angle. It is about a 90° point all year round. As a result, the tropics receive more sunlight per unit of surface range than other places on Earth. This causes the arrival, the water, and then the air at the equator to always be warm. At scopes close to the North Pole and the South Pole, sunlight strikes Earth’s surface at a low angle. Sunlight is spread over a larger surface region than within the tropics. This implies that the poles receive exceptionally small energy per unit of the surface zone and so they are cooler. Since that warm air rises and cold air sinks. Warm air is much less denser than cold air. Rising warm air puts less pressure on Earth than cooler air. Air pressure is ordinarily low over the tropics because it is as a rule warm there. Air pressure is as a rule high over colder zones such as the North and South Posts.
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What is the primary difference between alcohol fermentation in yeast and lactic acid fermentation in muscle cells?.
The primary difference between alcohol fermentation in yeast and lactic acid fermentation in muscle cells is that alcohol fermentation in yeast produces ethanol and carbon dioxide, while lactic acid fermentation in muscle cells produces lactic acid.
Yeast cells produce ethanol and carbon dioxide through the process of alcoholic fermentation. This process begins when yeast cells consume glucose. The yeast cells convert the glucose into pyruvate, and then the pyruvate is converted into ethanol and carbon dioxide. Lactic acid fermentation takes place in muscle cells when they do not have enough oxygen to produce energy aerobically. In this process, the muscle cells convert pyruvate into lactic acid. Lactic acid is then used by the cells to produce energy.
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if the saturated liquid solution in part (a) is cooled to 20 oc, some of the sugar precipitates as a solid. what will be the composition of the saturated liquid solution (in wt% sugar) at 20 oc?
The composition of the saturated liquid is 2571.428g.
The maximum concentration of a solute that can be dissolved in a solvent without forming a solute-rich secondary phase. Basically, lowering the temperature of a saturated solution, or cooling it, reduces the solubility of the solute. It will begin to form crystals and settle to the bottom of the container or jar. This creates a supersaturated solution.
Sugar dissolves faster in hot water than in cold water. This is because hot water has more energy than cold water. When water is heated, the molecules gain energy and move faster. They move faster, so they come into contact with sugar more often and dissolve faster. Solubility indicates the maximum amount of a substance that can be dissolved in a solvent at a given temperature. Such a solution is called saturated.
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Which list consists of elements that have the most similar chemical properties?
a) Cu, Zn, Fe
b) K, Ca, Br
c) Mg, Al, Si
d) Cs, Na, K
Answer:
D. Cs, Na, K
Explanation:
Elements in the same column of the Periodic Table have similar chemical properties.
Answer:
d) Cs, Na, K
Explanation:
The vertical columns on the periodic table are called groups or families because of their similar chemical behavior. Cs, Na, and K are all in the same vertical column (which is called Group IA or the alkali metals).
antacids neutralize the hydrochloric acid in your stomach. what is the correct neutralization reaction of stomach acid with milk of magnesia ( m g ( o h ) 2 ) ?
Antacids neutralize the hydrochloric acid in your stomach the correct Neutralization reaction of stomach acid with milk of magnesia is
Mg(OH)2(s) + 2HCl(aq) ==> MgCl2(aq) + 2H2O(l)
Heartburn, indigestion, and upset stomach can be treated with antacids, which neutralize stomach acid. Some antacids have been used to treat diarrhea and constipation. Marketed antacids include sodium, calcium, magnesium, or aluminum salts. Some medications have two salts in combination, like magnesium carbonate and aluminum hydroxide.
In a chemical reaction known as neutralization an acid and a base interact quantitatively. By neutralizing a reaction in water, surplus hydrogen or hydroxide ions are removed from the solution.
Because milk of magnesia is an alkaline suspension, anything acidic it comes into contact with triggers a neutralizing reaction. Because of this, when taken internally, it effectively combats excess stomach acid.
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I'm not sure how to answer this question - I understand that bleach + vinegar is a neutralisation reaction. The answer says that the equilibrium gets pushed to the left, producing more chlorine gas which is toxic, but I don't understand how the bleach + vinegar relates to the equilibrium reaction shown in the question.
