Electrophoresis is a technique commonly used in the lab to separate charged molecules, like DNA, according to size.
Gel electrophoresis is a technique commonly used in laboratories to separate charged molecules like DNA?, RNA? and proteins? according to their size.
Charged molecules move through a gel when an electric current is passed across it.
An electric current is applied across the gel so that one end of the gel has a positive charge and the other end has a negative charge.
The movement of charged molecules is called migration. Molecules migrate towards the opposite charge. A molecule with a negative charge will therefore be pulled towards the positive end (opposites attract!).
The gel consists of a permeable matrix, a bit like a sieve, through which molecules can travel when an electric current is passed across it.
Smaller molecules migrate through the gel more quickly and therefore travel further than larger fragments that migrate more slowly and therefore will travel a shorter distance. As a result the molecules are separated by size.
Gel electrophoresis and DNA
Electrophoresis enables you to distinguish DNA fragments of different lengths.
DNA is negatively charged, therefore, when an electric current is applied to the gel, DNA will migrate towards the positively charged electrode.
Shorter strands of DNA move more quickly through the gel than longer strands resulting in the fragments being arranged in order of size.
The use of dyes, fluorescent? tags or radioactive? labels enables the DNA on the gel to be seen after they have been separated. They will appear as bands on the gel.
A DNA marker with fragments of known lengths is usually run through the gel at the same time as the samples.
By comparing the bands of the DNA samples with those from the DNA marker, you can work out the approximate length of the DNA fragments in the samples.
How is gel electrophoresis carried out?
Preparing the gel
Agarose gels? are typically used to visualise fragments of DNA. The concentration of agarose used to make the gel depends on the size of the DNA fragments you are working with.
The higher the agarose concentration, the denser the matrix and vice versa. Smaller fragments of DNA are separated on higher concentrations of agarose whilst larger molecules require a lower concentration of agarose.
To make a gel, agarose powder is mixed with an electrophoresis buffer and heated to a high temperature until all of the agarose powder has melted.
The molten gel is then poured into a gel casting tray and a “comb” is placed at one end to make wells for the sample to be pipetted into.
Once the gel has cooled and solidified (it will now be opaque rather than clear) the comb is removed.
Many people now use pre-made gels.
The gel is then placed into an electrophoresis tank and electrophoresis buffer is poured into the tank until the surface of the gel is covered. The buffer conducts the electric current. The type of buffer used depends on the approximate size of the DNA fragments in the sample.
Preparing the DNA for electrophoresis
A dye is added to the sample of DNA prior to electrophoresis to increase the viscosity of the sample which will prevent it from floating out of the wells and so that the migration of the sample through the gel can be seen.
A DNA marker (also known as a size standard or a DNA ladder) is loaded into the first well of the gel. The fragments in the marker are of a known length so can be used to help approximate the size of the fragments in the samples.
The prepared DNA samples are then pipetted into the remaining wells of the gel.
When this is done the lid is placed on the electrophoresis tank making sure that the orientation of the gel and positive and negative electrodes is correct (we want the DNA to migrate across the gel to the positive end).
Separating the fragments
The electrical current is then turned on so that the negatively charged DNA moves through the gel towards the positive side of the gel.
Shorter lengths of DNA move faster than longer lengths so move further in the time the current is run.
The distance the DNA has migrated in the gel can be judged visually by monitoring the migration of the loading buffer dye.
The electrical current is left on long enough to ensure that the DNA fragments move far enough across the gel to separate them, but not so long that they run off the end of the gel.
Illustration of DNA electrophoresis equipment used to separate DNA fragments by size. A gel sits within a tank of buffer. The DNA samples are placed in wells at one end of the gel and an electrical current passed across the gel. The negatively-charged DNA moves towards the postive electrode. Image credit: Genome Research Limited
tank.
A dangerous condition in which the body loses its ability to cool itself through perspiration is:
Answer:
heatstroke
Explanation:
Use the following information to answer the questions below. Two true-breeding stocks of pea plants are crossed. One parent has red, axial flowers and the other has white, terminal flowers; all F1 Individuals have red, axial flowers. The genes for flower color and location assort independently If 1,000 F 2 Offspring resulted from the cross, approximately how many of them would you expect to have white, terminal flowers?A. 250 B. 1000 C. 100 D. 500 E. 25
Answer:
naur
Explanation:
The genes for flower color and location assort independently If 1,000 F 2 Offspring resulted from the cross, approximately how many of them would you expect to have white, terminal flowers?A. 250 B. 1000 C. 100 D. 500 E. 25
I really need help this is carbon cycle help me label it
Answer:
1.) Photosynthesis
2.) Respiration by plants
3.) Feeding
4.) Death and waste
5.) Respiration by animals
6.) Decomposition
7.) No Decomposition
8.) Combustion
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A mother has type A blood, and the father has type B blood. If their baby has type O blood, what is the genotype of
each parent?
