Heat of combustion used to explain the relative stability of the compounds.
The heat of combustion definition is the variation in energy released in the form of heat through the burning of an amount of any substance, all reactants being in the standard state (temperature of 25 C and pressure of 1 atm).
When the amount is quantified for 1 mole of said substance, one can define this quantity as the molar heat of combustion.
The molar heat of combustion values are defined in kilojoules per mole (KJ/mol). The kilojoule is a unit of energy and corresponds to 1000 or Joules (J). Mole is a unit of measurement used to express the amount of matter.
Now sugar is a non electrolyte so comparatively more stable hence more energy required to decompose the sugar hence its heat of combustion value is -5639kJ/mol high.
Where as TNT used as an explosive so it is susceptible for reaction and combustion, hence low amount of heat of combustionnis required for TNT that is -3406kJ/mol whuch is comparatively lower.
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what is the term for a report section that functions as a brief condensation of the report addressed to managers?
The report targeted to managers is condensed into an executive summary, also known as that of the epitome, Executive Summary, management summary, or management overview.
Which are the four parts of a report with recommendations?The fundamental line of reasoning for most recommendation reports would include a description of the problem, the solution, the advantages of the solution, and any particular recommendations (if not already made clear in the solution section).List of contents.
What one of these would have been the report's front matter?A transmittal letter, a title page, a summary of some kind, a table of contents, and listings of figures and/or tables are examples of common front matter elements.
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why does reactivity increase down group 1 but decrease down group 7?
The reactivity of elements generally increases as you go down a group in the periodic table. This is because elements in the same group have the same number of valence electrons, and as you go down a group, the number of valence electrons increases. This causes the atoms to have a higher positive charge, which makes them more reactive because they are more likely to form chemical bonds with other atoms.
However, the reactivity of elements decreases as you go down group 7 (the halogens) in the periodic table. This is because the valence shell of these elements is already full, so they are less likely to form chemical bonds with other atoms. As a result, the atoms in group 7 are less reactive than those in other groups.
copper forms a octahedral complex with that has a charge of . what is the coordination number and oxidation state of the copper atom?
For an octahedral complex, the coordination number of the central copper ion is six and it is in the +2 oxidation state.
What is an octahedral complex ?We know that an octahedral complex is one in which there are six ligands that are attached to the central metal ion. The coordination number has to do with the number of the ligands that could be found around the central metal ion.
Copper is found in the + 2 states when it forms complexes that are octahedral in nature ad the coordination number of the central copper ion in the complex is always six.
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An atom has 35 protons, 42 neutrons, and 33 electrons. What is the atomic number?
The atomic number of arsenic (As), which possesses 35 protons, 42 neutrons, and 33 electrons, is 33.
Why is atom called and how it is formed?However, we must travel back to 400 B.C. ancient Greece to understand the word "atom." Democritus, a renowned philosopher, recommended the use of the Greek word atomos, which means uncuttable. So, he said, all matter could someday be reduced to discrete, tiny particles, or atomos. Any subatomic particle of matter that has at least one proton is considered to be an atom. The atoms include, for instance, hydrogen (H) and neon (Ne).
Atoms are made up of a nucleus in the middle that is surrounded by protons, neutrons, and electrons. During the fission process, uranium is broken up into smaller atoms, producing new atoms. The creation of atoms in enormous numbers can be seen in the Big Bang and Supernova phenomena.
Who created atom and who defined it?Up until the 1800s, this notion of tiny, inseparable pieces of matter remained. The contemporary atomic idea was initially started by the eminent chemist John Dalton (1766–1844). Around 400 B.C., a renowned philosopher by the name of Democritus proposed the Greek word atomos, which implies uncuttable. In the end, all matter could be reduced to distinct, tiny particles, or atomos, he said. This Greek term is where the word "atom" originated.
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What molecule enters the citric acid cycle and combines with oxaloacetate to form citric acid?.
Answer:
Acetyl CoA
Explanation:
The pyruvate molecules undergo reactions that convert the three carbon pyruvate to a two carbon acetyl CoA and an one carbon carbon dioxide. The acetyl-CoA molecules are then used as the initial inputs for the citric acid cycle, as they are combined with oxaloacetate.
what will be produced through the reaction of an internal alkyne with hydrogen and lindlar's catalyst?