It is dangerous to mix chlorine and vinegar together as cleaner because that would produce a large amount of chlorine gas by shifting the equilibrium to the left.
As per the Le Chatelier's principle, if the equilibrium of a reaction is disturbed by changing any property of the reaction, then the reaction will automatically shift in that direction which would compensate the effect of the change in property, in order to establish the equilibrium again.
In the reaction,
Cl₂(g) + 2NaOH(aq) ⇄ NaOCl(aq) + NaCl(aq) + H₂O(l)
Currently this reaction is in equilibrium, but if the concentration of any of the product is added in the system, the equilibrium will be disturbed, to established the equilibrium again, the the reaction will shift towards left and more and more amount of reactant will be formed, and more and more chlorine gas will be formed which is toxic.
Now to the doubt asked in the question,
If vinegar is added to the system, the amount of NaOH will be consumed which will decrease the concentration of NaOH and the concertation of water will increase because of acid water neutralization reaction.
The increased amount of water and the decreased amount of NaOH will heavily shift the equilibrium to the Left which is again producing chlorine gas which is not good.
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I just need help finding the last part which is the % of composition of unknown Ni compound
The % of composition of unknown Ni compound is 5869 %
Composition is the act of combining part or element to form a whole and it is also refer to arrangement type and ratio of atom and molecule in the chemical substances
Here we have to find % composition of Ni compound = ?
For % composition = mass of element/molecular mass × 100
Mass of Ni = 58.69 u
For % composition of unknown Ni compound = 58.69 u × 100
For % composition of unknown Ni compound = 5869 %
% composition = 5869 %
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What is the ph of the solution obtained by mixing 35. 00 ml of 0. 250 m hcl and 35. 00 ml of 0. 125 m naoh?.
The PH of the solution obtained by mixing such concentration would be 3.56 that is by mixing 35 ml of 0.250 M hcl and 35 M of NaOH.
What is PH and how it comes out to be 3.56 by mixing such concentrations?PH is the hydrogen ion concentration depicting acidity, basicity and neutrality of a participating substance in the reaction.In here we are asked to calculate the PH of the solution by mixing 35 ml of 0.25 and 35 ml of 0.125 M NaOH.The equation for the given condition will be: HCL + NaOH = NaCl + H2O, in here will be complete neutralization in the solution.c= n/v , n= c x v , nHCl = 0.1 M X25 X 10^-3 L = 0.0025 moles of HCL and the total volume will be 35 ml + 35 ml = 70 mL and kb is 1.8 x 10^-5.Putting the formula POH = pKb + log (conjugate acid/weak base) we will get the value that is PH as 3.56.To know more about PH visit:
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Hurry pleaseee DUE IN HOUR!!! Calculate the number of moles of He atoms present in 5.39 g of He.
-. Convert the 400nm wavelength of the violet light into meters.
By converting the 400 nm wavelength of violet light into meters we are get 4.0.10^-7.
What is wavelength?
wavelength can be defined as the distance between two successive crests or throughs of a wave. It is measured in the direction of the wave.
The wavelength of light defined as the distance between the two successive crests or throughs of the light wave.
The wavelength of light is the distance between corresponding point in two adjacent light cycles and the frequency.
Convert the unit for 400nm-
4.0.10^-7
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an 8.63 g sample of a compound of platinum and chlorine is analyzed as containing 2.30 g of chlorine. what mass of platinum would be in a 37.0 g sample of this compound?
