The proper sequence is antigen given to T lymphocyte, T lymphocyte activation, cytotoxic T cell cloning, and cytotoxic T cell assault of the target cell.
How do T lymphocytes destroy infected cells?In cellular immunity, a killer T cell identifies and kills a virus-infected cell because of the viral antigen on its surface, thus aborting the infection because a virus will not grow within a dead cell.Thus, Cytotoxic T cells kill their targets by programming them to undergo apoptosis.Cytotoxic T cells kill their targets by programming them to undergo apoptosis. When cytotoxic T cells are mixed with target cells and rapidly brought into contact by centrifugation, they can program antigen-specific target cells to die within 5 minutes, although death may take hours to become fully evident.T lymphocytes are the type of immune cells that develop from stem cells in bone marrow and mature and differentiate in thymus.T cells may be either T helper cell (CD8+) or T cytotoxic cells (CD4+).Antibodies are secreted by plasma cells. T cytotoxic cells come in direct contact with infected cell to kill it by secreting the perforins specifically virus infected cells.
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The organelle involved in breaking down other organelles that have outlived their usefulness is the.
The organelle involved in breaking down other organelles that have outlived their usefulness is the lysosome. Lysosomes are spherical organelles found in animal cells that contain a variety of hydrolytic enzymes. These enzymes are capable of breaking down a wide range of biological molecules, including proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids.
Lysosomes are formed by the Golgi apparatus, which packages hydrolytic enzymes into vesicles and transports them to the lysosomes. When a lysosome fuses with another organelle, such as an old or damaged mitochondrion or peroxisome, the hydrolytic enzymes in the lysosome are released and begin to break down the organelle's molecules into smaller building blocks that can be recycled by the cell.
In this way, lysosomes play a critical role in the process of cellular degradation and recycling, helping to maintain the health and function of the cell by removing damaged or unnecessary organelles.
Carotenoids always start out this color, then are changed by chemicals in the body to different colors. What colors do carotenoids produce?
Carotenoids always start out this color, then are changed by chemicals in the body to different colors. Carotenoids produce yellow, orange, red and purple colors.
More than 750 naturally occurring pigments belonging to the class of carotenoids are produced by plants, algae, and photosynthetic microorganisms . Many plants get their yellow, orange, and red colours from these vibrant chemicals. The majority of the 40 to 50 carotenoids contained in the human diet are found in fruits and vegetables.
Carotenoids are tetraterpene pigments that appear in yellow, orange, red, and purple hues. Carotenoids, which are present in algae, some types of fungi and archaea, plants, mammals, and photosynthetic bacteria, are responsible for the majority of the colours in nature.
Antioxidants called carotenoids are good for you since they can boost your immune system and keep you healthy. Vitamin A, which is necessary for growth, the health of the immune system, and the condition of the eyes, can be produced from provitamin A carotenoids.
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a glass capillary is placed into a bowl of liquid. in which scenario is the liquid in the capillary most likely to have a convex meniscus?
The cohesive forces are stronger than the adhesive forces in salad oil.
A convex meniscus takes place whilst the molecules have a stronger enchantment to each apart from the field, as with mercury and glass. A flat meniscus occurs with water in a few styles of plastic tubes constructed from fabric that water does not stick to.
In assessment, a convex meniscus curves upward in case you are looking down into the field and the meniscus curves in your direction of you. maximum drinks have concave menisci because the molecules of those beverages are more strongly attracted to the walls of their field than to each different.
Meniscus lenses are divided into wonderful and bad each is distinguished from other lenses because, by means of definition, have a convex floor and a concave floor. those lenses are often used to shorten or lengthen the focal duration of an optical system that already exists.
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in guinea pigs, having black fur is a dominant trait. a student has a pet guinea pig with white fur. what can be concluded about the guinea pig?
The guinea pig received a dominant gene for black coat color from one parent and a recessive gene for white coat color from the other parent.
A gene is the fundamental physical and purposeful unit of heredity. Some genes act as instructions to make molecules referred to as proteins. But, many genes do now not code for proteins.
Our genes incorporate instructions that inform your cells to make molecules referred to as proteins. Proteins perform various features on our body to keep you healthy. Every gene includes commands that determine your functions, together with eye color, hair shade and height.
Few genes act as commands to make molecules referred to as proteins.In human beings, genes vary in length from a few hundred DNA bases to extra than 2 million bases.