Hydrogen gas reacts with alkynes in the presence of a Lindlar catalyst by syn addition of hydrogen, resulting in a cis alkene product. A Lindlar catalyst is "poisoned" (often with lead) such that the reaction stops primarily at the alkene product.
318 g of al were collected in a yield of 85.3% according to the reaction in the previous question. what mass of aluminum oxide was initially present?
The mass of aluminum oxide was initially present was 372.8 g. Start with the balanced chemical equation for this Synthesis or combination reaction (4Al+3O2→2Al2O3).
How to calculate mass of aluminum oxide?The percent yield of the reaction is not 100%, but 85.3%. This means that you will need to use more aluminum oxide to produce this much aluminium.
Percent yield is defined as the actual yield of the reaction by the theoretical yield.
% yield = actual yield/theoretical yield×100
You know that the reaction's actual yield is 318 g of aluminium, which means that the theoretical yield must be
85.3%=318g/theoretical yield×100
theoretical yield=318g⋅100/85.3=372.8g
This means that you need to find how many grams of aluminum would theoretically produce 372.8 g of aluminum oxide.
What are the 8 types of chemical reactions?The most eight types of chemical reactions are :
Decomposition reaction,Combination reaction,Combustion reaction,,Single displacement reaction,Double displacement reaction,Precipitation reaction, and Redox reaction.
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14.28 explain how you would distinguish between each pair of compounds using high- resolution mass spectrometry
The distinguish between each pair of compounds using high- resolution mass spectrometry by the exact mass rather than nominal mass are utilizes to measure the compound.
The mass spectrometry is involves the following steps :
The ionization accelerationdeflection detectionMass spectrometry is the analytical method useful for the calculating the mass to charge ratio ( m / z ). the mass spectrometry is based on the newton's second law and the momentum.
Thus, the mass spectroscopy is method to measure the molecular mass of the compound and indirectly helps examine the isotopes and based on the newton's second law .
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into both ends of a meter-long glass tube samples of gases are introduced simultaneously. one end receives hydrogen chloride gas (hcl) while the other end receives ammonia gas (nh3). when the gases meet in the tube, they react to form solid ammonium chloride (nh4cl). where in the tube does the nh4cl form?
Option (B) closer to the end where HCl was introduced is correct because, according to Graham's Law of Diffusion, The Rate of diffusion is indirectly proportional to 1/√(Molar. mass).
The ammonium chloride (NH₄Cl) will form primarily in the middle of the glass tube, where the two gases (NH₃ and HCl) are first able to react with one another. This is because the gases travel through the tube at different velocities, so the reaction will occur where the gases first meet.
As the reaction progresses, the ammonium chloride will continue to form until the reaction is complete and the tube is filled with the solid product.
The reaction of the two gases is reversible, meaning that the NH₄Cl can also break down back into NH₃ and HCl. However, as the gases continue to travel through the tube, the reaction rate of the NH₄Cl breaking down is much slower than the rate at which it is formed.
Therefore, the majority of the ammonium chloride will form in the middle of the tube where HCl is introduced.
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(8. 70) Which element would you expect to the more metallic?
a. S or Cl
b. In or Al
c. A or Br
S is more metallic than Cl and Al is more metallic than indium and As is more metallic than Br.
In a period when we move across, from left to right then there will be an increase in electronegativity and also there will be an increase in non-metallic character of the elements.
As sulfur (S) belongs to group 16 element and chlorine (Cl) belongs to group 17 element. Thus, sulfur (S) is more metallic in nature than chlorine.
Therefore, chlorine (S) is less metallic than chlorine (Cl).
Both indium (I) and aluminium (Al) belongs to group 13 elements. And, when we move down in the group then there will be an increase in non-metallic character of the elements. As indium belongs to group 13 and period 5 wherein aluminium belongs to group 13 and period 3.
Thus, aluminium (Al) is more metallic than indium (In).
Arsenic (Ar) belongs to 15 element and bromine (Br) belongs to group 17 element. Thus, arsenic is more metallic than bromine.
