"The vast majority of dna damage is caused by man-made chemicals and man-made radiation" is false.
Any modification to DNA that alters its coding properties or normal function in transcription or replication is referred to as DNA damage. DNA damage can impair normal cell replication and increase the rate of apoptosis (programmed cell death, also known as 'cellular senescence'). Damage to genetic material, on the other hand, can result in impaired cellular function, cell loss, or the transformation of healthy cells into cancers. Base substitutions, deletions, and insertions are the three types of DNA mutations.
Endogenous DNA damage sources include hydrolysis, oxidation, alkylation, and base mismatch; exogenous DNA damage sources include ionizing radiation (IR), ultraviolet (UV) radiation, and various chemical agents.
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Explain the importance of the basement membrane
Basement membrane are important as they serve as the surface where epithelial and endothelial cells can reside, they provide mechanical support to the cells, act as barrier to separate tissues and also protect during mechanical stress.
Basement membrane is the specialized form of ECM that is made up of thin layer of cells. It is also known by the name basal lamina. The membrane is important for the correct sculpting of the tissues into their correct size and shape.
Endothelial cells are the cells found in the inner lining of blood vessels, lymph vessels, and the heart. Their function is to mediate the transport and exchange of substances.
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Why are chromosome mutations potentially more serious than gene mutations?
Carter decides to research the relationship between the length in inches and the weight of a certain species of catfish. He measures the length and weight of a number of specimens he catches, then throws back into the water. After plotting all his data, he draws a line of best fit. Based on the line of best fit, what would you predict to be the length of a catfish that weighed 60 pounds?.
The length of this catfish can be predicted to be 48 inches as per the line of best fit,
Weight of catfish (x) = 60 pounds.
From the data, we have the following linear equation:
[tex]y = \frac{1}{2} x + 18[/tex]
Substituting the value of x, we have:
[tex]y = (\frac{1}{2} X 60) + 18[/tex]
y = 30+18
y = 48 inches.
A line of best fit is a straight line that reduces the distance between it and some data. The line of best fit is used to represent a relationship in a scatter plot with numerous data points. Regression analysis produced it, and it serves as a tool for predicting indicators and price fluctuations. The eyeball method can be used to roughly build a line of best fit by drawing a straight line on a scatter plot with almost equal numbers of points above and below the line and the line passes through as many points as possible.
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Answer: the answer is actually 40 in.
Explanation:
Which factors make sequencing by the sanger chain-termination method possible? select all that apply.
By using electrophoresis, duplex nucleic acid molecules can be divided into different sizes. It is impossible to extend a DNA strand whose 3' end ends in a dideoxynucleotide. A duplex molecule can be created when two sequences of single-stranded nucleic acids come together.
On several kinds of filter paper, single-stranded nucleic acid molecules can become immobilized. The Sanger Chain technique of sequencing is accomplished by adding new nucleotides only to the 3' end of a developing DNA strand.
Frederick Sanger created a technique for DNA sequencing in 1977 known as Sanger sequencing, often referred to as chain-termination sequencing. This technique relies on DNA polymerase amplifying the DNA fragment that will be sequenced and adding modified nucleotides, specifically dideoxynucleotides (ddNTPs).
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Which of the following is true regarding adolescence?
a. Boys start t0 spurt in height sooner than girls.
b. Most adolescents acquire plump and rounded body structure during adolescence.
c.Boys gain twice as much fatty tissue as girls.
d. Many adolescents relatively slender compared with their preadolescent stature
Most adolescents acquire plump and rounded body structure during adolescence.
Adolescence is the period of life between childhood and adulthood, lasting from the ages of ten to nineteen. It is a distinct stage of human development and a critical time for laying the groundwork for good health. Adolescents grow rapidly in terms of physical, cognitive, and psychosocial development.
Adolescence is defined by five characteristics: biological growth and development, an undefined status, increased decision making, increased pressures, and the search for self.
Adolescence is a life stage with unique health and developmental needs and rights. It is also a time to gain knowledge and skills, learn how to manage emotions and relationships, and acquire characteristics and abilities that will be useful in enjoying adolescence and assuming adult roles.
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A population of fruit flies on an island lay their eggs in some rotting fruit. Some of the fruit is blown into the ocean by a storm and washes up on another island. The islands are too far apart for the flies to fly from one island to the other. What will most likely happen to these fruit flies after many generations?.
Fruit flies are observing logistic growth. Resources were initially limitless, and population growth was exponential. But when supplies ran out, the population grew close to its carrying limits.
