The Journal entries have been written in the space that we have below
How to write the entries07/01/2017:
Retained Earnings Dr 450,000
Dividends Payable Cr 450,000
(Note: Dividends declared out of Retained Earnings)
08/01/2017:
Equipment Dr 72,000
Profit and Loss Cr 72,000
(To reverse overstatement of depreciation)
09/01/2017:
Dividends Payable Dr 450,000
Cash Cr 450,000
12/01/2017:
Profit and Loss Dr 90,000
Equity Dividend Cr 90,000
12/15/2017:
Profit and Loss Dr 42,000
Preference Dividend Cr 42,000
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Glenco in Alberta has four employees with total gross earnings of $322,780.00 and excess earnings of $21,834.00. Calculate the total assessable earnings for Worker's compensation, when the maximum assessable earnings for 2022 are $98,700.00. O $300,946.00 O $322,780.00 O $344,614.00 O $394,800.0
The total assessable earnings for Worker's compensation in Glenco for the given year would be $300,946.00.
To calculate the total assessable earnings for Worker's compensation, we need to consider the gross earnings and excess earnings, while also taking into account the maximum assessable earnings for the given year.
First, we sum up the total gross earnings and excess earnings:
Total Gross Earnings = $322,780.00
Excess Earnings = $21,834.00
Next, we calculate the assessable earnings by subtracting the excess earnings from the total gross earnings:
Assessable Earnings = Total Gross Earnings - Excess Earnings
Assessable Earnings = $322,780.00 - $21,834.00
Assessable Earnings = $300,946.00
Therefore, the total assessable earnings for Worker's compensation in Glenco for the given year is $300,946.00.
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Classify the following items in a statement of cash flows: (a) Payments of office rental (b) Repayment of loans (c) Acquired motor vehicle for cash
Select one: a. (a) Operating outflow; (b) Investing outflow; (c) Investing inflow b. (a) Operating inflow; (b) Financing outflow; (c) Operating outflow c. (a) Operating inflow; (b) Operating outflow; (c) Operating inflow d. (a) Operating outflow; (b) Financing outflow; (c) Investing outflow
The classification of the following items in a statement of cash flows is:(a) Payments of office rental - Operating outflow(b) Repayment of loans - Financing outflow(c) Acquired motor vehicle for cash - Investing outflowThe classification of cash flows is divided into three major sections.
operating activities, investing activities, and financing activities. Cash flow statements reveal the changes in cash and cash equivalents over a certain period of time. In a cash flow statement, operating activities provide a company with cash inflows and outflows from its primary business operations. On the other hand, investing activities provide cash inflows and outflows associated with purchasing or selling assets like property.
plant, and equipment (PP&E). Finally, financing activities provide cash inflows and outflows from debt and equity financing.However, as per the above details, the classification of cash flow for payments of office rental is Operating outflow, repayment of loans is Financing outflow, and acquired motor vehicle for cash is Investing outflow.
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Ivanhoe Electric sold $5,160,000, 10%, 10-year bonds on January 1, 2022. The bonds were dated January 1, 2022, and paid interest annually on January 1. The bonds were sold at 98.
Prepare the journal
The journal entry to record the issuance of the bond on January 1, 2022, would be:
Debit: Cash $5,059,200
Credit: Bonds Payable $5,160,000
Credit: Discount on Bonds Payable $100,800
The specific amounts for each account can be calculated based on the given information:
Cash: $5,160,000 x 0.98 = $5,059,200
Bonds Payable: $5,160,000
Discount on Bonds Payable: $5,160,000 - $5,059,200 = $100,800
Let me provide the journal entry to record the issuance of the bond on January 1, 2022:
Date: January 1, 2022
Debit: Cash (Amount received from the bond issuance)
Credit: Bonds Payable (Face value of the bonds)
Credit: Discount on Bonds Payable (Difference between face value and amount received)
Therefore, the corrected journal entry to record the issuance of the bond on January 1, 2022, would be:
Debit: Cash $5,059,200
Credit: Bonds Payable $5,160,000
Credit: Discount on Bonds Payable $100,800
This entry records the receipt of cash from the bond issuance (debit), the liability created for the bond principal (credit), and the discount on the bonds (credit).
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ABC Corporation is projected to earn 239.7 million next year, 18.0 million shares outstanding. The firm is planning to buy DEF Corp for 200 million in cash. ABC will borrow 200 million at an annual interest rate id 5% and the corporate tax rate is 30%. DEF is projected to earn 18.7 million next year.
What is the post-merger EPS of ABC?
Given, ABC Corporation is projected to earn 239.7 million next year, 18.0 million shares outstanding post- merger The firm is planning to buy DEF Corp for 200 million in cash. ABC will borrow 200 million at an annual interest rate id 5% and the corporate tax rate is 30%.
DEF is projected to earn 18.7 million next year.To find: The post-merger EPS of ABC.Calculation:First, we have to find the interest paid by ABC Corporation. Interest paid
= (Interest rate × Amount borrowed) Interest paid
= (5% × 200 million)
= 10 millionNow, we will calculate the Earnings Before Interest and Taxes (EBIT) of ABC Corporation.
EBIT
= 239.7 million + 18.7 million − 200 million − 10 million EBIT = 48.4 millionNow, we will calculate the earnings available for common stockholders .Earnings available for common stockholders
= EBIT × (1 − tax rate)Earnings available for common stockholders
= 48.4 million × (1 − 0.3)Earnings available for common stockholders
= 33.88 million. The post-merger EPS of ABC is calculated as follows:Post-merger EPS
= Earnings available for common stockholders / Number of shares Post-merger EPS = 33.88 million / 18.0 million Post-merger
EPS
= $1.88Therefore, the post-merger EPS of ABC is $1.88.
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The following statement about futures and derivatives hedging is false.
A) basis risk occurs because changes in the spot asset's price are not perfectly correlated with changes in the price of the asset delivered under a forward or futures contract.
B) Macrohedging uses a derivative contract, such as a futures or forward contract, to hedge a particular asset or liability risk.
C) Selective hedging that results in an over-hedged position may be regarded as speculative by regulators.
D) A forward contract has only one payment cash flow that occurs at the time of delivery.
The following statement about futures and derivatives hedging false is D. A forward contract has only one payment cash flow that occurs at the time of delivery.