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a chemist adds of a m silver(ii) oxide solution to a reaction flask. calculate the mass in milligrams of silver(ii) oxide the chemist has added to the flask. round your answer to significant digits.
After adding 470.0 mL of an 8.8 times 10^-5 mM silver(II) oxide (AgO) solution to a reaction flask the chemist will get 5.1 μg of silver (II) oxide the chemist has added to the flask.
Step 1: Presented data
470.0 mL is the solution's volume (V) (0.4700 L)
Solution concentration (C): 8.8 105 mM (8.8 108 M).
Step 2: Determine the moles (n) of additional AgO.
The following expression will be used.
n = C × V
n = 8.8 108 mol/L 0.47 liters
n = 4.1 × 10⁻⁸ mol
Calculate the mass (m) equal to 4.1 10⁸ moles of AgO in step three.
AgO has a molar mass of 123.87 g/mol.
5.1 106 g = 4.1 10⁸ mol x 123.87 g/mol
Fourth step: Change "m" to micrograms
We'll take 1 g = 10⁶ g as our conversion factor.
5.1 × 10⁻⁶ g × 10⁶ μg/1 g = 5.1 μg
The complete question is:
A chemist adds 470.0 mL of an 8.8 times 10^-5 mM silver(II) oxide (AgO) solution to a reaction flask. Calculate the mass in micrograms of silver(II) oxide the chemist has added to the flask. Round your answer to 2 significant digits.
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The gas in a 225. 0 ml piston experiences a change in pressure from 1. 35 atm to 2. 60 atm. What is the new volume (in ml) assuming the moles of gas and temperature are held constant?.
1 atm (275 mL) equals 3.10 atm V2, where V2 is equal to 275 mL divided by 3.10, and P1V1 equals P2V2. The calculation is 1(275) = 3.1 (88.71) = 275.
How does chemistry deal with pressure?The ideal gas equation can be changed to demonstrate that the pressure of a sample of gas is directly proportional to the amount of gas present, volume, and temperature is held constant: P=n(RTV)=n×const
V1 T1 V2 T2 is what formula?Volume and temperature are related as follows: V1 / T1 = V2 / T2, where V1 and T1 represent the beginning volume and absolute temperature, and V2 and T2 represent the final volume and absolute temperature (the Kelvin temperature, not the Celsius temperature).
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What do you think is the consequence of eutrophication? a) a decrease in the amount of oxygen available to aquatic life b) a shift in water temperature c) an increase in the food available for aquatic life d) an increase in the amount of sediments in the ecosystem.
Eutrophication causes a decrease in the amount of oxygen available to aquatic life.
What is Eutrophication?
Eutrophication sets off an ecosystem chain reaction starting with algae and vegetation in abundance. This lowers the pH of seawater, a process known as ocean acidification.
Eutrophication occurs when nutrients are abundant, and visible algal blooms grow densely. Eventually, these algae die and decompose, absorbing oxygen and reducing oxygen levels in the water. Eutrophication can also lead to a shift in species composition towards faster-growing algal species and from long-lived macroalgae to more wild species.
Thus, Eutrophication causes a decrease in the amount of oxygen available to aquatic life.
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what is the characteristic reaction of carboxylic acid derivatives? multiple choice electrophilic addition nucleophilic elimination nucleophilic acyl substitution oxidation
The characteristic reaction of carboxylic acid derivatives is nucleophilic acyl substitution.
the carboxylic acid contains c=o bonds and at the starting there is a nucleophilic attack on a electrophilic carbonyl atom which forms a tetrahedral alkoxide intermediate.
now, the alkoxide negative charge give stability by transferring the y leaving group which allows the c=o bond to reform and which make a new acyl compound.
[tex]R-CO-Y+:Nu^{-} \rightarrow R-C-(O)(Y)(Nu)[/tex]
now, the above reaction is considered substitution because y group of the carboxylic acid derivative get exchanged with nucleophile.
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If the half-life of a radioactive element is 18 days, what percentage of the original sample would be left after 108 days?.
1.56% is percentage of the original sample would be left after 108 days.
What is Half life?