What is the fruit fly's adaptation?In response to illnesses, the immunity of fruit flies changes in bacterial as well as genetic ways. A common parasite that makes its host infertile can affect fruit flies. Fruit flies with the parasite are prevented from losing their capacity to reproduce by the bacterium Spiroplasma.
Even though these unwanted visitors adore eating fruit and other sweet foods, the scent of decaying fruit is what draws them in the most. The flies have specific receptors on their olfactory neurons that allow them to detect acetic acid, a fruit fermentation.
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how could the researcher examine the data already gathered to try to find the disease gene, assuming the exome sequence is accurate?
Usher syndrome is a rare genetic condition that is primarily characterized by deafness as a result of the impaired transmission of sensory input to the brain by the inner ear and auditory nerves, along with retinitis pigmentosa (RP), which eventually results in retinal degeneration and progressive vision loss, eventually leading to legal blindness. Deafness caused by the sensorineural nerve may be progressive or minor. The visual impairment brought on by RP may start in childhood or later in adulthood, and it frequently manifests itself at first as trouble seeing at night or in dim light (night blindness).
(a) If the sequence is correct, the researcher looks for possible trans-heterozygosity cases in the data already collected to try to identify the diseased gene; in other words, they look at the genes to see if both alleles are mutant but in different ways.
(b) The possible pitfall of this approach is that, outside of the coding areas, it can be challenging to know what to look for throughout the entire genome.
The question is incomplete. The complete question is;
A researcher sequences the whole exome of a patient suffering from Usher syndrome, a rare autosomal recessive condition that is nonetheless the leading cause of simultaneous deafness and blindness. The exome sequence does not show homozygosity for any poly- morphisms different from the human RefSeq.
a) How could the researcher examine the data already gathered to try to find the disease gene, assuming the sequence is accurate?
b) If the attempt described in part (a) was unsuccessful, the researcher might contemplate sequencing the patient's whole genome. What are the potential pitfalls of this strategy?
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explain how fat-soluble vitamins contribute to the overall health of the body.
Answer:
Explanation:the fat soluble vitamins are A,K ,E,D are stored in the body for longer period of time they are stored in fatty tissue and in the liver
Vitamin A helps in bone growth, tooth development, reproduction, cell division and gene expression. The skin eyes nose mucous membranes also depend on vitamin a to remain moist
Vitamin D helps in the formation of bones ,plays role in the immunity and controlling cell growth and may protect against osteoporosis,high blood pressure,cancer etc
Vitamin E helps prevention of cancer and heart disease it is an antioxidant, lowers risk of mental diseases
Vitamin k plays an essential role in normal blood clotting, promoting bome health , and helping to produce proteins for blood bones and kidneys
white blood cells, or ____ are not normally present in urine, but they would appear when there is an ____of the urinary tract.
White blood cells, or leukocytes are not normally present in urine, but they would appear when there is an infection of the urinary tract.
White blood cells inside this urine may be a sign of bacterial infection-related kidney as well as urinary inflammation. However, it's crucial to keep in mind any contamination of such urine might also result in the appearance of white blood cells, thus utilize adequate aseptic technique while providing the sample.
Hemoglobin as well as red blood cells are typically absent from urine. Blood cells cannot pass from the blood toward the urine because of healthy kidneys. A disease may be indicated by even slight rises in the amount of hemoglobin or red blood cells in urine.
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Which one of the following does not play a role in translation?
tRNA
Anticodon
Amino acids
Ribosomes
DNA
DNA does not play a role in translation. The correct answer is the fifth option.
The translation is the process by which protein is synthesized. During this process, the mRNA first binds to the small unit of the ribosome.
After this, the tRNA will read the first code (start codon) in the mRNA and brings the first amino acid. These form the initiation complex.
As this complex moves along the mRNA, the tRNA read the codons in mRNA using its anticodon and brings the appropriate amino acids. These amino acids form peptide bonds between them.
Once the complex reaches the stop codon, the protein synthesis stops. Here, there is no direct involvement of DNA in the translation process.
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of an unknown protein are dissolved in enough solvent to make of solution. the osmotic pressure of this solution is measured to be at . calculate the molar mass of the protein. be sure your answer has the correct number of significant digits.
The molar mass of the protein dissolved to form the solution will be: 13963.42 g/mol.
Molar mass is defined as mass of a substance in grams divided by the number of moles of the solute.
