Study Guide Unit 5
ICP
1) Distinguish between reactants and products.
a. The Law of Conservation of states that cannot be created nor destroyed.
b. are the substances that start a chemical reaction and are located on the side of the arrow in a chemical equation, while are the substances produced from the reaction and are located on the side of the arrow.
c. If the number of atoms in the reactants do not equal the number of atoms in the products we say the reaction is , if they do equal each other, we say the reaction is
d. A chemical equation is defined as.....

2. Understand how to classify types of reactions.
a. In your own words, explain how to recognize the following types of reactions. Use complete sentences and explain using vocabulary words.
i. Synthesis -
ii. Decomposition -
iii. Single Replacement -
iv. Double Replacement -
v. Combustion -

Filter feeders include daphnia.The setose thoracic legs function as sieves to remove detritus, germs, and algae from the water.Before food enters the gut for digestion, daphnia transfer this to the mouth and grind it with their mandibles.Food retention lasts for between one and three hours.

It is well known that high temperatures or anoxic conditions, which result in low oxygen levels, increase the heart rate of daphnia(34) (9).

The rate of physiological processes and chemical reactions inside the organism accelerates as body temperature rises.The rate of cellular respiration accelerates, increasing the need for oxygen and the output of carbon dioxide.This calls for the heart, which pumps blood, to beat more quickly.

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Answer:

can be seperated using filtration then evaporation

Explanation:

A mole is defined as the quantity of a material that includes precisely of the substance's elementary entities.

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Answer: 4

Explanation:

Because the molecules are the same except for the C4 position, D-glucose and D-galactose are epimers. Both structural isomers of glucose and fructose share the chemical formula C6H12O6.

Mannose is a sugar monomer from the aldohexose group of carbohydrates and a C-2 epimer of glucose. Mannose plays a crucial role in human metabolism, notably in ensuring that native proteins are correctly glycosylated.

They belong to a particular class of stereoisomers that feature several stereocenters but vary from one another based on the arrangement of a single stereogenic center. Mannose and glucose differ from one another in terms of their conformation at the C-2 atom. Consequently, they are epimers.

Epimers of D-glucose include D-mannose and D-galactose.

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Hello,

I hope you and your family are doing well!

To solve this problem, you need to use the ideal gas law, which states that the product of the pressure, volume, and temperature of a gas is a constant. This can be written as:

PV = nRT

where P is the pressure of the gas, V is the volume of the gas, n is the number of moles of the gas, R is the gas constant, and T is the temperature of the gas.

Since the temperature and pressure are the same in both situations, the ratio of the volumes is equal to the ratio of the number of moles of gas:

V1/V2 = n1/n2

Plugging in the known values, we get:

V1/102.8 L = 17.8 mol/64 mol

Solving for V1, we find that the volume of 64 mol of Ar gas at the same temperature and pressure as 17.8 mol of Ar gas is:

V1 = (102.8 L) * (17.8 mol/64 mol) = 43.4 L

Since 1 liter is equal to 1000 milliliters, the volume of 64 mol of Ar gas in milliliters is:

V1 = 43.4 L * 1000 mL/L = 43,400 mL

So 64 mol of Ar gas would occupy 43,400 mL under the same temperature and pressure as 17.8 mol of Ar gas. In scientific notation with 3 significant figures, this is:

43,400 mL = 4.34 x 104 mL

This is the volume that 64 mol of Ar gas would occupy under the same temperature and pressure as 17.8 mol of Ar gas.

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Explanation:

17.8 Mole = 102.8 L

1 Mole = 102.8÷17.8 L

=5.775 L

so

64 Mol occupy 64× 5.775 L

=369.6 L

we Know,

1L = 1000Ml

369.6 L =. 369.6 × 1000 ML

= 369600

= 369.6 × 10 ^3

Answer:

19K and 19 K

Explanation:

The term "isotope" refers to an atom of the same element with the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons. So, despite having the same atomic number (Z), isotopes have differing mass numbers (A). In other words, elements with differing atomic numbers (protons) are not isotopes.

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The heat change (in J) in the reaction is -8403.6 J.