Half-life, in radioactivity, is the amount of time needed for half of a radioactive sample's atomic nuclei to decay (change spontaneously into other nuclear species by emitting particles and energy), or, alternatively, the amount of time needed for a radioactive material's rate of disintegrations per second to decrease by half.
A sample that contained 8 g of cobalt-60 initially would contain only 4 g of cobalt-60 after that time, and it would release only half as much radiation.
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which amount has the greatest mass?responses1 mole of chlorine1 mole of chlorine1 mole of oxygen1 mole of oxygen1 mole of sodium1 mole of sodium1 mole of uranium
As a result, we can observe that a mole of sulfuric acid has the largest mass.
What number of atoms, roughly speaking, make up a mole of gold?6.022 X 1023 atoms make up a mole of gold. No matter if we are counting molecules or atoms, a mole will always contain the same amount of units. The quantity is known as Avogadro's number after the researcher who calculated that a sample of carbon-12 weighing 12 grams contained 6.022 X 1023 carbon atoms.
The mass of the neutron is substantially more than that of the electron and somewhat greater than that of the proton. Include the mass number and atomic number in the formula for a hydrogen isotope with two neutrons.
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based on electronegativity trends in the periodic table, predict with of the following compounds will have the greatest % ionic character in it bonds?
The following compounds' SrF2 will have the highest percentage of ionic character in its bonds, according to trends in electronegativity in the periodic table.
Describe Electronegativity?
The propensity of the given element to draw the shared electron during the formation of a chemical bond is referred to as electronegativity. It depends on the atomic number of the target atom as well as how far away the shared electron is from the charged atom's nucleus.
Ionic character: An object's ionic character is determined by how much the electronegativity of two covalently connected atoms differs from one another.
The most ionic property of all is found in BaCl2.
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On the basis of the electronegativity trends in the periodic table, SrF2 of the following given compounds should have the greatest % ionic character in its bonds.
What is electronegativity?While forming a chemical bond the tendency of the given element to attract the shared electron is known as electronegativity. It is affected by the atomic number of the given atom as well as the distance at which the shared electron resides from the charged nucleus of the atom.
Ionic character:The ionic nature is determined by how much the electronegativity of two covalently bound atoms differs from one another.
BaCl2 has the greatest of all ionic character.
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Using the following balanced equation, 2 moles of C2H6 will produce how many total moles of products?
2 C2H6 + 7 O2 → 4 CO2 + 6 H2O
a. 2
b. 10
c. 4
d. 6
Answer:
Explanation:
b
suppose you mix 100.0 g of water at 22.6 oc with 75.0 g of water at 75.4 oc. what will be the final temperature of the mixed water, in oc?
The temperature of mixed water is 45.230C under the conditions stated.
How can the change in temperature when mixing water be calculated?T(final) = (m1 T1 + m2 T2) / (m1 + m2), at which m1 and m2 are indeed the weight training of the water in the initial and 2nd canisters, T1 is the water temperature in the first container, and T2 is the water temperature in the second container, can be used to determine the final the water's temperature mixture.
Briefing:The given parameters;
mass of the cold water, m = 100 g
initial temperature of the water, t₁ = 22.6 ⁰C
initial temperature of the hot water, t₂ = 75.4⁰ C
75 g is the hot water's mass.
specific heat capacity of water is 4.184 J/g⁰C
The mixture's final temperature is estimated as follows;
Based on the principle of conservation of energy;
Heat received by the ice water equals heat lost by the hot water.
mcΔθ₂ = mcΔθ₁
75 x 4.184 x (75.4 - T) = 100 x 4.184 x (T - 22.6)
75 x (75.4 - T) = 100 x (T - 22.6)
(75.4 - T) = 1.333(T - 22.6)
75.4 - T = 1.333T - 30.1258
75.4 + 30.1258 = 1.333T + T
105.5258 = 2.333T
T = 45.2318⁰C
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Many cientit worked to explain how matter and ma were connected in the proce of chemical reaction. One cientit tand out with regard to the law of conervation of ma, often being credited a the father of modern chemitry. Who i thi cientit?