The mass of platinum present in a 37g sample of this compound is calculated to be 27.136 g
To determine the mass of platinum we first determine the empirical formula as follows;
chlorine: mass / molar mass = 2.30 / 35.453 = 0.065 moles
platinum: mass / molar mass = 6.33 / 195.084 = 0.032 moles
Now dividing each of the calculated mole values by the smallest number of moles;
chlorine: 0.065 / 0.032 = 2.03 ≈ 2
platinum : 0.032 / 0.032 = 1
Therefore the empirical formula would be [tex]PtCl_{2}[/tex]
Now we have to find the mass of platinum in 37g of [tex]PtCl_{2}[/tex];
mass of platinum / total mass = x / 37
x / 37 = ( 195.084)/(195.084 + 2×35.454)
x / 37 = 0.73342
x = 37 × 0.73342
x = 27.136
Hence the mass of platinum in a 37g sample of this compound is calculated to be 27.136 g
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3- A reaction between tin and oxygen produced 68.6 g of SnO2 (the only product).
How many grams of tin and oxygen were involved?
The mass of the tin and oxygen gas taken for the reaction was 54 grams and 14.66 grams respectively.
What is tin oxide?The tin(IV) oxide or stannic oxide, has the formula SnO₂. Tin metal is burned in the air to form tin(IV) oxide. In a reverberatory furnace, SnO₂ is reduced to metal with carbon at 1200–1300 °C.
Tin(iv) oxide is a crystalline solid that is white and sublime at 1800-1900°C. The melting point of tin(IV) oxide is 1127°C and its density is 6.95 g/cm³.
Tin and oxygen react with each other to generate tin(IV) oxide SnO₂.
Sn (s) + O₂ (g) [tex]\longrightarrow[/tex] SnO₂(s)
The atomic mass of the tin (Sn) = 118.71 g/mol
The molecular mass of oxygen gas (O₂) = 32 g/mol
The molar mass of the tin(IV) oxide = 150.71 g/mol
Given, the mass of the tin(IV) oxide formed = 68.6 g
If 150.71 g tin(IV) oxide formed from tin = 118.71 g
Then 68.6 g tin(IV) oxide will be formed from Sn = 54 g
If 150.71 g tin(IV) oxide formed from oxygen = 32 g
68.6 g will be formed from oxygen = (32× 68.6)/150.71 g = 14.66 g
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How did the Bronsted-Lowry acid-base theory clarify what Svante Arrhenius was not able to explain in his theory of acids and bases regarding ammonia?
Svante Arrhenius theory suggests that in order for a substance to release either H+ or OH- ions, it must contain that particular ion. However, this does not explain the weak base ammonia (NH3), In Bronsted-Lowry acid-base theory, acids are defined as proton donors; whereas bases are defined as proton acceptors.
What is ammonia?With the chemical formula NH3, ammonia is a nitrogen and hydrogen inorganic compound. Ammonia is a colorless gas with a strong, pungent odor.
It is a stable binary hydride and the most basic pnictogen hydride. In terms of biology, it is a typical nitrogenous waste, especially among aquatic organisms, and it significantly contributes to the nutritional requirements of terrestrial organisms by acting as a precursor to 45 percent of the world's food and fertilizers.
Approximately 70% of ammonia is used to create fertilizers, including urea and diammonium phosphate, in a variety of shapes and compositions. Additionally, pure ammonia is sprayed onto the ground.
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If two students in a lab are asked to calculate the density of a block with a mass of 31.0 g; they are not told how many digits to round their measurements. Student A finds length to be 2 cm width to be 4 cm and height 8 cm. Student B finds the length to be 2.65 cm, width to be 4.20 cm, and height to be 8.35 cm. Do you think their measurements will both be accurate? Why or why not?
Please answer in a complete sentence(s)!
We can see here that the both measurements are accurate. This is the true because the both values are in the correct number of significant figures.
What is density?The term density has to do with the ratio of the mass to the density of the object. We know that the accuracy of a measurement has a lot to do with the number of significant figures in the measurement. In this case, we are told that two students in a lab are asked to calculate the density of a block with a mass of 31.0 g; they are not told how many digits to round their measurements. Student A finds length to be 2 cm width to be 4 cm and height 8 cm. Student B finds the length to be 2.65 cm, width to be 4.20 cm, and height to be 8.35 cm.