The heat change of a reaction is the heat that is given off or absorbed in the reaction when product molecules are formed by reactant molecules.

In a reaction where heat is absorbed during the formation of products, the heat change is positive and the reaction is said to be endothermic.

On the other hand, in a reaction where heat is given off during the formation of products, the heat change is negative and the reaction is said to be exothermic.

The heat change of the reaction is calculated below:

Heat change = mass * heat capacity * temperature change

mass of mixture = 45. 5 + 55.5

mass of mixture = 100 g

Heat change = 100 * 5.64 * (5.6 - 20.5)

Heat change = -8403.6 J

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Simply adding the covalent radii of S and F results in a distance between them of 60 pm.

Covalent radii is defined as 1/2 the distance between the nuclei of two atoms of the same element that are covalently bound to one another in a molecule. The covalent radius is less than the van der Waals radius due to the overlap between the two electron clouds.

The distance between the centers of two covalently bound atoms is known as the bond length. The covalent radius of S is given by the S-S distance to be double what it is for F.

The S-F distance should therefore, to some extent, be equal to the sum of the covalent radii of S and F, which is 60 pm.

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The substances' sodium (Na), oxygen (O2), and sodium oxide (Na2O) participate in this chemical reaction. 4Na + O2 = 2Na2O is the reaction between Na and O2. The suitable sentence is Sodium oxide is created by the chemical reaction.

A chemical reaction is a process that converts one or more substances, known as reactants, into one or more different substances, known as products. Chemical elements or compounds are examples of substances.

Because Na and O are not balanced, the balanced equation by hit and trial will be: 4Na+O2Na2O.

A chemical reaction occurs when two or more compounds or substances undergo chemical transformation to form new compounds or substances. Chemical equations express chemical reactions using symbols and chemical formulas of the compounds involved.

Thus, option B is correct.

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The pressure of the interstellar gas is 2.7*[tex]10^{-12}[/tex] atm by using ideal gas equation.

This is much smaller than the minimum value for the best vacuum.

Ideal gas equation,

PV = nRT----------(1)

Given,

V = [tex]10^{-6}[/tex] m3

n = 1/NA ; NA = avegadro number = 6.022*[tex]10^{24}[/tex]

n = 1.66*[tex]10^{-24}[/tex]

R = 8.314 J/K/mole

T = 20K

putting in (1), we get

P = 1.66*[tex]10^{-24}[/tex]*8.314*20 /[tex]10^{-6}[/tex]

P = 2.76*[tex]10^{-6}[/tex] pascal                                         [1 atm = 101325 Pa]

P = 2.76*[tex]10^{-6}[/tex]/101325 atm

P = 2.7*[tex]10^{-12}[/tex] atm

hence, the correct option is B.

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The total heat that is required is 303.33 kJ to convert the ice to steam at  110°C.

We know that a substance can be heated and as the compound is heated, the temperature of the substance would be raised. Now we are told to find the  energy is required to heat 100g of ice at -10°C to steam at 110°C.

Energy required to raise the temperature of the ice to melting point;

H = mcdT

m = mass of the ice

c = specific heat capacity

dT = temperature change

H = 100 * 2.03 * (0 - (-10))

H = 2030 J

The latent heat of fusion of the ice;

H = 100 * 336

H = 33600 J

The heat required to raise the temperature of the water to boiling point;

H = mcdT

H = 100 * 4.18 * (100 - 0)

H = 41800 J

Latent heat of vaporization of water;

H = 100 *  2240

= 224000 J

Heat required to raise the temperature to  110°C

H = 100 * 1.9 * (110 - 100)

= 1900 J

Total heat required = 2030 J +  33600 J +  41800 J + 224000 J + 1900 J

= 303.33 kJ

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Based on these electronegativities, HCI would be expected to have polar covalent bonds and contain H+ ions.

Mathematically,

% of ionic character = 16(Xa - XB ) + 3.5(XA - Xb )

=16(3-2.1)+3.5(3-2.1)²

= 14.4+2.835

= 17.235%

:. The nature of HCI is 17.2% ionic

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Answer:

The number of methane molecules (CH4) is equal to the number of carbon dioxide molecules (CO2),

Explanation:

Avogadro's number, number of units in one mole of any substance (defined as its molecular weight in grams), equal to 6.02214076 × 10^23. The units may be electrons, atoms, ions, or molecules, depending on the nature of the substance and the character of the reaction (if any).