According to the question:
Mass of protein (w₂)= 100 g = 0.1g
Temperature (T) = 25°C = 298 K
R = 0.0821 L atm mol⁻¹ K⁻¹
π= 13.33 mm of Hg = [tex]\frac{13.33}{760}[/tex] = 0.0175 atm
Volume of solution = 1o mL = 0.01L
Using the formula,
M₂ = (W₂RT) / (πV)
M₂ = (0.1×0.082×298) / (0.0175×0.01) = 13963.42 g/mol.
Therefore the molar mass of the protein is 13963.42 g/mol.
The given question is incomplete, the complete question is:
100 mg of an unknown protein is dissolved in just enough water to make 10.0 mL of solution. the osmotic pressure of this solution is measured to be at 13.3 mm Hg at 25°C. Calculate the molar mass of the protein.
[R=0.0821 L atm mol⁻¹ K⁻¹ and 760 mm Hg= 1 atm]
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In the unlikely event that a trna has been charged with the wrong amino acid, what high-fidelity enzyme is likely to blame?.
Answer:
Boop
Explanation:
The answer you are looking for is Aminoacyl Synthetase
Explain how heart attack survivors get out of breath easily (6 marks)
Heart attack survivors get out of breath easily because the heart did not work properly.
Why do cardiac patients get short of breath?
If your heart is not pumping enough oxygen-containing blood into the body, your body reacts by breathing faster to get more oxygen into the body, making us feel short of breath. Heart attacks have caused great damage which means the heart can not pump blood to all parts of the body. This can leads to heart failure, which can include the symptoms of breathlessness.
Shortness of breath is a symptom of the problems with the heart and lungs. But it can also be a symptom of other conditions such as asthma, allergies, and anxiety. Intense exercise or having a cold can also lead to breathless.
So we can conclude that the heart did not work properly which leads to heart attack survivors getting out of breath easily.
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Simple carbohydrates burn complex molecules, like proteins and lipids. A. faster than C. at the same rate as B. completely, compared to D. slower than
What is the name given to the process by which a parent cell becomes two identical daughter cells?.
During mitosis, cells replicate all their contents, including chromosomes, and divide to form two identical daughter cells.
What is Mitosis?Mitosis is the process by which one cell divides into her two identical daughter cells (cell division).
During mitosis, the cell divides once to form two identical cells.The main purpose of mitosis is to grow and replace worn-out cells.Mistakes made during mitosis, if not corrected in time, can lead to DNA changes that can potentially lead to genetic diseases.Mitosis is divided into following phases:
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an animal has vertebrae and a cranium but no jaw would be which type of animal? answer correct fish hagfish you were sure and correct lamprey lancelet
A type of animal would be a lamprey, which lacks a jaw but has vertebrae and a cranium.
What is the flavor of lamprey?The taste of the smoked lamprey was quite similar to that of any smoked fish. "Surprisingly nice," the taster said. You might try marketing it without letting them know what they are consuming. It would improve things. I would not order this from a restaurant, but Flanagan's dishes were the best, Bennett said.
What about lampreys?In the Atlantic Ocean, parasitic fish called sea lampreys live. The sea lamprey has stayed substantially constant for more than 280 million years and has survived at least four major extinction events. Sea lampreys parasitize other fish by draining their blood and other bodily fluids.
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what is the ratio of dominate to recessive phenotypes?
1:3
3:3
3:0
3:1
The ratio of dominant to recessive phenotypes is 3:1.
what are dominant and recessive alleles?
Alleles are various variations of a gene. Depending on the features they are related with, alleles are classified as either dominant or recessive.
Dominant alleles are seen even if the individual only has one copy of the allele (also known as being heterozygous). Only individuals with two copies of a recessive allele experience its effects (also known as being homozygous).
Hence, the option is d. 3:1
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cellular respiration stores its produced energy as what form of chemical energy / as what molecule?
Cells store produced energy in the form of Adenosine triphosphate(ATP).
What is ATP?
Adenosine triphosphate is a compound which consists of one adenosine molecule bonded with 3 phosphate groups. They are present in all living tissues.
Adenosine triphosphate is synthesized in the mitochondria. It is the primary source of energy for crucial biological activities like, muscle contraction, protein synthesis, and transmission of nerve impulse.
The real power of the ATP is the triphosphate tail which the cell taps into. The energy that is available is contained in the phosphate bonds. It is released when these bonds break or split up into molecules. This happens through hydrolysis (addition of a water molecule).
