Scientists have discovered a new marine bacterial species called Vibrio nuigii. They have isolated ten strains of this bacterium and determined their whole genome sequences. Only one of the strains (which the scientists named Vir1) is virulent and causes disease in oysters. Describe three ways in which the scientists could use their knowledge of the bacterial genome sequences to identify the genes responsible for virulence.

Answers

Answer 1

Answer:

1-by transfecting small interfering RNAs against target genes of interest

2-by using comparative genomics strategies in order to infer functional relationships among target genes of interest and homologous genes responsible for virulence in other bacteria (e.g., antibiotic resistance genes)

3- by inducing mutations through site-directed mutagenesis in order to study gene function (i.e., by examining the effects of knockout mutations)

Explanation:

Whole-genome sequencing (WGS), also known as complete genome sequencing, refers to Next Generation Sequencing technologies that allow the obtention of the entire genetic sequence of an organism/cell, which can be used as a reference genome to understand gene function, evolutionary relationships, etc. The information provided by WGS technologies allows making many different types of genetic analyses in order to understand gene function. First, the nucleotide reference sequence can be used to design complementary small interfering RNAs that trigger degradation of target messenger RNAs (mRNAs) by the RNA interference (RNAi) pathway, thereby inhibiting gene function (in this case, inhibiting genes associated with virulence in the bacterial strain). Second, a reference genome is required to perform bioinformatic data analyses in order to identify homologous genes associated with virulence in evolutionarily related bacteria, allowing identify, for example, antibiotic resistance genes or sequence polymorphisms (e.g., single nucleotide polymorphisms, SNPs) associated with gene function. Third, the information provided by a reference genome can also be used to trigger site-directed mutagenesis (for example, by using the highly precise CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing technology) in order to knock out specific genes of interest and thus analyze if the bacterial strain is still infectious.


Related Questions

1. identify the organelle that regulates cell function and contains the dna

A. Nucleus

B. mitochondria

C. golgi apparatus

D. cell membrane

Answers

Answer:

the organelle that regulates cell function and contains the DNA is a nucleus

What is a complete offspring

Answers

The product of the reproductive processes of an animal or plant : young, progeny The disease can be transmitted from parent to offspring. b : child a mother of numerous offspring.

Schools almost over, good luck!!

Answer:

Offspring is defined as a human child or animal child, or the children of a family for many years. An example of an offspring is the cub of two lions at the zoo. An example of offspring is how a father refers to all his descendants. The definition of an offspring is a result.

Explanation:

hope this helps

PLEASE HELP- Which step in developing a
balanced ration involves
determining what feedstuffs are
available in your location?

Answers

Answer:

1

Explanation:

step 1 because it shows locations

Ecologists are interested in quantifying different kinds of biodiversity. In below study outlined here, which kind of biodiversity are ecologists studying?

Ecologists establish 20 small areas, called plots, randomly scattered across a California grassland. They count the number of different plant species present in each plot. By noting how many species appear in the plots, the ecologists are able to estimate the number of species in the entire grassland.

a. Genetic diversity
b. Functional diversity
c. Ecosystem diversity
d. Species diversity

Answers

Answer:

d. Species diversity

Explanation:

The species diversity can be measured by:

Species richness: Refers to the number of species are inhabiting a defined area. Species abundance: Describe the distribution of the species abundance.

Species richness is the number of species present in a sample, within a community, habitat or microhabitat, ecosystem, landscape, region or any well-defined spatial unit. It is a metric for measuring biodiversity which simplicity and easy interpretation make it a standard metric.  It is the simplest and straightforward measure of biodiversity. It is just a count of species, with no need for abundance data. In some cases, this can be the cause of criticism, as it ignores information about the species-abundance distribution.    

Match the answer with the statement about promoters and enhancers. Group of answer choices Responsible for regulating translation. [ Choose ] Transcription machinery does not assemble at _______________.