Therefore, the number of methane molecules (CH4) is equal to the number of carbon dioxide molecules (CO2), which is 6.02214076 × 10^23

The correct answer is: 109.5°, 120°, 109.5°. In the Lewis structure of acetic acid, the central carbon atom is bonded to two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom, and the oxygen atom is bonded to two hydrogen atoms.

The bond angles around the central carbon atom and oxygen atom should be approximately 109.5°, as these atoms are surrounded by four electron pairs in a tetrahedral arrangement. The bond angle around the central carbon atom will be slightly less than 109.5° due to the presence of the double bond to the oxygen atom, which introduces some degree of angle strain. The bond angle around the oxygen atom will also be slightly less than 109.5° due to the presence of the two hydrogen atoms, which are slightly larger than the electrons and will push the bond angles outward.

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Answer:

The volume of a gas is directly proportional to the number of moles of gas present, provided that the temperature and pressure are held constant. This relationship can be expressed by the ideal gas law equation:

PV = nRT

where P is the pressure, V is the volume, n is the number of moles of gas, R is the ideal gas constant, and T is the temperature.

In this problem, the pressure and temperature are held constant, so the volume of the gas is directly proportional to the number of moles of gas. This means that if we multiply the number of moles of gas by a certain factor, the volume will also be multiplied by that same factor.

The balloon is initially filled with 3.00 moles of gas at a volume of 1.75 L. If 0.60 moles of gas are added, the total number of moles of gas in the balloon becomes 3.00 + 0.60 = <<3+0.6=3.6>>3.6 moles.

To find the volume of the balloon after 0.60 moles of gas are added, we can multiply the initial volume of 1.75 L by the ratio of the final number of moles of gas to the initial number of moles of gas:

V = (1.75 L) * (3.6 moles / 3.00 moles) = 1.75 L * 1.20 = <<1.75*1.20=2.10>>2.10 L

Therefore, if 0.60 moles of gas are added to the balloon while the pressure and temperature are held constant, the volume of the balloon will be 2.10 L.

4.78 × 10^-19 J.

To find the energy of the emitted photon, we can use the formula E = hc÷λ. where E is the energy, h is the Planck constant, c is the speed of light, and λ is the wavelength of the radiation. Plugging in the given values ​​gives:

E = (6.626 × 10^-34 Js)(2.998 × 10^8 m/s)/(5.40 × 10^2 nm)

= 4.78 × 10^-19 J

So the energy of the photon being emitted is 4.78 × 10^-19 J.

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a. A compound of the elements hydrogen, carbon, and oxygen, carbonic acid, (H2CO3).

b. In lucidity:

The first stage alone never entirely ionizes carbonic acid (H2CO3).

It splits into H+ and HCO3- ions in part.

It has a low dissociation constant because to its partial dissociation, making it a weak acid.

H2CO3 = H + (+) H CO3-

H+ (+) (CO3)2- = HCO3-

On the product side of these equilibrium processes, [H+] rises. Therefore, according to the Le Chatlier principle, the reaction has a tendency to proceed backward, which prevents the acid from entirely dissociating. Carbonic acid is a weak acid as a result.

c. A polyatomic ion having the formula CO3 is called a carbonate ion (2-). A carbon oxoanion is carbonate. It is a hydrogencarbonate's conjugate base.

[CO3 -2] = K2 [HCO3-] / [H+], where K2 is the second dissociation constant for carbonic acid, is the equation for carbonate concentration.

what is Carbonic Acid?

The chemical compound of hydrogen, carbon, and oxygen is known as carbonic acid (H2CO3). It is created in trace amounts when carbon dioxide (CO2), its anhydride, dissolves in water.

CO2 + H2O = H2CO3.

Simple CO2 molecules that are lightly hydrated are the main species. It is possible to think of carbonic acid as a diprotic acid from which two groups of salts can be produced: hydrogen carbonates, which include HCO3, and carbonates, which contain CO32.