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Give one factor that might cause a species of orchid to become extinct
One factor that might cause a species of orchid to become extinct is habitat loss or destruction.
Orchids are highly specialized plants that often have specific habitat requirements for their survival, including specific soil conditions, light levels, humidity, and the presence of certain pollinators or mycorrhizal fungi.
If the natural habitat of an orchid species is destroyed or altered significantly, the orchids may not be able to adapt or find suitable conditions elsewhere, leading to their decline and potential extinction.
Habitat loss can occur due to various human activities such as deforestation, urbanization, conversion of land for agriculture or infrastructure development, and climate change impacts like changes in precipitation patterns or rising temperatures. These activities can result in the destruction, fragmentation, or degradation of orchid habitats, making them unsuitable for the species' survival.
Furthermore, orchids often have limited dispersal abilities, relying on specific mechanisms like wind, insects, or animals for pollination and seed dispersal. Habitat loss can disrupt these ecological interactions, preventing successful reproduction and limiting the species' ability to colonize new areas.
Conservation efforts, such as habitat preservation, restoration, and protected area management, are crucial in mitigating the risk of orchid extinction caused by habitat loss.
Additionally, raising awareness about the importance of orchid conservation and implementing sustainable land-use practices can help safeguard these delicate and unique plant species.
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What happens to the O2 and CO2 levels when one sprig of Elodea and one snail are put into a test tube with the lights on after 24 hours?
A: Drastic changes with oxygen increasing and carbon dioxide decreasing.
B: Drastic changes with carbon dioxide increasing and oxygen decreasing.
C: Oxygen and carbon dioxide vary slightly, but stay around their original levels.
D: There is no oxygen left in the test tube.
please help with tis i believe its attached below due in 3 days MRS>COGLIATIS CLASS
Answer:im pretty sure the answer is 3
Explanation:
look at the e,d postion
Answer: The post won't show.
Explanation:
Which of the following is NOT a part of adenosine diphosphate?
glucose
ribose
adenine
two phosphate groups
Answer: Glucose isn't part of ADP
Hope this helps :)
Explanation:
Replication of the lagging strand of dna is accomplished by adding new __________. This creates ______________ on the lagging strand.
Replication of the lagging strand of DNA is accomplished by adding new short RNA primers. This creates Okazaki fragments on the lagging strand.
RNA primers are the short strands of RNA of few nucleotides that are essential to begin the synthesis of DNA at the lagging strand during replication. This primers is synthesized using the enzyme called primase. RNA primers provide the binding site for DNA Polymerase.
Okazaki fragments are the short strands of DNA that are synthesized from the RNA primers. These are discontinuous in nature. In prokaryotes the length of Okazaki fragments can be from 1000-2000 nucleotides, while in the eukaryotes, it can rage only for about 100-200 nucleotides.
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NEED HELP ASAP!!!!!
Which statements are causes of global warming?
(Select all that apply.)
A. sulfur gas emissions by human activities
B. carbon dioxide emissions by human activities
C. nitrogen gas emissions by human activities
D. methane gas emissions by farm animals and other life
Answer:
B. Carbon dioxide emissions by human activities and D. Methane gas emissions by farm animals and other life.
Explanation:
Amy run hard during a race. The level of carbon dioxide in her bloodtream increae, becoming higher than normal. — Decribe one way Amy' body i likely to repond. — Explain how thi repone will help to lower level of carbon dioxide in her bloodtream
Amy runs hard during a race. Carbon dioxide levels in her bloodstream rise, becoming higher than normal. Any change in an organism's environment that causes the organism to react.
In physiology, a stimulus is a detectable change in the physical or chemical structure of an organism's internal or external environment. The ability of an organism or organ to detect external stimuli, so that an appropriate reaction can be made, is called excitability sensitivity.He is hungry, so he eats something. A rabbit is scared and runs away. You're cold so you put on a jacket. External stimuli include touch and pain, vision, smell, taste, sound, and balance balance. These sensory stimuli are activated by external changes. Pain is the stimulus that can provoke a greater response from the organism. Homeostasis is the body's ability to maintain a stable internal environment despite a changing external environment. Homeostasis is maintained primarily through negative feedback, when a response to a stimulus keeps a variable close to a set value.
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Genetic variation among humans is relatively small when compared to other species. Where in the human genome does most of the diversity occur?.
Answer:
in single nucleotide-polymorphisms
place the following structures in the correct order that sperm would pass through from the testes to the external urethral orifice.