A client is investigating the function of oxygen, oxygen is an element that makes up 65% of the human body and is found in fat and carbohydrates.
Role of oxygen in human body
Due to the importance of oxygen in sustaining life on Earth, oxygen is the most important element for all living things.
Some estimates says that, oxygen is required for 90% of our biochemical and metabolic processes.
For breathing, we inhale oxygen and exhale carbon dioxide. Hemoglobin present in blood transports oxygen from the lungs to all of the body's cells.
The nose has tiny hairs inside it that clean and filter the air before it reaches our lungs, hence it is also strongly advised that we should breathe through our nose.
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if pressure is kept constant, to compress nitrogen at 2 atm from 750 ml to 500 ml, what must the new pressure be?
The new pressure be if pressure is kept constant, to compress nitrogen is 3 atm.
Why Boyle's Law is important?Boyle's law is significant because it explains how gases behave. It explains with certainty that the relationship between gas pressure and volume is inverse. So, when you exert pressure on gas, the volume decreases and its pressure increases.
Briefing:P1V1 = P2V2
P1 and V1 are initial pressure and volume.
P2 and V2 are final pressure and volume.
P1 = 1 atm
V1 = 750 mL
P2 = ?
V2 = 500 mL
Putting values
2 * 750 mL = P2 * 500 mL
P2 = 3 atm
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what kinds of attractive forces may exist between particles in molecular crystals? check all that apply.
Dispersion forces , dipole-dipole interactions and hydrogen bonds this forces may exist between particles in molecular crystals.
The least powerful intermolecular force is the London dispersion force. When the electrons in two nearby atoms occupy positions that cause the atoms to temporarily form dipoles, the consequence is the London dispersion force, a transient attractive force. The term "induced dipole-induced dipole attraction" is frequently used to describe this effect.
A hydrogen bond is an attraction that is predominantly electrostatic between an electronegative atom that is the hydrogen bond acceptor and an electronegative atom that is covalently attached to a greater electronegative "donor" atom or group.
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What is the total number of protons in an atom with the electron configuration 2-8-18-32-18-1.
The total number of protons in this atom is 79 because an atomic number of an element is equal to the number of protons. Here, the atomic number is 79 after adding the given electronic configuration.
What are Protons?
Every atom has a proton, a subatomic particle, in its nucleus. The particle possesses an electrical charge that is positive and opposite to the electrons.
What is Atom?
A nucleus plus one or more electrons bound to the nucleus make up an atom. The quantity of protons or electrons in an element's atom determines how different it is from other similar elements. The atomic number of an element, which serves as its primary identification, is the sum of its protons or electrons.
What is Electronic configuration?
The arrangement of electrons in atomic or molecular orbitals within an atom, molecule, or other physical structure is known as the electron configuration.
Hence, the total number of protons in this atom is 79, after adding 2 + 8 + 18 + 32 + 18 + 1.
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In double replacement reactions, why will two metals not combine with each other when products are formed?.
A double replacement reaction occurs when fragments of two ionic compounds shift places to form two new compounds (also known as a double displacement, exchange, or metathesis reaction).
What is Double Displacement Reaction?
A twofold displacement reaction is one in which one reactant is partially replaced by another.
Following is a summary of double displacement reactions:
AD = CB + CD + AB
The ions in two reactant ionic compounds are switched out for the same ions in two new product compounds during a double replacement process.
A double replacement reaction occurs when two reactants switch cations or anions to form two new products.
Other names for double replacement processes include metathesis reactions and double displacement reactions.
Precipitation, gas generation, and neutralization are examples of double replacement reactions.
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the distinct shapes predicted by the vsepr theory are based on the attraction of electrons for each other. true false
the distinct shapes predicted by theVSEPR theory are based on the attraction of electrons for each other is true
vsepr theory
Whether they are in bond pairs or lone pairs, electron pairs reject one another, according to the valence-shell electron-pair repulsion (VSEPR) theory. In order to reduce repulsion, electron pairs will disperse as far as they can from one another. In addition to concentrating on electron pairs, VSEPR also pays attention to electron groups as a whole. An electron pair, a lone pair, a single unpaired electron, a double bond, or a triple bond on the central atom can all be considered electron groups. The electron bond pairs and lone pairs on the central atom will aid us in predicting the structure of a molecule using the VSEPR theory.