H3O+ + HCO3 = H2CO3 + H2O

H2O+ + CO32 = HCO3 + H2O

However, the varying speeds of certain of the relevant processes as well as their dependency on the system's pH play a role in the acid-base behavior of carbonic acid. For instance, the main reactions and their corresponding relative speeds at a pH lower than 8 are as follows:

CO2 + H2O = H2CO3 (slow)

HCO3 + H2O + H2CO3 + OH (fast)

The following reactions are significant above pH 10:

HCO3 = CO2 + OH (slow)

CO32 + H2O + HCO3 + OH (fast)

All of the aforementioned equilibrium reactions are significant between pH levels of 8 and 10.

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The name of the given compound is carbonic acid. It is weak acid which does not dissociate completely.

The inorganic substance carbonic acid has the chemical formula H2CO3. Contrary to popular assumption, the molecule is quite stable at room temperature in the absence of water, when it quickly breaks down into water and carbon dioxide.

CO2 + H2O = H2CO3

The predominant species consists of simple, weakly hydrated CO2 molecules. It is feasible to think of carbonic acid like a diprotic acid from which two categories of salts can be created: carbonates, which contain CO32, and hydrogen carbonates, which include HCO3.

[tex]H_{3}O^{+} + HCO_{3} = H_{2} CO_{3} + H_{2}O[/tex]

[tex]H_{2}O^{+} + (CO_{3}) _{2} = HCO_{3} + H_{2}O[/tex]

To answer the given questions-

a) The name of the compound [tex]H_{2}CO_{3}[/tex] is carbonic acid.

b) Carbonic acid is never completely ionized in the first stage alone. It partially separates into H+ and HCO3- ions. Due to its partial dissociation, it has a low dissociation constant, which makes it a weak acid.

[tex]H_{2}CO_{3} = H^{+} + HCO_{3} ^{-}[/tex]

[tex]H^{+} + (CO_{3}) ^{2-} = HCO_{3} ^{-}[/tex]

[H+] increases on the product side of these equilibrium processes. In light of this, the Le Chatlier principle states that the reaction has a propensity to go backward, preventing the acid from completely dissociating. Therefore, carbonic acid can be said as a weak acid.

c) [tex]CO_{3} ^{2-}[/tex] is the carbonate ion. It is the most basic oxocarbon anion that breaks down when heated and is often insoluble in water.

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The volume (in mL) of 4.67 M solution of nitric acid needed to make 250.0 mL of a 1.10 M solution of nitric acid is 58.9 mL

We understood that the volume of diluted substance can be obtained by using the following formula:

M₁V₁ = M₂V₂

Where

With above formula, we obtain the volume (in mL) of nitric acid needed to make 250.0 mL of a 1.10 M solution of nitric acid. Details below

M₁V₁ = M₂V₂

4.67 × V₁ = 1.10 × 250

Divide bioth sides by 4.67

V₁ = (1.10 × 250) / 4.67

V₁ = 58.9 mL

Thus, we can conclude from the above calculation that the volume (in mL) needed is 58.9 mL

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We will be using the q = m*c*(delta T) equation, which is also known as Specific Heat formula. So our answer will be 21,410 Joules or you can say 21.41 kJ kilojoules (amount of heat required by hexane).

q = m*c*(delta T)

We have to convert this temperature, which is given to us in Celsius, into Kelvins by adding 273.15.

Kelvin = Celsius + 273.15

Kelvin = 48.1 C + 273.15

(K = 321.25 K).

now, delta T is the change in temp. (final temperature minus the initial temperature). so, delta T will be 321.15k-274.15 K.

combine the values and solve,

q = (0.197 kg)*(2.26J/kg*K)*(321.25 K-274.15 K)

q= 21.41kJ.

Specific heat formula given by, Joseph Black. The Scottish scientist Joseph Black, noticed that equal masses of different substances needed different amounts of heat to raise them through the same temperature interval, and, from this observation, he founded the concept of specific heat.