Therefore, the energy that is produced and stored in cells is called Adenosine triphosphate.
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Which factors make sequencing by the sanger chain-termination method possible? select all that apply.
Option C and E are the factors that allow sequencing by the sanger chain-termination method: It is impossible to extend a DNA strand whose 3' end ends in a dideoxynucleotide, and New nucleotides are added only to the 3' end of a growing DNA strand, respectively.
The chain is made up of deoxynucleotides with hydroxyl groups at the 3′ position of the deoxyribose ring. DNA polymerase adds the next nucleotide by connecting the phosphate of the incoming nucleotide to the 3′-hydroxyl of the departing nucleotide. In the absence of the 3′-hydroxyl, a nucleotide chain breaks, and the chain cannot be repaired. Only the 3' end of a developing DNA strand receives additional nucleotides. This is due to the fact that the strand only lengthens from the chain's 5' to 3' end.
Chain termination sequencing requires deoxynucleotides, a single-stranded DNA template, DNA polymerase, and a primer, just like DNA replication. During in vitro sequencing procedures, these components are combined, and DNA polymerase makes numerous copies of the original template.
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Complete question is:
Which factors make sequencing by the sanger chain-termination method possible? select all that apply.
a. Complementary single-stranded nucleic acid sequences can come together to form a duplex molecule.
b. Single-stranded nucleic acid molecules can be immobilized on certain types of filter paper.
c. A DNA strand whose 3' end terminates in a dideoxynucleotide cannot be elongated.
d. Duplex nucleic acid molecules can be separated by size by means of electrophoresis.
e. New nucleotides are added only to the 3' end of a growing DNA strand.
several epidemic microbial diseases of earlier centuries incurred high death rates because they resulted in severe dehydration due to diarrhea. today these diseases are usually not fatal because of the development of which of the following types of treatments?
The following types of treatments hydrating drinks with high concentrations of salt and glucose.
This is a passive process in which molecules move from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration. Lysosomes serve as the cell's digestive system, breaking down materials ingested from outside the cell and helping to digest old components of the cell itself. Specific proteins are unique to each membrane.
Only certain membranes are composed of amphipathic molecules. Some membranes have a hydrophobic surface facing the cytoplasm, while others have a hydrophilic surface facing the cytoplasm. Water is a small, polar, charged molecule that readily diffuses across the plasma membrane. Small non-polar gases are hydrophobic and therefore easily pass through the plasma membrane.
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Abiotic factors are all of the non-living things in an ecosystem. What are some of the abiotic limiting factors in the scrub-jays population?
Answer:
Acorns, caterpillars, snakes, hawks, mates, shelter (if brush), blue jays
Explanation:
All of the following bacteria are gram-positive. Which does NOT belong with the others? A) Actinomyces B) Mycobacterium C) Listeria D) Corynebacterium
The correct choice is Mycobacterium. Mycobacterium is a genus of actinomycetes with its own family, Mycobacteriaceae. More than 190 species are recognized in this genus.
Mycobacterium abscessus is a distantly related bacterium that causes tuberculosis and leprosy. It is known to contaminate medicines and products, including medical devices. More than 190 species are recognized in this genus. This genus includes pathogens known to cause serious illness in mammals, such as tuberculosis and leprosy in humans.
Mycobacteria have an outer membrane. They have no capsule and most do not form endospores. Distinguishing features of all Mycobacterium species are that their cell walls are thicker, hydrophobic, waxy, and rich in mycolic acids/mycolate than many other bacteria.
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Why can you not selectively epoxidize an alkene with mcpba in the presence of a ketone?.
It epoxidize alkene to epoxide and also oxidize ketone to ester.
Moreover, mCPBA (meta chloroperoxy benzoic acid) is an useful reagent for epoxide formation and ketone to ester formation. It epoxidize alkene to epoxide and also oxidize ketone to ester, So we can't selectively epoxidize an alkene if both alkene and ketones are present.
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: cell culture methods provide a useful approach to study animal virus growth in a closed system. this approach is not without some limitations. which of the following represents an obstacle for the propagation of animal virus strains in cell culture over time? choose one: a. the number of animal viruses in a sample cannot be quantified effectively in cell culture. b. the multiplicity of infection in tissue culture will not be physiologically similar to whole animal models. c. animal viruses will immediately lyse the cells in culture due to the absence of an immune response. d. animal virus strains can evolve to grow well in tissue culture
Viruses cannot be cultivated in artificial culture media because they have no metabolic system of their own and must replicate entirely within their host cell.