The various shapes predicted by the VSEPR theory are based on the attraction of electrons for each other. In carbon dioxide, four electrons are shared with each oxygen atom. The form of the molecule OCl2 is linear. The molecule GeF2 shows resonance because it has two potential Lewis structures.
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a sodium ion-selective electrode increased in voltage by 59.16 mv when the sodium cation concentration was increased by a factor of 10. a s2- ion-selective electrode measured a decrease of 29.58 mv when the sulfide concentration increased by a factor of 10. why? select all that apply
When the sodium cation concentration was increased by a factor of 10. a s2- ion-selective electrode measured a decrease of 29.58 mv when the sulfide concentration increased by a factor of 10 because of option I and IV.
Some reactive electrodes consist of zinc, copper, lead, and silver. An inert electrode is a form of electrode which does not participate in a chemical reaction. some normally used inert electrodes include platinum, gold, graphite(carbon), and rhodium.
Electrodes are critical additives of electrochemical cells. They shipping produced electrons from one 1/2-cellular to any other, which produce an electrical charge. This fee is based off a widespread electrode gadget (SHE) with a reference ability of zero volts and serves as a medium for any cellular potential calculation.
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Disclaimer:- your question is incomplete, please see below for the comlete question.
A Na ion-selective electrode increased in voltage by 59.16 mV when the sodium ion activity increased by a factor of 10. An S2 ion-selective electrode measured a decrease of 29.58 mV when the sulfide activity increased by a factor of 10. Why?
I. For cations, the measured potential increases by a factor of n x 59.16 mV for every 10-fold change in the activity of the cation, where n is the charge on the cation.
II. For anions, the measured potential decreases by a factor of n x 59.16 mV for every 10-fold change in the activity of the anion, where n is the charge on the anion.
III. For cations, the measured potential increases by a factor of 59.16 mV/n for every 10-fold
change in the activity of the cation, where n is the charge on the cation.
IV. For anions, the measured potential decreases by a factor of 59.16 mV/n for every 10-fold change in the activity of the anion, where n is the charge on the anion.
Select one:
a. I and IV
Ob. III and IV
c. II and III
d. I and II
e. None of the statements explains the behavior.
how many molecules are in 1.25 moles fe
[tex]7.53 \times 1023 \: molecules[/tex]
Explanation:[tex] \: \: 1.25 \: mol \: bf3 \: contains \: 7.53 \times 1023 \: molecules[/tex]
The specific heat of a certain type of cooking oil is 1.75 J/(g⋅°C).
How much heat energy is needed to raise the temperature of 2.11 kg
of this oil from 23 °C
to 191 °C?
The heat energy is needed to raise the temperature of 2.11 kgof this oil from 23 °C to 191 °C is 637,980 Joules
What is Heat Energy?
Most of us use the word "heat" to describe anything that feels warm, but according to science, heat is the movement of energy from a warm object to a cooler one. Based on this, heat is divided into two categories: hot and cold.
We encounter heat energy everywhere, including in icebergs, volcanoes, and our own bodies. There is heat energy in all matter.
Heat energy is the only thing that results from the movement of tiny particles known as atoms, molecules, or ions in liquids, solids, and gases. One substance can absorb heat energy from another, and the flow caused by a temperature difference between two objects is referred to as heat.
Q = cMΔT
where Q is the amount of heat energy required to change the material's temperature (in Joules)
You must convert from kilogrammes since M is mass (in grammes).
c = the material's specific heat constant [in grammes per degree Celsius]
T stands for temperature change (in oC)
Q is equal to
(1.75 x 2.17 x 1000) (191 - 23)
= (1.75 x 2170 x 168)
= 637,980 Joules.
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How does the motion of the molecules in the nail change after the nail is placed in the hot water?.
if a molecule of h2 had one of its electrons promoted to the antibonding orbital, what would happen to the bond?
Answer:
It would become weaker.
Explanation:
If an electron was promoted to the antibonding orbital, the bond order would become zero and the molecule would split apart.