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To solve this problem, you need to first determine how many moles of AgNO3 are present in the 75 mL of 0.300 M AgNO3 solution. This can be done by using the concentration and volume of the solution to calculate the number of moles of AgNO3 present.

First, convert the volume of the solution from milliliters to liters by dividing by 1000. This gives a volume of 0.075 L.

Next, multiply the concentration of the solution (in molarity) by the volume of the solution to calculate the number of moles of AgNO3 present. This gives a total of 0.022 moles of AgNO3.

Since the reaction ratio between AgNO3 and CaI2 is 2:1, this means that for every 2 moles of AgNO3, 1 mole of CaI2 is needed to completely precipitate the Ag+ ions as AgI. Therefore, in this case, we need 0.011 moles of CaI2 to completely precipitate the Ag+ ions.

To convert the number of moles of CaI2 to grams, we need to know the molar mass of CaI2. The molar mass of CaI2 is approximately 233.9 g/mol, so 0.011 moles of CaI2 would be equal to approximately 2.6 grams.

Therefore, to completely precipitate the Ag+ ions as AgI from 75.0 mL of 0.300 M AgNO3 solution, you would need approximately 2.6 grams of CaI2.

Answer:

Answers:

Explanation:

1. Sulfur oxide

2. Calcium cyanamide

3. aluminum sulfide (I think on that one)

Good luck

Answer:

1.268 mol CO2

Explanation:

1. Convert 18.1 g C8H18 to moles.

Divide 18.1 g by C8H18's molar mass. C8H18 has a molar mass of (8 x 12.0107) + (18 x 1.008) because there are 8 carbon atoms (which each have a molar mass of 12.0107 g/mol) and 18 hydrogen atoms (which each have a molar mass of 1.008 g/mol).

Molar mass of C8H18: (8 x 12.0107) + (18 x 1.008) = 114.23 g

18.1 g/114.23 g = 0.1585 mol

2. Use the balanced equation to find moles of CO2.

Multiply 0.1585 mol C8H18 by the ratio of moles from the balanced equation. For every 2 moles of C8H18, there are 16 moles of CO2. You can divide moles of C8H18 by 2, its coefficient, and multiply by 16, CO2's coefficient.

0.1585 x 16/2 = 1.268 mol CO2

There are 2.61 × [tex]10^{23}[/tex] for ammonium carbonate and 7.83 × [tex]10^{23}[/tex] O atoms in the sample.

What is molar mass?

The term "molar mass" refers to the mass in grams of one mole of a substance. The molar mass of each element is distinct. For instance, magnesium has a molar mass of 24.3050 g/mol and carbon has a molar mass of 12.011 g/mol. To understand why these elements have various molar masses.

Given:

1)The formula of Ammonium carbonate is (N[tex]H_{4}[/tex][tex])_{2}[/tex]C[tex]O_{3}[/tex].

So, Molar mass = (2 x 14.01 g/mol N) + (8 x 1.008 g/mol H + (12.01 g/mol C) + (3 x 16.00 g/mol O)

= 96.09 g/mol

41.6 g (N[tex]H_{4}[/tex][tex])_{2}[/tex]C[tex]O_{3}[/tex] x 2.61 x [tex]10^{23}[/tex] formula units (N[tex]H_{4}[/tex][tex])_{2}[/tex]C[tex]O_{3}[/tex]

=2.61 × [tex]10^{23}[/tex].

2)61x[tex]10^{23}[/tex] formula units (N[tex]H_{4}[/tex][tex])_{2}[/tex]C[tex]O_{3}[/tex] x1 formula unit of (N[tex]H_{4}[/tex][tex])_{2}[/tex]C[tex]O_{3}[/tex]

= 7.83 x [tex]10^{23}[/tex]O atom.

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A natural resource found in nature that humans use may be coal, which is a non-renewable fossil fuel obtained from the earth's crust.

A natural resource can be defined as any material and or energy obtained from the environment and available to be used to achieve a particular objective.

Natural resource bay be finite such as occurs with fossil fuels (i.e., coal, sedimentary rocks from the earth's crust, natural gases, etc) or also they can be obtained in reversible ways and therefore in an infinite amount (e.g. the energy from the sun or the eolic energy, which are renewable sources of energy)

Therefore, with this data, we can see that a natural resource is any type of piece of matter or also different types of energies that can be renewables and not renewables such as occur with eolic energy and coal, respectively.

