Question 1-1
Which word most accurately represents a medium?
A.radio
B.sound
C.space
D.time

The pressure in a 17.0-L cylinder filled with 46.5 g of oxygen gas at a temperature of 320 K is 2.26 atm.

IDEAL GAS LAW:

The pressure of a given gas can be calculated by using the ideal gas law equation as follows:

PV = nRT

Where,

P = Pressure

V = Volume

n = Number of moles

R = Gas law constant (0.0821 molK/Latm)

T = Temperature

Given,

V = 17 L

T = 320 K

R (Gas constant) = 0.0821

According to this question, a 17.0- l cylinder filled with 46.5 g of oxygen gas at a temperature of 320 K.

The number of moles of the oxygen gas (O₂) = 46.9g ÷ 32g/mol = 1.46mol

∴ PV = nRT

P × 17 = 1.46 × 0.0821 × 320

⇒17P = 38.357

⇒P = 38.357 ÷ 17

⇒P = 2.26 atm

Therefore, the pressure in a 17.0-L cylinder filled with 46.5 g of oxygen gas at a temperature of 320 K is 2.26 atm.

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The gravitational pull from the earth is lower at the equator than that at the poles. That's why we experience lesser weight in equator than at poles.

Gravitation is a kind force by which an object attracts other objects into its centre of mass. The gravitational force is dependant on the mass of the objects and distance between them.

We are all standing on the ground because of the gravitational pull by the earth. Hence, we feel a weight here and not space where there is no gravitation.

The gravitational force by earth varies in each latitudes. It will maximum at poles and minimum in equator. Therefore, the apparent weight of an object will be slightly less there.

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The energies of the states of the hydrogen atom with n=2 and n=3, and  the wavelength of the photon emitted by the atom is 656 nm.

The energy of the states of the hydrogen atom is given :

En = - ( 13.6 / n² )  eV

for n= 2 , it is given as :

En = - ( 13.6 / n² )  eV

En = - ( 13.6 / 2² )  eV

for n = 3 , it is given as :

En = - ( 13.6 / 3² )  eV

the electron jump between these two state the energy of photon emitted is :

E = | -3.4 eV - ( - 1.52 eV |

   = 1.89 eV

the energy of photon is given as :

E = h c / λ

λ = h c / E

λ = ( 6.626 × 10⁻³⁴ J.s× 3 × 10⁸ m/s ) / 1.89 × 1.6 × 10⁻¹⁹ J

λ = 656 nm

Thus, The energies of the states of the hydrogen atom with n=2 and n=3, and  the wavelength of the photon emitted by the atom is 656 nm.

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All of the given options are correct and define the chemical properties of materials.

A. Materials that have a low melting point would be dangerous to use when temperatures are hot- Low melting points are very beneficial for a number of reasons, but they also unfavorably have a propensity to be poisonous or radioactive, Low bond energy and non-close packed crystal formations are common characteristics of metal elements with low melting points.

B. Flammable materials would be dangerous to use near fire -Fires are easily started by flammable materials. They can exist as solids, liquids, or gases. Liquid petroleum gas (LPG), paints, varnishes, and lacquers are typical flammable substances encountered in workplaces. Flammable materials present significant

C. A material's reactivity affects how long it will last under certain conditions- The less reactive a reactant is, the more stable it is. This implies that the rate of reaction will be slower the more stable the reactant. 2. Product Stability/Reactivity: The product's formation will be more advantageous the more stable the product is.

D.  A material's ability to break or bend affects how well it will work for certain uses. A material's tensile strength, often known as its capacity to withstand being pulled apart by opposing forces, is the maximum tension load it can withstand before breaking. It is the highest strength a metal may acquire during a tension test, also known as ultimate strength.

Hence, all of the given options define chemical properties of materials.

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Three 5-l flasks fixed with pressure gauges and small valves and each contain 4 g of gas at 273k, flask a contains H2, flask b contains He and and flask c contains CH4.