Futures and derivatives are used for risk management and speculation. Derivatives are contracts that derive their worth from an underlying asset's performance. The two types of derivatives are forwards and futures, which are both contracts to buy or sell an asset at a specified future date and price. A futures contract, unlike a forward contract, has a clearinghouse that ensures the agreement is honored on both sides. The impact of basis risk on hedgingBasis risk refers to the danger of the spot asset's price and the asset delivered under a forward or futures contract not having a perfect correlation.
Basis risk can make hedging less effective because it may necessitate the purchase or sale of additional hedges at unfavorable prices. Macrohedging and selective hedging, which results in an over-hedged position, may be viewed as speculative by regulators. Macrohedging utilizes derivatives like futures and forward contracts to protect against the dangers associated with asset or liability management. This will assist companies in mitigating these risks more effectively. So therefore the false statement is: D) A forward contract has only one payment cash flow that occurs at the time of delivery.
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You have an investment project with the following expected cash flows. Right now, it will cost you $ 130,000. You will net $ 20,000 in the first year, $ 40,000 in the second year, $ 50,000 in the third year, $ 50,000 in the fourth year, and $ 40,000 in the fifth year which is also the last year of the project. Your WACC is 11.5% and your pre tax cost of debt is 13%. The discounted pay back for this project is: _________
a. 3.40 years
b. 3.50 years
C. 3.90 years
d. 4.49 years
The discounted payback period for this project is 3.90 years.
How to solveTo calculate the discounted payback period, we need to discount the future cash flows using the WACC. The discounted cash flows are as follows:
Year Discounted Cash Flow
1 $16,957
2 $28,446
3 $37,044
4 $37,044
5 $28,446
The cumulative discounted cash flows are as follows:
Year Cumulative Discounted Cash Flow
1 $16,957
2 $45,393
3 $82,437
4 $119,481
5 $147,927
The discounted payback period is the number of years it takes for the cumulative discounted cash flows to equal the initial investment. In this case, the discounted payback period is 3.90 years.
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To what extent does a student's social network addiction affect
their academic performance?
The extent to which a student's social network addiction affects their academic performance can vary.
Social network addiction refers to excessive or compulsive use of social networking platforms, which can have both positive and negative effects on a student's academic performance. On one hand, spending too much time on social networks can lead to distractions, procrastination, and reduced study time, resulting in lower grades. On the other hand, social networks can also provide educational resources, opportunities for collaboration, and access to information that can enhance learning. Therefore, the impact of social network addiction on academic performance depends on factors such as the degree of addiction, the ability to manage time effectively, and the balance between social media use and academic responsibilities.
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Menue Item Number SOld Popularity Index Forecast # Guests Forecast Item Sold
Steamed Fish 175 Seafood Hot Pot 125 Vegetable Lo Mein 200 Total 700 1. What is the popularity index for Vegetable Lo Mein?
Answer: Popularity Index for Vegetable Lo Mein = No. of Vegetable Lo Mein sold / Total number of all menu items sold
Where, Total number of all menu items sold = No. of Steamed Fish sold + No. of seafood Hot Pot sold + No. of Vegetable Lo Mein sold = 175 + 125 + 200 = 500
Therefore, Popularity Index for Vegetable Lo Mein = 200 / 500 = 0.4
2. Based on its popularity index, what would be the predicted number of Seafood Hot Pots to be sold if management forecasts that 700 guests will be served?
If 700 guests are served, we can predict the proportion of seafood hot pots that will be sold Popularity based on the popularity index.
The popularity index shows how popular a menu item is in relation to other options.We may multiply the popularity index of seafood hot pot by the anticipated total number of guests served (700) to determine the anticipated number of seafood hot pots sold: Predicted sales of seafood hot pots = seafood hot pot's popularity index * anticipated amount of visitor..Using the provided data, the predicted attendance is 700, and the popularity index of Seafood Hot Pot is 125. Thus:Seafood Hot Pot sales forecast: 125/500 * 700 = 0.25 * 700 = 175
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.Explain the concept of "Divine Coincidence" and clearly state
the cases where it holds and where it does not hold.
Divine Coincidence refers to an incident in which two or more events, usually unrelated, occur in a manner that suggests an eerie relationship.
The idea of Divine Coincidence arises when a situation or event seems to be brought about by the hand of God, but in reality, it is a coincidence. For example, the coincidental discovery of the Americas by Christopher Columbus when he was trying to reach India is a classic instance of Divine Coincidence.
There are cases where the concept of Divine Coincidence holds and where it does not hold. Some of them are mentioned below:Where Divine Coincidence holds:When events are related to each other but are not directly connected, this is where Divine Coincidence holds.
For example, someone's wallet is stolen from their pocket in the market, but a few days later, it is found by someone and returned to them.
Where Divine Coincidence does not hold:When a person intentionally causes a chain of events to happen, or when there is a clear link between events, then the idea of Divine Coincidence does not hold.
For example, if a person plans their steps in order to make something happen in a particular way, they cannot claim that it was a coincidence when that event occurs.In conclusion, Divine Coincidence can be defined as an unplanned, unanticipated, and eerie occurrence of events that seem to be related but are actually unrelated.
Divine Coincidence holds when there is no direct connection between the events, but does not hold when the events are planned or linked.
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OptiLux is considering investing in an automated manufacturing system. The system requires an initial investment of $6.0 million, has a 20-year life, and will have zero salvage value. If the system is implemented, the company will save $900,000 per year in direct labor costs. The company requires a 12% return from its investments. 1. Compute the proposed investment's net present value. 2. Using your answer from part 1, is the investments internal rate of return higher or lower than 12%?
1. $899,716.67 is the proposed investment's net present value.
2. Using your answer from part 1, the investments internal rate of return is higher than 12%.
Determine the NPV:
For a period of 20 years, there will be a $900,000 annual reduction in direct labor expenses. The 12% discount rate applies.
The present value (PV) of the cash flows is computed using the formula for the present value of an annuity as follows:
PV = Cash Flow divided by (1 - (1 + r)(-n)) / r
Where: Cash Flow = $900,000, Discount Rate = 12%, Years = 20, and so on.
PV = $900,000 × 0.806414 / 0.12
(Rounded to the closest dollar) PV = $6,899,716.67
By deducting the initial investment from the present value, we can now get the net present value (NPV):
NPV = PV less the initial investment.
NPV = $899,716.67 NPV = $8,899,716.67 NPV = $6,899,716.67
The investment's net present value (NPV) is therefore $899,716.67.