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The burning of fossil fuels contributes to acid rain (option C).

Acid rain is rain which is unusually acidic (pH of less than the natural range of 5 to 6) caused mainly by atmospheric pollution with sulphur dioxide and nitrogen compounds.

Fossil fuels are fuel derived from hydrocarbon deposits such as coal, petroleum, natural gas and, to some extent, peat.

These fuels are non-renewable, and their burning generates the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide.

Therefore, burning of fossil fuels lead to the formation of acid rain.

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A radical is a reactive intermediate with a single unpaired electron, formed by homolysis of a covalent bond.

When two or more atoms interchange one or more pair of electrons, a covalent connection is created. These electrons are simultaneously being drawn to the two nuclei. A covalent bond is created when the difference between electronegativity values of the two atoms is too small for an electron transfer to occur and produce ions.

Two atoms share an electron pair in a covalent link, a type of chemical bond. The covalent link is also known as a molecular bond. Covalent bonding is the force of attraction or repulsion between two atoms when they share a pair of electrons or a bonding pair.

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The complete question is -

Select the keyword or phrase that will best complete each sentence.

Key word - paired, unpaired

A radical is a reactive intermediate with a single unpaired electron, formed by homolysis of a covalent bond.

Answer: Dishwashing liquid

Explanation: Dishwashing soap is the best emulsifier and its very affordable as well.

The best emulsifier among the following is dishwashing liquid. The correct option is b.

What is an emulsifier?

An emulsifier is a substance that contains a molecule that prefers to be in oily circumstances at one end and in a water environment at the other. Mayonnaise, for example, is an emulsifier found in egg yolks.

The majority of emulsifiers used to come from both natural and synthetic sources. Emulsifiers generally reduce lipid surface tension by aiding in the digestion of lipid molecules.

As emulsifiers, various materials could be added to the vinaigrette. They are included to help a quick and uncomplicated preparation. A nice vinaigrette recipe with better emulsifying ingredients can include: olive oil (1 part), 2 parts seasoned rice vinegar, Dijon mustard, and honey.

Therefore, the correct option is b. dishwashing liquid.

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The formal charge of (CH3)3NO by considering its resonance Oxygen, -1; Nitrogen, +1.

How to calculation formal charge?

The hypothetical charge that an atom in a molecule would have if the electrons in the bonds were distributed uniformly among the atoms is known as the formal charge. Another way to state this is that formal charge is created by subtracting the nonbonding electrons from the amount of valence electrons on a neutral atom, followed by the number of bonds that connect that atom to other atoms in the Lewis structure.

As a result, we determine formal charge as follows:

Formal charge:= # electrons in the free valence shell of the atom,- # lone pair electrons, -1/2 # bonding electrons.

By calculating the formal charges for the entire structure, we can double-check our results. The total formal charge of every atom in a molecule must be zero, and the total formal charge of an ion must be equal to the ion's charge.

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After the reaction the molecules of hydrogen and nitrogen are not left, only ammonia is 4 left.

What is molecules?

Even the smallest particle of a substance contains all of its physical and chemical properties. One or more atoms build up molecules.

What is reaction?

During a chemical reaction, one or more chemicals, sometimes referred to as "reactants," are transformed into one or more new compounds, sometimes referred to as "products." Both chemical components and elements are substances.

nitrogen gas = N2(g) --> 2 molecules 2N2(g)

hydrogen gas = H(g) --> 6 molecules 6H2(g)

ratio is;

N2 + 3H2 = 2NH3

assume 100% reaction so

2 molecules of N2 react to form 2*2 = 4 molecules of NH3

6 molecules of H2 react to form  = the same 4 molecules of NH3

so

molecules of H2 left = 6-6 = 0 left

molecules of N2 left = 2-2 = 0 left

molecules of NH3 formed = 0 + 4 = 4 molecules of NH3 left.

Therefore, after the reaction the molecules of hydrogen and nitrogen are not left, only ammonia is 4 left.

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