Answer:
rho negative, and rho positive both of these do not mix. The positive broke down to make an A+
Explanation:
my mom told me thats how her blood type can to be. she is a cna
The father is BO and the mother is A0 .Can a mother with type A blood and a father with type B blood have a child with genotype 0 blood?
What is genotype?An organism's genotype is still made up of most of its genetic components. A child having blood types A, B, AB, even O could result from having an A parent as well as a B parent.
How does a child get blood type O?If mom passes her O and so does dad, then the child will be O which is O type blood. Each parent has a 50% chance of passing down the O gene.
Hence , the correct option is: The father is BO and the mother is A0 https://brainly.com/question/17058567
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how does the cell make proteins inside the ribosome?
Answer:When the cell needs to make a protein, mRNA is created in the nucleus. The mRNA is then sent out of the nucleus and to the ribosomes. When it is time to make the protein, the two subunits come together and combine with the mRNA. The subunits lock onto the mRNA and start the protein synthesis.
At a ribosome, an intercellular structure made of both RNA and protein, the process of making proteins occurs in a cell. The messenger RNA sequence is read by the ribosome, which then converts the genetic code into a specific string of amino acids that develop into extended chains and fold to create proteins.
What are proteins?Proteins are defined as a macro- and large-scale biomolecules that contain one or more long chains of residues from the amino acid.
It is also defined as the results of the process of decoding, which begins with information in cellular DNA.
A protein is a biomolecule made up of peptide bonds that connect the amino acid residues in it.
There are seven types of proteins.
AntibioticsContractile proteinsEnzyme Hormonal proteinsStructural proteinsStorage proteinsTransport proteinsThus, the process of making proteins in a cell takes place at an intercellular structure called a ribosome, which is formed of both RNA and protein. The messenger RNA sequence is read by the ribosome, which then converts the genetic code into a specific string of amino acids that develop into extended chains and fold to create proteins.
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how do you determine if an object will float or sink when placed in water?
Answer:
if the weight force down on the object is more than the upward push of the water then the object will sink, and reversed for rising
Explanation:
i found the answer online lol, hope this helps! :)
The basic pattern of blood flow from the lungs to the rest of the body is:
pulmonary vein; left ventricle; left atrium; vena cava.
O pulmonary artery; left atrium; left ventricle; aorta.
O vena cava; aorta; right ventricle; right atrium.
O pulmonary vein; left atrium; left ventricle; aorta.
Answer: pulmonary vein; left atrium; left ventricle; aorta
Explanation: I just did this question in the final exam of A&P and it was correct, hope this helps:)
The basic pattern of blood flow from the lungs to the rest of the body is: pulmonary vein; left atrium; left ventricle; aorta. The option (B) is correct.
What are pulmonary vessels?Pulmonary veins are blood vessels that carry oxygen-rich blood from your lungs to your heart. Your pulmonary veins are part of your body's pulmonary circuit. This is a system of blood vessels that moves blood between your heart and your lungs. This circuit also includes your pulmonary arteries.
For the exchange of gases to occur effectively, the lungs require a dual vascular supply known as pulmonary and systemic circulations. The pulmonary circulation is responsible for bringing deoxygenated blood from the body to the lungs for gaseous exchange and then returning oxygenated blood to the heart.
There are 4 total pulmonary veins—with 2 pulmonary veins coming from each lung, left and right—that empty into the left atrium of the heart.
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What is commensalism
Answer:
an association between two organisms in which one benefits and the other derives neither benefit nor harm.
Explanation:
in humans, how does the circulatory system bring oxygen to every cell in the body?
Answer:
I found this in a science text, hope it helps.
Explanation:
"Blood from the heart is pumped throughout the body using blood vessels. Arteries carry blood away from the heart and into capillaries, providing oxygen (and other nutrients) to tissue and cells. Once oxygen is removed, the blood travels back to the lungs, where it is reoxygenated and returned by veins to the heart."