Analyze the investment's internal rate of return (IRR) to see if it exceeds or falls below 12%:
2. The investment is anticipated to provide returns higher than the needed rate of return (12%), as evidenced by the positive NPV ($899,716.67). This suggests that the internal rate of return (IRR) on the investment is more than 12%.
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Summer Tyme, Inc., is considering a new 3-year expansion project that requires an initial fixed asset investment of $820,797. The fixed asset will be depreciated straight-line to 79,119 over its 3-year tax life, after which time it will have a market value of $110,129. The project requires an initial investment in net working capital of $74,387. The project is estimated to generate $164,521 in annual sales, with costs of $155,954. The tax rate is 0.22 and the required return on the project is 0.14. What is the total cash flow in year 0? (Make sure you enter the number with the appropriate +/- sign)
Summer Tyme, Inc., is considering a new 3-year expansion project that requires an initial fixed asset investment of $820,797. The fixed asset will be depreciated straight-line to 79,119 over its 3-year tax life, after which time it will have a market value of $110,129. The project requires an initial investment in net working capital of $74,387. The project is estimated to generate $164,521 in annual sales, with costs of $155,954. The tax rate is 0.22 and the required return on the project is 0.14. the total cash flow in year 0 for the project is $813,353.55.
To calculate the total cash flow in year 0 for the project, we need to consider the initial fixed asset investment, net working capital investment, and any tax implications.
The formula to calculate the total cash flow in year 0 is as follows:
Total Cash Flow in Year 0 = Initial Fixed Asset Investment + Net Working Capital Investment - Tax Shield on Depreciation
Given information:
Initial Fixed Asset Investment = $820,797
Net Working Capital Investment = $74,387
Tax Rate = 0.22
Depreciation per year = (Initial Fixed Asset Investment - Market Value) / Tax Life
Tax Life = 3 years
Market Value = $110,129
First, let's calculate the annual depreciation:
Depreciation per year = ($820,797 - $110,129) / 3
Depreciation per year = $710,668 / 3
Depreciation per year = $236,889.33
Next, let's calculate the tax shield on depreciation:
Tax Shield on Depreciation = Depreciation per year * Tax Rate
Tax Shield on Depreciation = $236,889.33 * 0.22
Tax Shield on Depreciation = $52,115.45
Now, we can calculate the total cash flow in year 0:
Total Cash Flow in Year 0 = $820,797 + $74,387 - $52,115.45
Total Cash Flow in Year 0 = $843,083 + $74,387 - $52,115.45
Total Cash Flow in Year 0 = $865,469 - $52,115.45
Total Cash Flow in Year 0 = $813,353.55
Therefore, the total cash flow in year 0 for the project is $813,353.55.
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due to a boom in the us, the average rate of return on investments is likely to rise causing the us dollar to a. appreciate b. depreciate c. not change in value d. none of the above
The correct answer is a) appreciate.
Due to a boom in the US, the average rate of return on investments is likely to rise, causing the US dollar to appreciate. Appreciation refers to the increase in the value of a currency in comparison to another currency, usually due to market forces of supply and demand. The increase in the rate of return on investments means that more foreign investors will be attracted to invest in the US market, leading to a higher demand for the US dollar. This high demand for the US dollar means that its value will increase against other currencies.
The US dollar is widely used as the standard currency for global transactions, and its appreciation implies that foreign investors will require more of it to carry out international trade. This is good news for the US economy as it means that the country will have a trade surplus, leading to increased exports, better economic growth, and job creation. However, the high demand for the US dollar may result in an increase in the cost of US goods and services, reducing the country's competitiveness in the global market.
In summary, the appreciation of the US dollar due to a boom in the US and a rise in the average rate of return on investments can have positive effects such as increased exports and economic growth, but it may also lead to higher costs of goods and services, potentially impacting competitiveness in the global market.
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What are the limitations of online marketing for events, and
what advantages are there in supplementing them with traditional
promotional interventions? (150-200 words)
Online marketing for events has revolutionized the events industry. However, there are several limitations of online marketing that may affect its effectiveness.
These limitations include lack of personalization, lack of a physical connection with the audience, and inability to cater to non-digital audiences.Advantages of supplementing online marketing with traditional promotional interventions
There are several advantages of supplementing online marketing with traditional promotional interventions, including:
1. Wider reach
Online marketing is a great way to reach a large number of people. However, traditional promotional interventions like TV and radio ads, flyers, billboards, and posters, can reach audiences who are not digitally inclined.
Combining online marketing with traditional promotional interventions, therefore, increases the reach of an event.
2. Greater personalization
One of the limitations of online marketing is that it lacks personalization. However, traditional promotional interventions can be personalized to cater to specific audiences. For example, flyers can be designed to target specific demographics, while billboards can be placed in specific locations
.3. Tangibility
Physical marketing materials like posters, flyers, and billboards can create a more tangible connection with the audience
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The economy of Ghana is made up of three sectors namely: Agriculture, Industry and Services. These three sectors contribute to the national output. For decades, prior to the 2000s, the Agricultural sector contributed the most to the national output. Sadly, in recent years however, the sector has been the least contributor to national output. Trends in production of major food crops such as maize, rice and sorghum show that on-farm productivity has stagnated and the exploitable difference between the actual and the potential output of most of the crops (yield gap) has widened. Low and inadequate levels of usage of productivity enhancing technologies such as quality seeds of improved varieties and fertilizer, inadequate extension services and weak market linkages contribute to the poor agricultural performance. It was against this background that the NPP-led government implemented one of her flagship programmes "Planting for Food and Jobs". The programme is primarily aimed at making subsidised improved seeds and fertilizers available to farmers, sensitising farmers on the adoption of good agronomic practices and the marketing of agricultural crops over an electronic agriculture platform. This programme is ultimately aimed at boosting crop yield. In addition, suppose that agricultural products in Ghana are normal goods and due to the implementation of good economic policies and the curtailing of corruption, the economy of Ghana grows significantly leading to appreciable increases in the general consumers’ income levels.
With the aid of a diagram, explain the effect of these events on the equilibrium price and quantity of agricultural crops assuming that these events have equal impact.
"Before the "Planting for Food and Jobs" program and economic growth, The initial equilibrium in the agricultural crop market will best help to know the issue.