Answers

Answer:

Neither

Chromatin

Explanation:

Both promoters and enhancers are generally regulating transcription. They are not regulating in translation. They are not responsible for regulation in translation.  

Transcription machinery assemble at naked eukaryotic DNA. They do not assemble at DNA chromatin.

Which organism is most abundant in the Terrestrial food chain

Answers

The primary producers

convention cells hbnmb,

Answers

Answer:

convention cells

Explanation:

In the field of fluid dynamics, a convection cell is the phenomenon that occurs when density differences exist within a body of liquid or gas. These density differences result in rising and/or falling currents, which are the key characteristics of a convection cell. When a volume of fluid is heated, it expands and becomes less dense and thus more buoyant than the surrounding fluid. The colder, denser part of the fluid descends to settle below the warmer, less-dense fluid, and this causes the warmer fluid to rise. Such movement is called convection, and the moving body of liquid is referred to as a convection cell. This particular type of convection, where a horizontal layer of fluid is heated from below, is known as Rayleigh–Bénard convection. Convection usually requires a gravitational field, but in microgravity experiments, thermal convection has been observed without gravitational effects.

In an energy pyramid, the lowest level has: a) less energy than the top level. b) less energy than the second level. c) more energy than the top level. d) the same amount of energy as the second level.​

Answers

Answer:

I believe the answer would be B because if I'm sure the bottom is grain which has higher levels in grain and glucose I believe and that doesn't produce energy . The second level is meat and that has protein which give us strength.

5 The systolic blood pressure reading of 140-159 the systolic blood pressure reading of 140 - 159 is what stage of Hypertension?
A Stage 2
B Stage 1
C Stage 3
D High Normal

Answers

Answer:

B. Stage 1

Explanation:

Systolic blood pressure is less than 120 mm Hg and Diastolic less than 80 mm Hg so it is considered as normal. Pre-Hypertension occurs when the Systolic blood pressure is 120 - 139 and Diastolic pressure is 80 - 89. Stage 1 Hypertension is considered when the Systolic blood pressure is 140 - 159 and Diastolic blood pressure is 90- 99. If the Systolic blood pressure is greater than 160 it is considered as Stage 2 Hypertension.

Please explain how shade-adapted plants tend to differ from sun-adapted plants, using the terms: specific leaf area, dark respiration, root mass fraction, leaf lifespan.

Answers

Answer:

Thickness and number of chlorophyll.

Explanation:

Shade-adapted plants differ from sun-adapted plants due to many characteristics such as thickness and number of chlorophyll. Sun leaves are more in thickness than shade leaves because they develop longer palisade cells. Shade leaves generally have more chlorophyll as compared to sun-adapted plants. Specific leaf area and root mass fraction of Shade-adapted plants are higher as compared sun-adapted plants due to large number of chlorophyll to harvest more sunlight for photosynthesis. Dark respiration is higher in sun-adapted plants when there is darkness as compared to shade-adapted plants which produce food in no direct sunlight.

PLS HELP 40 POINTS

Which of the following statements correctly compares sex-linked disorders between males and females?

Sex-linked disorders affect females more often than males because females have no X chromosomes.
Sex-linked disorders affect males more often than females because males have only one X chromosome.
Sex-linked disorders affect females more often than males because females have only one Y chromosome.
Sex-linked disorders affect males more often than females because males have only one Y chromosome.

Answers

Answer:

i have no idea what this means i kinda need more details but ill say it maybe is Sex-linked disorders affect males more often than females because males have only one X chromosome. but im not really sure

Explanation:


It’s tricky to develop a vaccine for the common cold
because:

Answers

The development of vaccines for the common cold has been difficult because of antigenic variability of the common cold virus and the indistinguishable multiple other viruses and even bacteria acting as infective agents.