Force of all the gas particle or wall collisions divided by the area of the wall is called pressure.

a)  Rank of pressure:

according to formula PV = nRT and when n = m/Mw

PV = m/Mw * R*T

when we have the same mass m and  V volume so P will be proportional to the mole weight M such that when M is smaller, then the pressure will be greater

Given,  Mw of H2(A) = 2 g ,Mw of He (B) = 4 g , Mw of CH4(C) = 16 g Pressure is :

(A) > (B) > (c)

B) The rank of average molecular kinetic energy:

K = 3/2 KB T

where K is the average kinetic energy per molecule of gas

KB is Boltzmann's constant

and T is the temperature

from this equation, we know that K only depends on T, and when we have the T constant here for A, B, and C, then the rank of K will be :

A = B = C

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Answer: check out the image

Explanation: check out the image

The radioactive element has a half-life of one million years, while the rock is three million years old. (An option)

The quantity of protons an atom has is the distinguishing characteristic that gives it away. A particle devoid of protons is therefore not an atom. But even one single proton makes up an atomic (of hydrogen). Atoms include solitary particles of the periodic table's elements like sodium, plutonium, argon, and chlorine.

Hydrogens, carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen make up the vast majority of the molecules in your body. The other elements necessary for life are also present in much lesser quantities in you.

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According to the molecular geometry, if carbon is central atom and is sp³ hybridized then it is attached to four other atoms.

Molecular geometry can be defined as a three -dimensional arrangement of atoms which constitute the molecule.It includes parameters like bond length,bond angle and torsional angles.

It influences many properties of molecules like reactivity,polarity color,magnetism .The molecular geometry can be determined by various spectroscopic methods and diffraction methods , some of which are infrared,microwave and Raman spectroscopy.

They provide information about geometry by taking into considerations the vibrational and rotational absorbance of a substance.Neutron and electron diffraction techniques provide information about the distance between nuclei and electron density.

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The new volume of CO when its pressure increase from 10.0kPa to 70.0 kPa will be 0.571mL

We know that, Volume and pressure are not inversely proportional to one another, in contrast to the P-T and V-T correlations. Instead, P and V show inverse proportionality, which means that as pressure rises, gas volume falls. In math, this can be expressed as:

P₁V₁= P₂V₂

10× 4= 70V₂

40 = 70  V₂

V₂ = 40/70

V₂ = 0.571 mL

When held at a fixed temperature, the volume of a given quantity of gas is inversely proportional to the pressure at which it is measured.

So, the final volume of the Carbon monoxide sample will be 0.571mL.

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The entropy change of the water during this process is 5.4634KJ/K

Given:The volume of saturated liquid water in cylinder=5l

Pressure=150kpa

Q(added)=2100kg

At 150kpa,temperature is same as atm presuure=384.37k

[tex]Q=420KJ/KG[/tex]

[tex]Entropy=Q(added)/T[/tex]

[tex]Entropy=2100/384.37[/tex]

[tex]Entropy=5.4634 KJ/K[/tex]

Give the formula for entropy change.

Change in entropy ΔS = ΔQ/T.

What is the entropy change?

Entropy Change can be described as a shift in a thermodynamic system's state of disorder caused by the conversion of heat or enthalpy into work. Entropy is higher in a system with a high degree of disorderliness.

Thus, the entropy change of water during this process is 5.4634KJ/K

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The structure containing a four carbon linear chain with an o h group on the third carbon IUPAC name is butan-3-ol.

What is IUPAC's name?

The IUPAC nomenclature is the standardized name given to organic compounds using official naming rules.

What are the four parts of an IUPAC name?

The systematic IUPAC name of an organic compound consists of four parts: Root word, Suffix(es), Prefix(es), and infix.

What is the structure of 3 butanol?

The structure of butan-3-ol is attached below.

Thus, the IUPAC name for a structure containing a four-carbon linear chain with an o h group on the third carbon is Butan-3-ol.

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The gallium metal melt in a person's hand because the gallium atoms will increase in temperature at its melting point.

What is melting point?

The melting point also called as liquefaction is the process by which the solid substance turns into liquid upon giving heat energy. There is equilibrium established between the solid and liquid phase during melting of a substance.

The gallium metal has low melting point and upon touching a person's hand the atoms heat up and there is increase in temperature which is enough to melt it. The atoms heat up and liquify as it reaches its melting point.