What is the economy about?"Effect of 'Planting for Food and Jobs' and economic growth on agriculture." Program boosts crop yield with subsidies, education, and market links. Economic growth boosts income levels. These events will increase supply by improving agricultural productivity and reducing the yield gap.
Farmers can produce more crops at any price. Supply curve shifts right, S0 to S1: more crops supplied at every price. Higher economic growth and increased income levels are expected to boost demand for agricultural crops. As incomes increase, consumers can purchase more agricultural products, considered normal goods.
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The following information relates to Zara Co Beginning inventory 238 units at $3 each Purchases 60 units at $7 each At the end of the period, Zara Co., had 37 units left in inventory. Zara Co., sold the remaining units for $21 each. If Zara Co. used the weighed average costing model, what is the cost of goods sold? Do not round your unit cost.
if Zara Co. used the weighted average costing method, its cost of goods sold would be $994.41.
Under the weighted average costing method, the cost of goods sold is calculated by taking the weighted average cost per unit of all units available for sale during the period and multiplying it by the number of units sold.
In this case, Zara Co. had a beginning inventory of 238 units at $3 each and purchased an additional 60 units at $7 each.
The total cost of all units available for sale = Number of units × cost of each unit
= (238 × $3) + (60 × $7)
= $714 + $420
= $1,134.
The total number of units available for sale = 238 + 60
= 298 units.
The weighted average cost per unit = total cost of all units / total number of units
= $1,134 / 298
= $3.81.
At the end of the period, Zara Co. had 37 units left in inventory,
During the period they sold = total number of units - units left in inventory
= 298 - 37
= 261 units.
The cost of goods sold = 261 × $3.81
= $994.41.
Therefore, if Zara Co. used the weighted average costing method, its cost of goods sold would be $994.41.
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TRUE/FALSE. The difference between total sales and total variable expense is
called contribution margin.
True, The difference between total sales and total variable expenses is called the contribution margin.
The contribution margin represents the amount of revenue remaining after deducting variable expenses. It is calculated by subtracting the total variable expenses from the total sales.
The contribution margin represents the portion of sales revenue that contributes to covering fixed costs and generating profits. It is a useful measure for analyzing the profitability of products or services and assessing the impact of changes in sales or variable expenses on the overall financial performance of a business.
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Automobile repair shops typically recommend that their customers change their oil and oil filter every 4,000 miles Your automobile user's manual suggests changing your oil every 5,500-7,500 miles. If you drive your car 44,000 miles each year and an oil and filter change costs $27, how much money would you save each year if you had this service performed every 5,500 miles?
Your savings will be $ per year. (Round to the nearest cent.)
The savings are $-54 per year when the services are performed as per the user's manual recommendations. The automobile repair shops usually recommend that their customers change their oil and oil filter every 4,000 miles. However, the user's manual suggests changing your oil every 5,500-7,500 miles.
Given, the oil and filter change cost is $27 per service. If you drive your car 44,000 miles each year and the oil and filter change are performed every 5,500 miles. Then the total oil and filter change required for the 44,000 miles of driving will be: 44,000 miles / 5,500 miles = 8 services required for 44,000 miles of driving. If an oil and filter change service costs $27 per service, then for 8 services, the cost will be: 8 × $27 = $216So, if the oil and filter change services are performed every 5,500 miles, the total cost would be $216.
Now, let us see how much money can be saved if the oil and filter change is performed as per the automobile user's manual recommendation which is every 7,500 miles: For 44,000 miles of driving, the total oil and filter change required will be:44,000 miles / 7,500 miles = 5.866 services required for 44,000 miles of driving. Rounding off to the nearest whole number, there will be 6 oil and filter change services required for 44,000 miles of driving if the services are performed every 7,500 miles. If an oil and filter change service costs $27 per service, then for 6 services, the cost will be: 6 × $27 = $162So, if the oil and filter change services are performed every 7,500 miles, the total cost would be $162.
Now, the difference between the total cost of services if performed every 5,500 miles and every 7,500 miles is the money saved: Money saved = Cost of services at 7,500 miles interval - Cost of services at 5,500 miles interval= $162 - $216 = -$54 Since the cost of services at 5,500 miles interval is greater than the cost of services at 7,500 miles interval, the savings will be a negative value. Hence, the savings are $-54 per year when the services are performed as per the user's manual recommendations.
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Seved Information for two alternative projects involving machinery investments follows. Project 1 requires an initial investment of $135,800. Project 2 requires an initial investment of $103,500. Assume the company requires a 10% rate of return on its investments. (PV of $1. FV of $1. PVA of $1, and FVA of $1) (Use appropriate factor(s) from the tables provided.) Annual amounts Sales of new product Project 1 Project 2 $ 111,600 $ 88,200 Expenses Materials, labor, and overhead (except depreciation) 74,750 Depreciation Machinery 36,800 19,400 20,700 Selling, general, and administrative expenses 9,200 23,000 $ 8,250 $ 7,700 Compute the net present value of each potential investment. Use 7 years for Project 1 and 5 years for Project 2. Assume cash flows occur evenly throughout each year. (Negative net present values should be indicated with a minus sign. Round your present value factor to 4 decimals. Round your answers to the nearest whole dollar.) Income Project 1 Chart values are based on: n Select Chart Amount X PV Factor Present Value Initial investment Net present value Net present value Project 2 Chart values are based on: n Select Chart Amount PV Factor Present Value Initial investment Net present value PE Nu
Previous question
The net present value for Project 1 is -$140,450 and for Project 2 is -$79,816.
How to calculate the net present valuesThe net present value is the sum of the present values of all cash flows minus the initial investment.
For Project 1:
Number of years (n) = 7
Initial investment = -$135,800
Cash flows = $111,600 - $74,750 - $36,800 - $9,200 = $-9,150
Using the present value factor from the tables for 10% and 7 years, we find the PV factor to be 0.5083.
Net Present Value (Project 1) = (Cash flows * PV factor) - Initial investment
= (-$9,150 * 0.5083) - $135,800
= -$4,650 - $135,800
= -$140,450
For Project 2:
Number of years (n) = 5
Initial investment = -$103,500
Cash flows = $88,200 - $19,400 - $23,000 - $7,700 = $38,100
Using the present value factor from the tables for 10% and 5 years, we find the PV factor to be 0.6209.