For the first student, the density is obtained as;
Density = mass/ volume
= 31.0 g/ 2 cm * 4 cm * 8 cm
= 0.5 g/cm^3
For the second student;
Density = mass/ volume
= 31.0 g/2.65 cm * 4.20 cm * 8.35 cm
= 0.33 g/cm^3
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how are cells organized to make up organisms
The organization of cells happens in the following way, firstly cells are organized into tissues, which are organized into organs, organs are organized into organ systems, which form your whole body.
The biological organization exists at all levels in organisms. It can be seen at the smallest level, in the molecules which are made up of such things as DNA and proteins, to the largest level, in an organism such as the blue whale (largest mammal on Earth). Similarly, single-celled prokaryotes and eukaryotes demonstrate the order in which their cells are arranged.
Single-celled organisms like amoeba are free-floating and independent living. Their single-celled "bodies" can carry out all the processes of life, such as metabolism and respiration, without any help from other cells. Other single-celled organisms, such as bacteria, can group and form a biofilm. A biofilm is a large group of bacteria that sticks to a surface and makes a protective coating to cover itself. Biofilms can show similarities to multicellular organisms. Division of labor is the process in which one group of cells does a single job (such as making the "glue" that sticks the biofilm to the surface) while another group of cells carries out another job (such as taking in nutrients).
Multicellular organisms execute their life processes through the division of labor. They consist of specialized cells that do specific jobs. However, biofilms don't come under multicellular organisms and are instead called colonial organisms. The difference between a multicellular organism and a colonial organism is that individual organisms from a colony or biofilm can, if separated, survive on their own, while cells from a multicellular organism (e.g., liver cells) cannot.
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When copper sulphide ares are roasted in a furnace, sulphur dioxide SO₂, forms. What is the molar mass of SO,?
Answer:
48.059
Explanation:
Find on periodic table and add
32.06+15.99
Make and use a table: to compare mitosis and meiosis in humans. Vertical headings should include: What Type of Cell (Body or Sex), Beginning Cell (Haploid or Diploid), Number of Cells Produced, End-Product Cell (Haploid or Diploid), and Number of Chromosomes in New Cells.
Replicated chromosomes split into two new nuclei during the mitotic cell cycle phase, which is referred to in cell biology. With a fixed number of chromosomes, genetically identical cells are produced during the cell division process known as mitosis. As a result, mitosis is also known as equational division.
Meiosis is a unique form of germ cell division that creates gametes, such as sperm or egg cells, in sexually reproducing animals. In the end, four cells with just one copy of each chromosome are produced after two rounds of division.
Meiosis creates cells that are genetically distinct from the parent and have half as much DNA as mitosis, which divides a single "parent" cell into two genetically identical "daughter" cells. Most cells in the body go through mitosis on a regular basis, however some do so more frequently than others.
Meiosis results in genetic variety because of crossing over and independent assortment while mitosis produces identical cells for the mother cell and each daughter cell. Meiosis produces cells with half as many chromosomes as the mother cell, while mitosis produces nuclei with the same amount as the mother cell.
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How are all of Earth's water reservoirs connected to the ocean?
All of th Earth's water reservoirs connected to the ocean by the processes of evaporation and precipitation.
Evaporation and precipitation processes link the ocean to all of the earth's water reservoirs, making it a crucial component of the water cycle.
Due to the fact that all significant watersheds on Earth drain to the ocean, the ocean is linked to significant lakes, watersheds, and streams. From watersheds to estuaries and the ocean, rivers and streams carry nutrients, salts, sediments, and pollutants.
Evaporation refers to the process in which liquid is converted into gaseous state or vapours. Precipitation is the process in which gaseous vapours are turned into liquid state and are shed down on the Earth.
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Examine the electron configurations of oxygen, phosphorus and gallium. According to valence bond theory, how many bonds could each of these atoms form?.