Therefore, when the gallium metal is kept on a person's hand the atoms heat up and melt upon reaching its melting point.

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From the calculation, the enthalpy of the reaction is  -56.8 kJ/mol.

We know that the enthalpy has to do with the energy that may have been absorbed or evolved in a reaction. We know that in the case of the reaction that we have, the reaction occurs as follows; [tex]NaOH(aq) + HCl(aq) ---- > H_{2} O(l) + NaCl[/tex]

The we have the following;

Number of moles acid = 1 M * 100/1000 = 0.1 moles

Number of moles of the base = 1 M * 100/1000 = 0.1 moles

In this case the reacting moles of the acid and the base are equal

Mass of the acid solution = 100 g

Mass of the base solution = 100 g

Total mass of the solution = 200 g

We then have the heat as;

H = mcdT

m = mass of the solution'

c = Heat capacity of the solution

dT = temperature change

Now;

H = 200  * 4.18 * (26.1 - 19.3)

H = 5.68 kJ

Then the enthalpy of the reaction is; -(5.68 kJ)/0.1 moles

= -56.8 kJ/mol

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The reactions are in order which includes combustion reaction, Hydration reaction, oxidation reaction, and displacement reaction.

a) A combustion reaction is a chemical reaction between a fuel and an oxidant where heat is released. The combustion reaction example is given below. It is a balanced chemical reaction.

2C₃H₆(g) + 9O₂(g) --------> 6CO₂(g) + 6H₂O(g)

b. A hydration reaction is a chemical reaction in which a molecule of water is added to another molecule. Here Aluminum oxide is added to water to form aluminum hydroxide.

4Al₂O3(s) + 6H₂O(l)------> 2Al(OH)3(s)

c. When a metal reacts with oxygen, the metal forms an oxide. Oxide is a compound of metal and oxygen. Here lithium metal reacts with oxygen to form lithium oxide.

2Li(s) + O₂(g)-----> Li₂O(s)

d. A displacement reaction is one in which a more reactive element displaces a less reactive element from a compound. Here Zinc is more reactive than silver, so silver was displaced to form Zinc Nitrate.

Zn(s) + 2AgNO₃(aq) -----> 2Ag(s) + Zn(NO₃)₂(aq)

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162.35 degree celcius is the new temperature of the gas in oc.

What is ideal gas law ?

The ideal gas law (also called the perfect gas law), the relationship between the pressure P, volume V, and temperature T of a gas in the boundary region between low pressure and high temperature. Gas molecules move almost independently. each other.

PV = nRT, where n is the number of moles of gas and R is the universal (or perfect) gas constant, 8.31446261815324 joules/kelvin/mol (the universal gas constant is defined as Avogadro's number NA multiplied by Boltzmann's constant k) . ) In the International System of Units, energy is measured in joules, volume in cubic meters (m3), force in newtons (N), and pressure in pascals (Pa). where 1 Pa = 1 N/m2. A force of 1 Newton moving a distance of 1 meter does 1 Joule of work. Therefore, the dimension of both products PV and nRT is work (energy).

Pressure is constant

V1T2 =V2T1

T2=V2T1/V1=162.35 degree C.

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pH of the buffer solution is obtained by Henderson's hasselbalch equation.

Buffer solution is water based solution which consists of a mixture containing a weak acid and a conjugate base of the weak acid.or a weak base and conjugate acid of a weak base.it is a mixture of weak acid and a bae.

The pH of the buffer solution is determined by the expression of the Henderson  hasselbalch equation.

      pH=pKa +  log[(A-)/(HA)]

     Where, pKa =dissociation constant

                   A- = concentration of the conjugate base

                    [HA]= concentration of the acid

 Here, a buffer solution contains 0.418 m of ammonium bromide and 0.242 of ammonia, if 0.0556 moles of sodium hydroxide is added to the225 ml of the buffer.

Initial mole of NH4+ = 0.418m .0.250l=0.104m

Initial mole of NH3= 0.242m .0.250l=0.060m

After addition of 0.0556m of sodium hydroxide, the final mole of NH4 becomes 0.66 and the final mole of NH3 becomes 0.61m.