Net Present Value (Project 2) = (Cash flows * PV factor) - Initial investment
= ($38,100 * 0.6209) - $103,500
= $23,684.29 - $103,500
= -$79,815.71
Therefore, the net present value for Project 1 is -$140,450 and for Project 2 is -$79,816.
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By reducing the risk of financial distress and bankruptcy, a firm’s use of derivatives contracts to hedge its cash flow uncertainty will:
(a) Lower its value since investors can always hedge such risks by themselves.
(b) Lower its value due to the transaction costs of derivatives trading.
(c) Have no impact on its value as investors can costlessly diversify this risk.
(d) Enhance its value by hedging systematic risks
The correct answer is (d) Enhance its value by hedging systematic risks.
The firm's use of derivative contracts to hedge its cash flow uncertainty will enhance its value by hedging systematic risks. The use of derivatives contracts helps firms reduce the risk of financial distress and bankruptcy by minimizing the cash flow uncertainty of their assets and liabilities.
By doing this, it also protects their earnings from fluctuating interest rates, exchange rates, and commodity prices. Investors frequently purchase the derivatives themselves to hedge their risks, and this may have an effect on the firm's valuation. As a result, it does not decrease the firm's worth.
Derivatives trading costs, on the other hand, may have an impact on the firm's value, lowering it to a certain extent. Systematic risks can be avoided or reduced by hedging with derivative contracts, thus increasing the firm's value.
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Banking and regulation ‘We need new regulations in the banking sector to ensure that the global financial crisis never happens again.’ Discuss this commonly heard statement. In your answer, make sure you a. describe the common types of risk facing any banking sector and how these risks played out in the USA in the lead up to the global financial crisis, and
b. explain how effective you believe the new Basel III regulations will be in managing these risks in the future.
Banking and regulation go hand in hand as the banking sector is strictly regulated by authorities. Banks have risks and vulnerabilities. This led to the global financial crisis in 2008. This crisis left a lasting impact and raised the question of banking regulation.
In this answer, I will discuss the commonly heard statement, "We need new regulations in the banking sector to ensure that the global financial crisis never happens again.”Types of risks facing any banking sector.
There are several types of risks that any banking sector faces. These include credit risk, market risk, liquidity risk, interest rate risk, and operational risk.
Credit risk is the risk of loss due to a borrower's failure to pay back the loan.
Market risk is the risk of loss due to fluctuations in market prices.
Liquidity risk is the risk of not having enough funds to pay back lenders.
Interest rate risk is the risk of changes in interest rates that affect the bank's profits.
Operational risk is the risk of loss due to human errors, technological issues, and natural disasters.
How these risks played out in the USA in the lead up to the global financial crisis. Credit risk was the main contributor to the financial crisis. Banks offered mortgages to people who had poor credit scores. This put banks at a high risk of default. Market risk played a role as well. Banks invested heavily in subprime mortgage-backed securities. These securities were of low quality and had a high risk of default. In addition, the banks lacked liquidity, which led to the financial crisis. The banks had invested too much money in these securities and could not pay back the lenders. This led to a chain reaction of financial failures.
Explanation of how effective the new Basel III regulations will be in managing these risks in the future Basel III regulations are an improvement of the previous Basel II regulations. They require banks to have higher capital requirements, increased liquidity coverage ratios, and stricter rules on how to calculate risk-weighted assets. These regulations are expected to manage the risks in the banking sector effectively. They force banks to hold higher capital, reducing the risk of bankruptcy. They also ensure that banks have enough liquidity to meet their obligations. Stricter rules for calculating risk-weighted assets force banks to assess risks more accurately. This will lead to fewer investments in high-risk securities. In conclusion, the new Basel III regulations will help manage risks in the banking sector. They are expected to reduce the probability of a financial crisis.
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"Pharma-C," a company that makes drugs, makes both over-the-counter and generic prescription drugs. The main office of Pharma-C is in the United States, but its parent company is based in Germany.
In November 2021, 10,000 bottles of Pharma-cough C's children's medicine with a grape flavour were sent to different distributors and retailers. Pharma C found out on December 31, 2021, that 2,000 of the bottles had dosing cups that didn't have the correct 5 mL and 10 mL graduations. If the wrong dosing cup is used, a child could get too much medicine.
This is a worry for Pharma-C. Pharma-C does not have to recall its children's cough medicine because of the wrong dosing cups.
No one has sued Pharma-C for the bottles that were sent out. Pharma-C has voluntarily recalled the cough medicine for kids because the dosing cups had the wrong information on them. This could be unsafe.
Pharma-C told the public about the recall on January 2, 2022. The recall is expected to cost $10,000. As a Certified Public Accountant, you were asked to help the accountant on the issue surrounding voluntary recall of the product .
PLease note this is Crtitcal thinking case study
The requirment is to use CPA Format/Rules. Write issues, Handbook Analysis which covers CPA standards - IFRS , Recomendations and Calculations.
Issues:Pharma-C, a company that makes drugs, makes both over-the-counter and generic prescription drugs. Pharma C found out on December 31, 2021, that 2,000 of the bottles had dosing cups that didn't have the correct 5 mL and 10 mL graduations. If the wrong dosing cup is used, a child could get too much medicine. Pharma-C has voluntarily recalled the cough medicine for kids because the dosing cups had the wrong information on them.
This could be unsafe.The main issue here is the cost of the recall, which is expected to be $10,000. The second issue is that the dosing cups could result in children taking too much medication, which could be harmful to their health.Handbook Analysis:The International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) require that a company recognize and measure the costs of its recall activities.
The cost of the recall should be recorded as an expense in the income statement in the period in which the recall takes place. This is in line with the matching principle, which requires that expenses be recognized in the same period as the revenues they relate to.Recommendations:Pharma-C should take the following steps to ensure compliance with the IFRS:Record the cost of the recall as an expense in the income statement for the period in which it occurs. This will ensure that the company complies with the matching principle.
The cost of the recall should include all direct and indirect costs associated with the recall, including the cost of notifying customers, shipping costs, and the cost of replacing the product.Perform an investigation to determine the root cause of the dosing cup issue. This will help prevent similar issues from occurring in the future. The company should also review its quality control procedures to ensure that they are robust and effective.
This will help prevent future issues that could result in harm to consumers.Calculations:The total cost of the recall is expected to be $10,000. This cost should be recorded as an expense in the income statement for the period in which the recall takes place. The cost of the recall should include all direct and indirect costs associated with the recall, including the cost of notifying customers, shipping costs, and the cost of replacing the product.