Basically, blood from the heart is taken away by arteries and then into capillaries, transferring oxygen to cells.
I hope I could help!
The circulatory system of human body brings about oxygen to the every cell by the help of blood. The heart of human body helps to pump up the blood with oxygen and makes it oxygenated.
What is the size of a human heart ?A size of a human heart is a size of a human fist it has 4 chambers where with 2 auricles and 2 ventricles. The auricles receive the oxygenated blood and the ventricles get the deoxygenated blood.
The human heart is bringing oxygen to the cells of the body where the oxygen combined with the Fe component that is iron of the blood and reaches every cell of the blood through the blood. Blood is transported to every cell of the body through the blood vessels.
Arteries carry the oxygenated blood and ventricles carry the deoxygenated blood where the blood that reaches the cellular level by the veins and the arteries along with the blood vessels that form a network.
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The nuclear equation shows the transmutation of a form of radon into polonium and an alpha particle. In one tho two sentences, explain whether or not the reaction is balanced.
The equation is balanced because the mass and charge are equal on both sides of the reaction equation.
In a nuclear reaction, one nucleus is transformed into another. In this case of the equation shown, the radon nucleus is being transformed into a polonium nucleus with the emission of an alpha particle.
The equation is balanced because a total mass of 219 is found on both sides of the reaction equation and a total charge of 86. Recall that an alpha particle is the same as a helium nucleus with a mass of four units and a charge of two units.
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Human cells have 46 chromosomes. By the end of interphase, how many chromosomes are present in one cell.
Answer:
After replication there are a total of 46 chromosomes, with 92 individual chromatids, in each cell
The duplicity theory of vision holds that a single receptor system cannot produce both high sensitivity and high resolution. What does this theory explain
Given what we know about the Duplicity theory, we can confirm that this theory attempts to explain the functions of the Rods and Cones present in the human eye.
The Duplicity theory of vision aims to provide insight as to the functions of the Rods and Cones in the human eye and how each of these contributes to our everyday vision. The theory also centers around the difference in activity between these two structures.
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which parts of the monomers involved in the dimer formation
Answer:
A dimer (/ˈdaɪmər/) (di-, "two" + -mer, "parts") is an oligomer consisting of two monomers joined by bonds that can be either strong or weak, covalent or intermolecular. The term homodimer is used when the two molecules are identical (e.g. A–A) and heterodimer when they are not (e.g. A–B).
How do atoms of different elements differ?
Answer:
The number of protons in an atom is the defining feature of an atom. It's what makes one element different from another. The number of protons in an atom is called its atomic number. ... All the elements in the universe are arranged according to their atomic number in the periodic table.
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How can the locations where ancient fossils are found to be used as evidence for continental drift?
Answer:
his continental drift
Explanation:
Wegener used fossil evidence to support his continental drift hypothesis. The fossils of these organisms are found on lands that are now far apart. ... Wegener suggested that these creatures were alive in warm climate zones and that the fossils and coal later had drifted to new locations on the continents.
The nucleus signals to the cell that the cell needs to divide. What life function is this an example of?.
Answer:
Reproduction
Explanation:
They are replicating...
Its something like that I wasn't given choices so I tried my best with the given information.
In which process are glucose and oxygen the reactants?
cellular respiration
photosynthesis
ATP production
ADP production
Answer:
Cellular Respiration
Explanation:
Respiration = Glucose + Oxygen -> Water + Carbon Dioxide
cual es el sentido de la vida xd
Answer:
Explanation:
what
Why do parrots mimic people?
Answer:
Parrots are intelligent and highly social animals with long life spans, just like people. ... So a domestically-bred parrot, such as a budgerigar, that mimics its people is doing what wild parrots naturally do: they are learning and repeating sounds made by its family and flock mates, who happen to be people.
Explanation:
Parrot expert Michael Schindlinger of Lesley University explained in Scientific American in 2007 that mimicking helps parrots separate members of their own community from outsiders. It can allow a bird to find its mate and prevent intracommunity conflicts over territory.
The mutation shown in the sequence below can be categorized as which type?
Original DNA sequence:
A T A C G G T A G C A A
T A T G C C A T C G T T
Mutated DNA sequence:
A T C G G T A G C A A
T A G C C A T C G A A(1 point)
insertion mutation
deletion mutation
chromosomal mutation
substitution mutation
Answer:
Deletion
Explanation:
because one base is deleted.