Oxygen forms two bonds and the configuration is 1s₂ 2s₂ 2p₄, Phosphorus forms three bonds and the configuration is [Ne]3s₂ 3p₃, and Galium forms four bonds and the configuration is [Ar] 3d₁₀ 4s₂ 4p₁
What is valence bond theory?Chemical bonding is described by this idea. According to VBT, an atomic bond between two atoms is created when incompletely filled atomic orbitals overlap.Upon sharing the unpaired electrons, a hybrid orbital is created.Valence bond theory states that the metal atom or ion can employ its (n-1)d, ns, np, and nd orbitals for hybridization under the effect of ligands to produce a set of equivalent orbitals with specific geometry, such as octahedral, tetrahedral, square planar, etc.Bonding is explained in terms of hybridised orbitals of the electron in the valence bond (VB) theory, which was developed in major part by the American scientists Linus Pauling and John C. Slater.The Lewis notion of the electron-pair bond serves as the cornerstone of VB theory.Therefore,
Oxygen forms two bonds and the configuration is 1s₂ 2s₂ 2p₄
Phosphorus forms three bonds and the configuration is [Ne]3s₂ 3p₃
Galium forms four bonds and the configuration is [Ar] 3d₁₀ 4s₂ 4p₁
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a neutron in a nuclear reactor makes an elastic, head-on collision with the nucleus of a carbon atom initially at rest.(a) what fraction of the neutron's kinetic energy is transferred to the carbon nucleus? (the mass of the carbon nucleus is about 12.0 times the mass of the neutron.)
According to the law of conservation of momentum and energy, 28.4% of the kinetic energy from the neutron is transferred to the nucleus of the carbon during the elastic collision.
In elastic collisions, momentum and kinetic energy are both preserved. Imagine two trolleys that resemble one another moving in the same direction at the same pace. They clash, maintaining their speed as they bounce off one another. The fact that no energy has been wasted makes this collision fully elastic.
The rules of energy and momentum conservation are some of the most significant and practical ideas in physics. According to the principle of conservation of momentum, the overall momentum of a system of bodies remains constant no matter what external forces are present (it is conserved). The total energy is also a constant if all forces, internal or external, can be described by a potential; this is the law of conservation of energy.
Using the conservation of momentum and energy,
For two particles with mass m1 and m2, initial velocities i1 and i2 undergo a perfectly elastic head-on collision, you can find the after- collision velocities from [1]:
v1 = (i1 x (m1 - m2) + 2 x m2 x i2) / (m1 + m2)
v2 = (i2 x (m2 - m1) + 2 x m1 x i1) / (m1 + m2)
Let 1 denote the proton and 2 the nucleus.
Since the nucleus was initially at rest, i.e. i2=0, the velocity of the nucleus after the collision is:
v2 = 2 x m1x i1 / (m1 + m2) = 2 x i1 / (1 + (m2/m1))
Therefore, the kinetic energy of the nucleus after the collision:
E2' = (1/2) x m2 x v2² = 2 x m2 x i1² / (1 + (m2/m1))²
The fraction of the neutrons kinetic energy transferred to the nucleus:
f = E2 '/ E1
f = [2 x m2 x i1²/(1 + (m2/m1))² ] / [ (1/2) x m1 x i1²)]
f = 4 x (m2/m1) / (1 + (m2/m1))²
f = 4 x 12 / (1 + 12)²
f = 0.284
f = 28.4%
Result:
28.4% of the neutron’s kinetic energy is transferred to the nucleus of the carbon.
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As ice melts at standard pressure, its temperature remains at 0°C until it has completely melted. Its potential energy
A) decreases
B) increases
C) remains the same
Answer:
the answer is c..................
When ice melts to liquid form, oits potential energy decreases. As its melts the movement of particles increases thus, kinetic energy starts to increase.
What is potential energy?Potential energy of an object is the energy generated by virtue of its motion whereas, kinetic energy is generated by the motion of the object. Together they are called mechanical energy of the object.
The melting point of a substance is the temperature at which it converts from its solid state to liquid state. This physical process needs energy to weaken the intermolecular forces of attraction between the particles.
Thus, when ice melts to water, the particle -particle force decreases leading to enough space to move and they gains a kinetic energy. Therefore, its potential energy decreases.
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