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Chocolate Treats has the following account balances:
Cost of goods sold $390,000 Rent expense $45,000
Depreciation expense 12,500 Salaries expense 56,000
Insurance expense 3,100 Sales 575,000
Interest expense 11,500 Sales discounts 5,500
Interest revenue 9,200 Sales returns and allowances 16,500
Assuming Chocolate Treats uses a multiple-step income statement, calculate the following: (a) net sales, (b) gross profit, (c) operating expenses, (d) profit from operations, and (e) profit.
(a) Net sales $
(b) Gross profit $
(c) Operating expenses $
(d) Profit from operations $
(e) Profit $
Assuming Chocolate Treats uses a multiple-step income statement,
(a) Net sales: $553,000
(b) Gross profit: $163,000
(c) Operating expenses: $128,100
(d) Profit from operations: $34,900
(e) Profit: $44,100
To calculate the values requested, we need to use the information provided and perform the necessary calculations:
(a) Net sales:
Net sales = Sales - Sales discounts - Sales returns and allowances
Net sales = $575,000 - $5,500 - $16,500 = $553,000
(b) Gross profit:
Gross profit = Net sales - Cost of goods sold
Gross profit = $553,000 - $390,000 = $163,000
(c) Operating expenses:
Operating expenses = Rent expense + Depreciation expense + Salaries expense + Insurance expense + Interest expense
Operating expenses = $45,000 + $12,500 + $56,000 + $3,100 + $11,500 = $128,100
(d) Profit from operations:
Profit from operations = Gross profit - Operating expenses
Profit from operations = $163,000 - $128,100 = $34,900
(e) Profit:
Profit = Profit from operations + Interest revenue
Profit = $34,900 + $9,200 = $44,100
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compare and contrast the intertemporal choice hypothesis and the
keynesians theory of consumption.
Intertemporal choice hypothesisThe Intertemporal choice hypothesis is a theory in economics that proposes that individuals make choices based on their preferences and long-term objectives. An intertemporal choice requires an individual to make decisions that will affect their future well-being, as opposed to choices that will only benefit them in the short term.The Intertemporal choice hypothesis has a few important assumptions:• Individuals make rational decisions based on the information available to them.• Individuals are willing to delay gratification in order to achieve a better outcome in the future.•
Individuals have a discount rate that reflects the value they place on future benefits versus present costs.Keynesian theory of consumptionThe Keynesian theory of consumption is an economic theory that proposes that aggregate demand is influenced by the level of consumer spending. Keynesian economics proposes that a change in consumer spending can have a multiplier effect on the economy, as an increase in spending will lead to an increase in output, which will in turn lead to an increase in income and consumption.The Keynesian theory of consumption has a few important assumptions:• Consumption is influenced by disposable income.• Disposable income is influenced by changes in wealth, interest rates, and government policies.• A change in consumption will have a multiplier effect on the economy, as it will lead to an increase in output, income, and consumption.Compare and contrast the Intertemporal choice hypothesis and the Keynesian theory of consumptionIntertemporal choice hypothesis: It focuses on the decision-making process of an individual over time.
It deals with how the individual weighs present vs future benefits. It makes an assumption that individuals are rational and forward-looking.Keynesian theory of consumption: It focuses on the relationship between aggregate demand and consumer spending. It deals with how consumer spending influences the economy and how it is influenced by factors such as disposable income, interest rates, and government policies. It makes an assumption that changes in consumption will have a multiplier effect on the economy.In conclusion, the Intertemporal choice hypothesis and the Keynesian theory of consumption have different focuses and assumptions, but they both provide insights into the decision-making process of individuals and its effect on the economy. The main answer to this question is that both theories are theories of economics that focus on decision-making and its effect on the economy. The explanation is given above.
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Nikhil earns $1500 a month. For simplicity let’s say there are two goods in this economy, fun activities (f) with price p, and necessities (n) with price p.
a) Write down his utility maximization problem for one month.
b) One month, Nikhil gets an unexpected gift of $100 in cash. Write down his utility maximization problem for that month.
c) Why is typically assumed that under the rational model that people are always better off receiving a gift of cash?
a) Nikhil's utility maximization problem is to maximize U(f, n) subject to $1500, b) When Nikhil receives a $100 gift, his utility maximization problem becomes maximizing is $1500 + $100. c) It is better off receiving cash gifts because it provides flexibility and allows individuals to allocate funds according to their preferences, maximizing their own utility.
a) Nikhil's utility maximization problem for one month can be represented as
Maximize U(f, n) subject to p_f * f + p_n * n = $1500
Where U(f, n) is the utility function representing Nikhil's preferences for fun activities (f) and necessities (n), p_f and p_n are the prices of fun activities and necessities respectively, and the constraint represents Nikhil's budget constraint.
b) Nikhil's utility maximization problem for the month when he receives an unexpected gift of $100 in cash can be represented as:
Maximize U(f, n) subject to p_f * f + p_n * n = $1500 + $100
The budget constraint is now modified to include the additional $100 gift, allowing Nikhil to allocate his income differently for that month.
c) It is typically assumed that people are always better off receiving a gift of cash under the rational model because cash provides maximum flexibility and freedom of choice. With cash, individuals can use the money to purchase any goods or services according to their preferences and needs.
This allows them to allocate the funds in a way that maximizes their own utility, rather than receiving a specific gift that may not align with their preferences. Cash provides the recipient with the opportunity to make decisions based on their own unique circumstances and desires, leading to potentially greater satisfaction and utility.
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What are the major international tax provisions in the Tax Cuts and
Jobs Act that became effective in the United States in 2018? What
procedures are used to translate the foreign currency income of a
The major international tax provisions in the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act that became effective in the United States in 2018 are repatriation tax, GILTI, BEAT tax, and FDII tax.
The procedures used to translate the foreign currency income of a foreign operation into U.S. dollars for U.S. tax purposes are foreign currency items should be translated into U.S. dollars using the exchange rate in effect at the time the items are recognized, the functional currency of a foreign operation must be determined, the financial statements of the foreign operation must be remeasured into the functional currency, and the remeasured financial statements must be translated into U.S. dollars for U.S. tax purposes.