Hunter is on a waiting list for a kidney transplant after his kidneys shut down and he went into renal failure. What can help keep Hunter alive by filtering his blood until he receives his transplant? chemotherapy antibiotics dialysis ultrasounds

Answers

Answer: C: dialysis

Explanation:

c. dialysis

Answer:

c

Explanation:

which of the following elements is most likely to be the least reactive?
A. a group of 2 element
B. a group of 17 element
C an element with 1 valence electron
D an element with 8 valence electrons

Please help1!1

Answers

Answer:

D

Explanation:

8 valence electrons means it is stable, so it will not need to lose or gain electrons

13. Which kingdom is known as a decomposer? A. Fungi B. Plantae C. Protista D. Animalia Dentisthenia​

Answers

Answer:

fungi

Explanation:

.......................

Answer:

I think it's D

Explanation:

Have a Nice Day

Please answer only if you know this is a final 

Answers

Answer:

ecosystem

Explanation:

New Zealand is one of the most geologically active places on Earth. Earthquakes, volcanoes and geysers commonly occur throughout the region. What most likely causes these to happen throughout New Zealand? (SC.7.E.6.7)

Answers

The third answer because I was taught this information

Which factors can lead to a mass movement?

Answers

Answer:

Such factors include: weathering or erosional debris cover on slopes, which is usually liable to mass movement; the character and structure of rocks, such as resistant permeable beds prone to sliding because of underlying impermeable rocks; the removal of the vegetation cover, which increases the slope's susceptibility ..

Explanation:

Answer:

Explanation:

Weathering or erosional debris cover on slopes, which is usually liable to mass movement; the character and structure of rocks, such as resistant permeable beds prone to sliding because of underlying impermeable rocks; the removal of the vegetation cover, which increases the slope's susceptibility

What is thought to have caused the ice ages?

A) Earth's precession
B) Earth's tilt
C) Earth's rotation
D) Earth's magnetic field

Answers

C-earths rotation I believe that’s the answer

Answer:

A) Earth's precession

Explanation:

Earth's precession is the movement of Earth that acts like a cone.

Earth has three movements: rotation, revolution and precession.

(equinoctial precession)

Which statement correctly identifies the types of macromolecules that are described?

Answers

Answer:

macromolecules are the molecules that we can not see by the eye

Explanation:

What should I do more, that's all I know about macromolecules

wood burning
cooking an egg
making Kool Aid
water boiling
copper plating a nail
melting sand to make glass

are these chemical or physical changes​

Answers

These are physical change examples

In fruit flies, the phenotype for eye color is determined by a certain locus. E indicates the dominant allele and e indicates the recessive allele. The cross between a male wild-type fruit fly and a female white-eyed fruit fly produced the following offspring.

Wild Type Male Wild Type Female White-eyed Male White-eyed Female Brown-eyed Female
F1 Generation 0 45 55 0 1

The wild-type and white-eyed individuals from the F1 generation were then crossed to produce the following offspring.

Wild Type Male Wild Type Female White-eyed Male White-eyed Female Brown-eyed Female
F2 Generation 23 31 22 24 0

Required:
a. Determine the genotypes of the original parents (P generation) and explain your reasoning.
b. Use a Chi-squared test on the F2 generation data to analyze your prediction of the parental genotypes.

Answers

Answer:

The genotypes of the original parents are

Male: X⁺Y   Female: X⁻X⁻

The Chi-square analysis leads us to accept the prediction of the parental genotypes.

Explanation:

Due to technical problems, you will find the complete explanation in the attached files.

(a) The genotypes for the original parents (P generation) are

Male: X⁺Y  

Female: X⁻X⁻

(b) The prediction of the parental genotype is accepted by the Chi-squared test analysis.  

What is the eye color pattern in fruit flies?

Drosophila Melanogaster is a fruit fly with abnormally big, brightly colored eyes.

The range in color from red to sepia to white reveals a lot about the genetic makeup of the fly.