Briefing:
Since viruses require a living host to proliferate, they are challenging to cultivate in a lab. This is due to the fact that they reproduce, or make copies of, their own RNA or DNA to produce numerous additional identical viruses by using all of the host cell's DNA replication processes. We are unable to develop them in a lab because of this.
Since viruses are obligatory intracellular parasites that must replicate within a living cell in order to make more copies of themselves, cell culture is still essential to virology (i.e., to form progeny virions). Cell cultures are used to multiply both plant and animal cells.
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Since the Industrial Revolution, human consumption of fossil fuels have caused atmospheric concentrations of this greenhouse
gas to soar to levels far above any seen in at least 650,000 years, strongly suggesting to scientists that this gas is the driving
force behind recent global climate change.
Oxygen
O Nitrogen
O Carbon Monoxide
Ozone
O Carbon Dioxide
Endospores thrive in improperly processed canned or home processed foods because they are resistant to ____ and favor _____ conditions.
Endospores thrive in improperly processed canned or domestic processed foods because they are resistant to heat and want anaerobic situations.
Endospores have tough, outer coating composed of keratin (protein), which permits warmth and chemical resistance. Coccidioides are an idea to develop greatly in the soil after heavy rainfall after which disperse into the air maximum correctly for the duration of hot, dry conditions.
Endospore formation is commonly precipitated by way of a loss of vitamins; it's miles a stripped-down, dormant shape to which the bacterium can reduce itself. The endospore consists of the bacterium's deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), ribosomes, and huge quantities of dipicolinic acid.
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Plasmids often have antibiotic resistance genes. How do scientists take advantage of the antibiotic resistance genes in the lab?.
Researchers exploit plasmids carrying antibiotic resistance genes by using them as vectors for gene cloning, transfer and manipulation, and also to detect the growth of such plasmids in selective media.
Plasmids are extrachromosomal DNA found in bacterial cells. They are circular double-stranded DNA molecules that can replicate themselves. Plasmids are also known to be present in some archaea and eukaryotes. Species usually composed of DNA also contain RNA as genetic material.
Vectors used in laboratories are the transport vehicles used to transfer a gene of interest into a desired host cell. Vectors can be of two types: cloning vectors and expression vectors.
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glial cells in the nervous system: group of answer choices respond to motor and sensory information. single-handedly manage information processing. provide support and nutritional benefits to neurons. carry information away from the cell body toward other cells.
Glial cells in the nervous system provide support and nutritional benefits to neurons.
The myelin sheath is formed by oligodendrocytes around axons. Astrocytes nourish neurons while also maintaining their extracellular environment and providing structural support. Pathogens and dead cells are scavenged by microglia. Cerebrospinal fluid is produced by ependymal cells, which cushions the neurons. In the mature central nervous system, there are three types of glial cells: astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and microglial cells. Astrocytes, which are found only in the brain and spinal cord, have complex local processes that give them a star-like appearance.
Glial cells (also known as neuroglial cells) play a structural role in the central nervous system as well as regulating nerve firing rates, brain plasticity (which guides early brain development), and immune responses. Glial cells help to maintain homeostasis and form myelin.
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the _________ loses direct/indirect input when the right cerebellum is damaged.
When the right cerebellum is damaged, which cortical region loses input ( granule cells and deep cerebellar nuclei).
The cerebellum can be found just below your cerebrum and behind the upper portion of your brain stem. The cerebellum receives information from the sensory systems, the spinal cord, and other parts of the brain and then regulates motor movements.
Divided into different parts called lobes, lobes are separated by fissures.
The 2 major component of cerebellum is – cerebellar cortex and cerebellar nuclei.
the damage to cortical region affects the -
• Cognition
• Sensation
• Movement
• Behavior
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A woman with type ab blood and a man with type o blood have a child. Which type of blood could the child have?.
Children with these two conceivable pairings would have genotypes IAIO or IBIO, giving them blood groups A or B, respectively.
Can a child of blood types O and AB be born?An O parent and an AB parent will typically only have A or B children. A table with all possible blood type combinations for two parents and the potential blood types for their offspring has been provided at the conclusion of this response. It is highly uncommon for these rules to be broken.
Can an O blood type child be born to an A blood lady and an A blood man?A child born to two A blood types can have either an A or O blood type. two fathers can give birth to a child that is either B.
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