The major international tax provisions in the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act that became effective in the United States in 2018 are the following:
The repatriation tax - this provision imposes a one-time tax on unrepatriated foreign earnings that were accumulated by US companies' foreign subsidiaries.GILTI - it is an acronym for Global Intangible Low Taxed Income. This provision is aimed at addressing base erosion, by imposing a minimum tax rate of 10.5% on foreign income that was earned by US companies' foreign subsidiaries.The BEAT tax - this is the Base Erosion and Anti-abuse Tax. It is a new minimum tax regime, which applies to US companies that make cross-border payments to their foreign affiliates that exceed a certain threshold.The FDII tax - this provision aims to encourage US companies to maintain and/or expand their US-based operations, rather than moving to other jurisdictions. It does this by providing preferential tax treatment for US companies' foreign-derived intangible income.The procedures used to translate the foreign currency income of a foreign operation into U.S. dollars for U.S. tax purposes are as follows:
Foreign currency items should be translated into U.S. dollars using the exchange rate in effect at the time the items are recognized. The Internal Revenue Service provides a yearly average exchange rate. Taxpayers may use this rate in lieu of the exchange rate that is in effect at the time of the transaction, as long as the exchange rate does not vary by more than 5% from the average rate for the year.The functional currency of a foreign operation must be determined. The functional currency is the currency of the primary economic environment in which the entity operates; normally, it is the local currency.The financial statements of the foreign operation must be remeasured into the functional currency. The remeasurement process involves translating foreign currency items into the functional currency using the current exchange rate.The remeasured financial statements must be translated into U.S. dollars for U.S. tax purposes. The translation process involves translating the financial statements into U.S. dollars using the exchange rate in effect at the end of the tax year.Note: The question is incomplete. The complete question probably is: What are the major international tax provisions in the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act that became effective in the United States in 2018? What procedures are used to translate the foreign currency income of a foreign operation into U.S. dollars for U.S. tax purposes?
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The demand and supply functions for good x are:
QD = 780 – 2Px – 6Py + 0.02M
QS = 200 + 4Px – 5Pr – 2W
Currently, Py = 100, M = 5,000, Pr = 40, and W = 100.
a. If the government imposes a price floor of $100 in the market, how much of good x is NOT sold in the market?
b. If the government agrees to buy all of good x that is not sold in the market (as a result of the $100 price floor), what does this cost the government, and ultimately the tax payers?
Given the demand and supply functions for good x: QD = 780 – 2Px – 6Py + 0.02MQS = 200 + 4Px – 5Pr – 2WCurrently, Py = 100, M = 5,000, Pr = 40, and W = 100.
(a) If the government imposes a price floor of $100 in the market, how much of good x is NOT sold in the market? Price floor, Pf = $100Given the supply function QS = 200 + 4Px – 5Pr – 2WQS = 200 + 4Px – 5(40) – 2(100)QS = 200 + 4Px – 200QS = 4PxFrom this supply function, we can say that the supply curve is a straight line and that the slope of the supply curve is 4.Likewise, given the demand function QD = 780 – 2Px – 6Py + 0.02MQD = 780 – 2Px – 6(100) + 0.02(5,000)QD = 780 – 2Px – 600 + 100QD = 280 – 2PxFrom this demand function.
we can say that the demand curve is a straight line and that the slope of the demand curve is -2.Thus, at the price floor of $100, we can say that the quantity supplied is: QS = 4Px$100 = 4PxP x = $100/4P x = $25Hence, the quantity supplied is: QS = 4PxQS = 4($25)QS = 100Likewise, the quantity demanded at $25 is: QD = 280 – 2PxQD = 280 – 2($25)QD = 230We note that at the price floor of $100, the quantity demanded is less than the quantity supplied: QS > QD Quantity not sold = QS – QD = 100 – 230 = -130Quantity not sold in the market is more than 100.
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how technology and digital communications can help teams improve
performance and achieve organizational goals.
Technology and digital communications play a crucial role in improving team performance and helping organizations achieve their goals. Technology and digital communications empower teams to work more efficiently, collaborate seamlessly, access relevant information, streamline workflows, and track performance.
In several ways:
1. Enhanced Communication: Technology allows teams to communicate more efficiently and effectively. Tools like email, instant messaging, video conferencing, and project management software enable seamless communication, irrespective of geographical boundaries. This facilitates faster decision-making, collaboration, and knowledge sharing among team members.
2. Remote Collaboration: With the rise of remote work, technology enables teams to collaborate regardless of their physical location. Cloud-based platforms, virtual meeting tools, and shared project management systems allow teams to work together on projects in real-time, improving productivity and enabling flexibility.
3. Access to Information and Resources: Technology provides teams with easy access to relevant information and resources. Online databases, intranets, and shared document repositories ensure that team members can access the necessary data, documents, and tools required to perform their tasks efficiently.
4. Streamlined Workflows: Digital tools automate and streamline various processes, eliminating manual and time-consuming tasks. Workflow management systems, task management software, and automation tools help teams prioritize tasks, track progress, and optimize their workflow, leading to increased efficiency and productivity.
5. Collaboration and Knowledge Sharing: Technology enables teams to collaborate on documents, share ideas, and provide feedback in real-time. Online collaboration platforms, shared document repositories, and internal communication channels foster a culture of knowledge sharing, enabling teams to leverage each other's expertise and make informed decisions.
6. Performance Tracking and Analytics: Digital tools provide organizations with the ability to track and analyze team performance and outcomes. Project management software, performance dashboards, and data analytics tools help teams and managers monitor progress, identify bottlenecks, and make data-driven decisions for continuous improvement.
Overall, technology and digital communications empower teams to work more efficiently, collaborate seamlessly, access relevant information, streamline workflows, and track performance. By leveraging these tools, teams can enhance their productivity, achieve organizational goals, and adapt to the rapidly evolving business landscape.
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Assume you are a trader with Deutsche Bank. From the quote screen on your computer terminal, you notice that Dresdner Bank is quoting €0.7627/$1.00 and Credit Suisse is offering SF1.1806/$1.00. You learn that UBS is making a direct market between the Swiss franc and the euro, with a current €/SF quote of .6395. Show how you can make a triangular arbitrage profit by trading at these prices. (gnore bid-ask spreads for this problem. Assume that you have $5,000,000 with which to conduct the arbitrage).
a. buy $50,000 or sell €25.000) :____________
b. (e.g., buy $50.000 or sell €25,000) :_________
To make a triangular arbitrage profit, we need to find a set of exchange rates where the cross exchange rate derived from the exchange rates differs from the direct exchange rate quoted by a market maker.