The mutation from A T A C G G T A G C A A to A T C G G T A G C A A is a deletion mutation.
MUTATION:Mutation is referred to as any change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA molecule. Mutation can be of different types namely: deletion mutation, substitution, insertion mutation etc. Deletion mutation is a kind of mutation that involves the removal of one or more nucleotide base from the DNA sequence. According to this question, an original sequence is given as: A T A C G G T A G C A A, mutation occurs and results in the following sequence: A T C G G T A G C A A. Nucleotide base "A" was removed from this sequence, hence, it is an example of deletion mutation.Learn more about deletion mutation at: https://brainly.com/question/6477597?referrer=searchResults
helper t cells secrete ________ to stimulate the proliferation of b cells.
Answer:
Helper T cells are activated when they bind to their target antigen being displayed on an antigen-presenting cell. These cells then release what chemical? Cytokines, which is a chemical that signals B cells and other T cells to activate.
Helper T cells secrete cytokines to stimulate the proliferation of B cells.
What are Helper T- Cells?Helper T cells, also known as CD4+ T cells, are a type of white blood cell that play a critical role in the adaptive immune response. They are called "helper" cells because they help activate and coordinate other cells in the immune system, including B cells and cytotoxic T cells, to mount an effective response against a specific pathogen or foreign substance.
Helper T cells recognize and bind to antigens presented by antigen-presenting cells, such as dendritic cells, and then secrete cytokines that activate and differentiate other immune cells.
They also play a role in regulating the immune response to prevent excessive inflammation and tissue damage. Helper T cell dysfunction or depletion is associated with a number of autoimmune and infectious diseases.
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_____ is the natural, temporary absence of consciousness from which a person can be aroused by normal stimulation.
Answer:
Sleep
Explanation:
What is an allele? View Available Hint(s)for Part A a variety of pea plant used by Mendel an alternative version of a gene the recessive form of a gene the dominant form of a gene a type of chromosome
Answer:
An allele is one of two (or more) versions of a gene. Each individual inherits one allele from each parent. Alleles code for different trait an individual has, such as eye color, skin color, hair type, etc.
Explanation:
Which of the following cells is responsible for maintaining bone and the correct levels of oxygen and minerals?
Answer:
c. Osteocytes
Explanation: is correct
which statement accurately describes the potential effects of disturbance on species diversity?
As a result of higher osmotic gradient outside, ____________ moves out of the thin descending limb of Loop of Henle
Answer:
is it water?
Explanation:
As a result of higher osmotic gradient outside, water moves out of the thin descending limb of Loop of Henle.
What is osmotic potential?Osmotic potential is a component of water potential whose magnitude depends on the amount of solutes present in the solution, with osmotic pressure defined as the pressure necessary to prevent osmosis from occurring.
The loop of Henle (or nephr), in anatomy, is the segment of the nephron that comes just after the proximal convoluted tubule, being a U-shaped tubular structure, with a thick and a thin portion. That can be done with the osmotic potential.
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help maybe pass by ufnfudbfudgs
Answer:
1 I
2 D
3 B
4 F
5 C
6 H
7 A
8 E
9 G
Explanation:
The answers correlates directly down the line. Plug in the answers to the number they are listed
Protein is digested completely in the
Answer:
from the stomach to the small intestine
What are the REACTANTS in
photosynthesis?
A. Sunlight and Water
B.Glucose and Oxygen
C.Carbon Dioxide and Water
Answer: A
Explanation: The reactants of photosynthesis are everything to the left of the "———>" arrow, thus the reactants of photosynthesis are carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight energy. The products of photosynthesis are everything to the right of the "———>" arrow, thus the products of photosynthesis are glucose and oxygen.
Carbon Dioxide, water, and sunlight.
The reactants of photosynthesis are everything to the left of the "———>" arrow, thus the reactants of photosynthesis are carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight energy. The products of photosynthesis are everything to the right of the "———>" arrow, thus the products of photosynthesis are glucose and oxygen.
What is added and removed from ATP/ADP
Answer:
ATP can be hydrolyzed to ADP and Pi by the addition of water, releasing energy. ADP can be "recharged" to form ATP by the addition of energy, combining with Pi in a process that releases a molecule of water.
Explanation:
Basically what the other person said