Final NH4+ = 0.66m/0.225L=2.93 m/l

Final NH3 = 0.61m/0.225l=2.71m/l

Putting all the values in the Henderson hasselbalch equation we find the pH of the buffer solution.

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The option that best describes the flow of carbon between primary producers, consumers and decomposers is, primary producers →consumers → decomposers. Correct answer: letter B.

This is because decomposers break down dead organic matter and return carbon to the atmosphere, which is used by primary producers to create more organic matter.

Carbon is an essential element of life on Earth. All living things are made up of carbon, and the element is found in many different forms in the environment. Carbon cycle is the process by which carbon is exchanged between different reservoirs on Earth. The main reservoirs of carbon include:

The main process that exchanges carbon between these reservoirs is photosynthesis, which is carried out by plants and other primary producers.

Photosynthesis is the process by which plants and other primary producers use sunlight to convert carbon dioxide into organic matter, such as glucose. This organic matter is then used by plants for growth and development, and is also consumed by animals as food. When animals eat plants, or other animals, they break down the organic matter and release carbon dioxide back into the atmosphere. This process is called respiration. Decomposers, such as bacteria and fungi, also play an important role in the carbon cycle by breaking down dead organic matter and releasing carbon dioxide back into the atmosphere.

Which of the diagrams below best depicts the flow of carbon between primary producers, consumers, and decomposers?

Group of answer choices:

A) Decomposers → consumers → primary producers

B) Primary producers → consumers → decomposers

C) Consumers → primary producers → decomposers

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The combustion of 1 mole of butane is 4997 KJ/mol.

Solution:

The balanced chemical equation for 1 mol of pentane: -

CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3 + CO2 ⇒ 5CO2+6H2O

Enthalpy of reaction = Enthalpy of products - Enthalpy of reactants

Enthalpy of reactants = (5 C-C bonds)+(12 C-H bond)+(8 O=O bond) = (5×377KJ)+(12×226KJ)+(8×548KJ) = (1885+2712+4384)KJ = 8981KJ

Enthalpy of products = (5×2 C=O bonds)+(6×2 O-H bond) = (10 × 775) KJ +  (12 × 519) KJ              

= (7750+6228)KJ = 13978 KJ

Enthalpy of reaction = 13978 KJ - 8981 KJ  

= 4997 KJ/mol

The warmth of response is the exchange in the enthalpy of a chemical response that occurs at a constant pressure. it is a thermodynamic unit of dimension useful for calculating the quantity of power in line with the mole either released or produced in a reaction. The reaction enthalpy is calculated by subtracting the sum of enthalpies of all of the reactants from that of the products.

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The pH of the resulting solution is 7.

pH is determined by the concentration of hydronium and hydroxyl ions in a solution. pH is also known as the negative logarithm of hydrogen ion concentration.

     pH determines the acidity and basicity of a given solution. It determines the number of protons that has been released or donated. In the given condition we have.

1.47 molar NH3that has been titrated to 0.20 molar HCL.

       For 20 ml of solution, we get pH of 7.

Therefore, the pH of the give solution is 7.

Titration is used in quantitative tests while maintaining the concentration of the solution. A slight change in color marks the equalizing of volume and concentration.

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A gas phase may not be present in the phosphorus cycle, unlike the other major biogeochemical cycles; however, in some cases, small amounts of phosphoric acid (H3PO4) differ from nitrogen

That do reach the atmosphere can result in acid rain. At least one step of the processes for the elements sulfur, carbon, nitrogen, and water involves the gaseous state. phosphorus cycle and its various derivatives are not gases at Earth's natural temperatures and pressures, so there is an inadequate amount of phosphorus cycle circulating in the atmosphere. Sedimentary soil is the main source of phosphorus.

The movement of phosphorus through the lithosphere, hydrosphere, and nitrogen is referred to as the phosphorus cycle, a sedimentary nitrogen cycle.

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The decrease in mass of the contents of the tube is 6.62 grams.