Let's start by calculating the implied exchange rate between euros and Swiss francs using the quotes provided:
1 euro = 0.7627 USD (quote from Dresdner Bank)
1 USD = 1.1806 CHF (quote from Credit Suisse)
Multiplying these two exchange rates gives us the cross rate:
1 euro = 0.7627 USD x 1 CHF/1.1806 USD = 0.6456 CHF
The current market rate for the euro/Swiss franc exchange rate from UBS is 1 euro = 0.6395 CHF.
Comparing the two exchange rates, we see that we can make a triangular arbitrage profit by buying euros using US dollars, then using those euros to buy Swiss francs, and finally using those Swiss francs to buy US dollars again.
Starting with $5,000,000, we can execute the following trades:
a. Buy euros with US dollars:
$5,000,000 / 0.7627 USD/EUR = €6,546,971.23
b. Buy Swiss francs with euros:
€6,546,971.23 x 0.6395 CHF/EUR = CHF 4,183,397.25
c. Buy US dollars with Swiss francs:
CHF 4,183,397.25 x 1.1806 USD/CHF = $3,939,145.75
We started with $5,000,000 and ended up with $3,939,145.75, making a profit of $60,854.25.
As per the condition, the yield profit is $ 51036, and the yield loss is $50519. The €/SF price in triangular arbitrage is € 0.6460/SF 1.00.
Triangular arbitrage is a low-risk method of generating money for currency traders that use algorithmic transactions to profit from differences in exchange rates.
Here,
Dresdner Bank is quoting €0.7627/S1.00Credit Suisse is offering - SF1.1806/$1.00The Swiss franc and the euro, €/SF quote of .6395For arbitrage Profit:
Condition-a
1. Deutsche Bank trader would sell $5,000,000 to Dresdner Bank at €0.7627/$1.00.
Trade value yield-$5,000,000 x 7627 €3,813,500
2. The Deutsche Bank trader would then sell the Euros for Swiss francs.
Trade value yield-€3,813,500/6395-SF 5,963,253
3. The Deutsche Bank trader will resell the Swiss francs to Credit Suisse.
Trade value yield = SF 5,963,253/1.1806-$5,051,036
Yield profit=$5,051,036-$5,000,000-$51,036 = $ 51036
Condition-b
4. If the Deutsche Bank trader initially sold $5,000,000 for Swiss francs, instead of Euros
Trade value yield-$5,000,000 x 1.1806.-SF 5,903,000
5. The Swiss franc would in turn be traded for Euros to UBS
Trade value yield - SF 5,903,000 x 6395-€3,774,969
6. The Euros would be resold to Dresdner Bank
Trade value yield = €3,774,969/7627-$4,949,481
Yield profit = $4,949,481-$5,000,000 = loss of $50519
The (E/SF) cross-exchange rate should be. 7627/1.1806 = .6460
Francs are purchased for only €0.6395/SF1.00 instead of the no-arbitrage rate of €0.6460/SF1.00
Each Swiss franc is sold for €0.6395/SF1.00
ESF price in triangular arbitrage is € 0.6460/SF 1.00.
Therefore, the following conditions as follows:
a. Yield profit = $ 51036, Yield loss = $50519.
b. €/SF price in triangular arbitrage = € 0.6460/SF 1.00.
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This is an incomplete question the complete question is:
Assume you are a trader with Deutsche Bank. From the quote screen on your computer terminal, you notice that Dresdner Bank is quoting €0.7627/$1.00 and Credit Suisse is offering SF1.1806/$1.00. You learn that UBS is making a direct market between the Swiss franc and the euro, with a current €/SF quote of .6395. Show how you can make a triangular arbitrage profit by trading at these prices. (Ignore bid-ask spreads for this problem.) Assume you have $5,000,000 with which to conduct the arbitrage.
a. What happens if you initially sell dollars for Swiss francs?
b. What €/SF price will eliminate triangular arbitrage?
Coffee and cream are complements. If the price of coffee increases, this will cause:
a decrease in demand -- a leftward shift of the demand curve -- for coffee
an increase in demand -- a rightward shift of the demand curve -- for cream
an upward movement (decrease in quantity demanded) along the demand curve for coffee
a downward movement (increase in quantity demanded) along the demand curve for cream
Coffee and cream are complements. If the price of coffee increases, this will cause an upward movement (decrease in quantity demanded) along the demand curve for coffee.
The option (C) is correct.
When coffee and cream are complemented, an increase in the price of coffee would result in a decrease in the quantity demanded of coffee. This is represented by a movement along the demand curve for coffee, known as a decrease in the quantity demanded.
The demand curve itself does not shift, as the relationship between the price of coffee and the quantity demanded of coffee remains the same. The increase in coffee price leads to a decrease in the quantity demanded of coffee, but it does not directly affect the demand for cream or cause a shift in the demand curve for cream.
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This question is not complete, Here I am attaching the complete question:
Coffee and cream are complements. If the price of coffee increases, this will cause:
(A) a decrease in demand -- a leftward shift of the demand curve -- for coffee
(B) an increase in demand -- a rightward shift of the demand curve -- for cream
(C) an upward movement (decrease in quantity demanded) along the demand curve for coffee
(D) a downward movement (increase in quantity demanded) along the demand curve for cream
by what factor will the time be cut using a 0.58-in. -diameter hose instead? assume nothing else is changed.
The time will be cut by a factor of approximately 0.58 when using a 0.58-inch diameter hose instead.
To determine the factor by which the time will be cut using a 0.58-inch diameter hose instead of the original hose, we need to consider the relationship between the hose diameter and the flow rate.
Assuming all other factors remain constant, the flow rate is inversely proportional to the hose diameter. This means that as the diameter decreases, the flow rate increases.
Since the time is directly proportional to the flow rate, a smaller diameter hose will result in a higher flow rate and, consequently, a shorter time.
To calculate the factor by which the time will be cut, we need to compare the flow rates of the two hoses. Assuming a linear relationship, we can use the ratio of the hose diameters to determine the factor.
Let's assume the original hose has a diameter of 1 inch. The ratio of the two diameters is 0.58/1 = 0.58.
Therefore, the time will be cut by a factor of approximately 0.58 when using a 0.58-inch diameter hose instead.
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