(a)  E = + ⇒ Dominant allele coding for wild-type eyes

     e = - ⇒ Recessive allele coding for white eyes

Now, Crossing the : male wild-type with a female white-eyed

(Parental)   =  X⁺Y x X⁻X⁻

(Phenotype) =   wild   white

(Gametes)  =    X⁺ Y X⁻ X⁻

(Punnett square)  =  X⁺ Y

X⁻   =  X⁺X⁻  X⁻Y

X⁻   =  X⁺X⁻   X⁻Y

In (F1)generation = 2/4 = 1/2 = 50% of the progeny are expected to be wild-type females.

And 2/4 = 1/2 = 50% of the progeny are expected to be white-eyed males.

Thus, the percentages are almost 50:50, as the expected ones.

So, the genotypes of the original parents are

Male:      X⁺Y

Female:  X⁻X⁻

(b) Using Chi-squared test :

Observed fruit fly type:

Wild Type Male - 25

Wild Type Female - 31

White-eyed Male - 22

White-eyed Female - 24

Expected fruit fly type:

Wild Type Male - 25

Wild Type Female - 25

White-eyed Male - 25

White-eyed Female - 25

Now, chi square [tex]= \sum\dfrac{(O- E)^2 }{E}[/tex]

By putting numbers in the formula, we are getting

Wild Type Male - 0.16

Wild Type Female - 1.44

White-eyed Male - 0.36

White-eyed Female - 0.04

Now, X² = 0.16 + 1.44 + 0.36 + 0.04 = 2

Critical value = 7.82

X² (2) < critical value (7.82)

Thus, this is the evidence to accept the given hypothesis.

Learn more about fruit flies here:

https://brainly.com/question/7274152

What does the flagella do in a euglenoid?

Answers

Answer:

Euglena move by a flagellum (plural ‚ flagella), which is a long whip-like structure that acts like a little motor. The flagellum is located on the anterior (front) end, and twirls in such a way as to pull the cell through the water. It is attached at an inward pocket called the reservoir.

ANSWER FOR BRAINLIEST

Look at the image below.

Answers

Y is the best graph represented
the answer will be C. (Y)

An electric current is generated when a coil of wire passes through a magnetic
field. A device for detecting this current is a
1 generator
2 turbine
3 calorimeter
4 galvanometer​

Answers

Answer: Galvanometer

Identify the complementary strand of DNA with the sequence: ACC GTA TCG

1.) GTT ACG CTA
2.) ACC GTA TCG
3.) CAA TGC GAT
4.) TGG CAT AGC

Answers

Answer:

4

Explanation:

because it's there opposite letter

Answer:

4 b.c a is equal with t and g is equal to c

What impact Can land use and land zoning have on soil fertility, and subsequently on food production?

Answers

Answer:

The main consequences of inappropriate land use changes are land degradation and soil quality deterioration through loss of vegetative cover, top soil moisture, infiltration capacity, water storage, soil organic matter, fertility, resilience, natural regeneration capacity, and a lower water table, factors that are ...

hope it Helps U

please mark me as brainlist

write a paragraph summary about the differences between amphibians and mammals (humans).

Answers

Answer:

Mammals give birth to live young, whereas the birth of amphibians takes place externally. Mammals are warm-blooded, while amphibians are cold-blooded. Mammals can live in all habitats, unlike amphibians, and have muted colors. Some amphibians can regenerate their limbs.

All of these children (including the fraternal twin sisters in the front row)
are the biological children of the two parents in the middle of the picture.
Based on everything that you have learned in this unit, explain why these
brothers and sisters do not look exactly alike. Include the processes of cell
division and the rules of genetics in your answer.

Answers

Answer:

Explanation:

Because in the fetus stages of fraternal twins two different eggs get fertilized. Therefore, genetics won't be the same for both twins. But if they were identical twins the fertilized egg was to divide and the two zygotes would've carried the same genetics of each other.

cardiovascular anatomy describe the operation of the heart and vessels. true\false​

Answers

Explanation:

true

I hope this helps u

//^

Answer:

susieiwiiuw7wuwiwiwiwususususu

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