Chemical reaction is defined as the processes that transform a material or substances chemically to create a new substance or substances with completely different qualities. When atoms' chemical bonds are established or ruptured, chemical processes take place.

Decomposition is defined as one reactant splits into two or more products in a chemical process. Lead nitrate breaks down into hazardous chemicals lead oxide, nitrogen dioxide, and oxygen when heated. As lead nitrate breaks down, lead oxide, nitrogen dioxide, and oxygen are produced.

The mass can be expressed as

Mass = volume x density

The decreases in mass

= 3.31g x 2

= 6.62 g

Thus, the decrease in mass of the contents of the tube is 6.62 grams.

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The equation M1V1 = M2V2 is used to solve problems related to dilution in chemistry

Given data in the question

intial concentration = 200 g/l

final concentration = 50 g/l

volume = 2.00 l

Now we know that

M1V1 = M2V2

where

M1 = initial concentration

M2 = concentration after mixing or diluting

V1 = initial volume,

V2 = total final volume

The equation M1V1 = M2V2 is used to solve problems related to dilution in chemistry

What is dilution?

It is process of decreasing the concentration of a solute in a solution, usually simply by mixing with more solvent like adding more water to solution.”

200 g/l × V = 50 g/l × 2

V = ( 50 × 2 ) / 200

= 0.5 L

Volume of stock required is 0.5L

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Bromobutane and 1-butanol would come in first and second, respectively.

Chromatography's goal is to separate different components of a mixture. Applications can be anything from a straightforward analysis of a compound's purity to a precise breakdown of its constituent parts.

High-performance column chromatography is a distant contender to gas chromatography as the most widely used chromatography technique. This technique is used in many labs because to its effectiveness in moving samples through the apparatus with a high-pressure pump employing a liquid (or solvent) mobile phase.

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The wavelength (in nm) of a photon if the energy is 7.75 ×10⁻¹⁹ J is 255nm

Wavelength is the distance between the two successive crests or troughs of the light wave

Here given data is

E = 7.75 ×10⁻¹⁹ J

We have to calculate wavelength (in nm) = ?

So the formula is

E=hc/λ

E = energy

h = plank constant (h= 6.626 × 10⁻³⁴)

c = speed of light (3.0×10⁸m/s)

Put this values in the formula then

E=hc/λ

7.75 ×10⁻¹⁹ J = 6.626 × 10⁻³⁴×3.0×10⁸m/s/λ

λ = 1.98×10⁻²⁵/7.75 ×10⁻¹⁹

λ = 2.55×10⁻⁴⁵m

λ = 2.55×10⁻⁴⁵m×1×10⁹nm/1m

λ =255nm

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Suppose that the coding region of a gene contains 1,800 base pairs, with 570 in exon 1, with 420 in exon 2, and with 810 in exon 3 (not counting the stop codon).

Protein in a splice variant of this gene in which exon 2 was spliced out would be composed of 460 amino acids.

The section of a gene's DNA or RNA that codes for proteins is referred to as the coding region of a gene, often known as the coding sequence (CDS).

Coding RNAs are mRNAs that produce protein 1, which is used to make a variety of things like enzymes, cell structures, and signal transducers. Without encoding proteins, non-coding RNAs regulate biological processes.

The coding region of a gene is the second area that is frequently altered in transgenes. The coding information that specifies the amino acid sequence of the protein to be synthesized is located in this area. The protein's form and hence its function are determined by the amino acid sequence.

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In acetic acid molecule, there are seven sigma bonds and one pi bond.

We know that the chemical bonds that are found in a substances are responsible for the joining of the atoms of the substance together. This implies that a bond is said to be formed any time that two atoms have been joined together in a molecule.

In this case, we have a molecule of acetic acid. There are several bonds that are formed as the atoms that form the acetic acid are being joined together. These bonds fall into two categories, the sigma bonds and the pi bonds.

The sigma bond are the bonds that are single bonds while the pi bonds are the bonds that are multiple bonds, we can know the sigma and the pi bonds by a close examination of the molecule as shown.

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Explanation:

It has 5 protons,6 neutrons, 5 electrons.

Answer:

c.the molecules of a gas are in constant random motion