Sperm go through the ductus deferens, ejaculatory duct, urethra, and epididymis after leaving the testes.
What is the use of sperm?Older studies claim that oxytocin is present in semen. A hormone and neurotransmitter called oxytocin may aid in treating stress-related illnesses. Consuming semen may boost mood because of oxytocin, according to some anecdotal evidence. But oxytocin levels can also rise as a result of sexual engagement.
What effects does the sperm have on your body?Yes, if your partner ejaculates strongly and intensely during unprotected intercourse, you will be able to feel the sperm entering as the ejaculation shoots inside of you. You cannot detect it if your spouse ejaculates seldom. Additionally, the egg and sperm joining together cannot be felt.
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True or FalseHurricanes can diameters of 1500km.
Answer:
true
Explanation:
the record for the largest hurricane currently is the typhoon tip, reaching a diameter of 1,380 miles (2,220km)
Examine the comparison between a eukaryotic cell and a prokaryotic cell. Which two lettered choices provide a comparison of structures that encode genetic information for the cells?.
Organisms called eukaryotes have nuclei and membrane-bound organelles in their cells. Its C and D
What is meant by eukaryotic cell ?Organisms called eukaryotes have nuclei and membrane-bound organelles in their cells. The majority of algae, all animals, plants, fungi, and protists are eukaryotic organisms. Eukaryotes are multicellular or unicellular organisms.
Large and complex creatures are made up of eukaryotic cells, which have a nucleus surrounded by the nuclear membrane. Eukaryotic cells are found in fungi, plants, mammals, and protozoa. They are categorised as belonging to the Eukaryote kingdom.
Eukaryotic cells can also have other organelles outside the nucleus, such as mitochondria, chloroplasts, the endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi apparatus, and lysosomes. Each of these organelles carries out a distinct task that is essential to the survival of the cell
The complete question is : Examine the comparison between a eukaryotic cell and a prokaryotic cell. Which two lettered choices provide a comparison of structures that encode genetic information for the cells? A) A and D B) B and D C) C and D D) None of these choices, as prokaryotic cells do not contain DNA
I am almost certain it is A) a and d) but I need reassurance.
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Differences among individual members of a species are called_
A. fitness
B. natural selection
C. adaptations
D. variations
?
Answer:
D. variations
Explanation:
Differences among individual members of a species are called variations. Variations can refer to differences in physical characteristics, behaviors, or other traits that are present within a species. These variations can be inherited from parents or can arise through mutations or other changes in the genetic material of an individual.
Variations can be important for the process of natural selection, which is the process by which certain traits become more or less common in a population over time based on their impact on an individual's ability to survive and reproduce (fitness). Adaptations are traits that have evolved over time through natural selection and help an individual to better survive and reproduce in a particular environment.
Answer:
D. Variations.
Explanation:
Variation is defined as having any modification caused by environmental factors.
This is exemplified particularly in the Charles Darwin and the finches that he found at Galapagos Island, which essentially had 4 groups of finches with varying size beaks, from the smallest to largest:
1) Green Warbler Finch
2) Small Tree Finch
3) Medium Ground Finch
4) Large Ground Finch.
~
What is found is that, depending on the types of available food, a species may adapt towards eating that particular food source in an effort to keep oneself alive. Any useful traits, therefore, would be passed down through generations, while those who failed to adapt would die out.
However, it is important to note that while variation can be seen, and holds some truth to it, Darwinism theory as a whole is not scientific, as the layering of fossil records does not coincide with the theory itself. Evolution, if it was to have occurred, should evolve in such a way that organisms with similar characteristics should be found in order, rather than modifications found in multiple layers. It is also noteworthy that the Darwinist theory calls for only those who are able to adapt to be able to survive, and that unnecessary traits would, sooner or later, be dropped. However, this is not the case, particularly with humans, as humans take part in many leisurely activities that have no benefit towards one's own survival. Darwin's suggestion is that heritable traits that help organisms survive would be the only ones passed down, but humanity as an example shows that such ideas are in fact not true.
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Which question, if investigated, would best lead to a better understanding of mendel’s law of independent assortment?a. Why did red hair phenotype skip a generation?b. Would other blonde haired individuals also have brown eyes?c. Why did the son inherit red hair form two brown haired parents?d. Which hair color is the dominant phenotype
The correct answer is:
b. Would other blonde haired individuals also have brown eyes?
Mendel's law of independent sorting states that inheritance of one trait is independent of inheritance of other traits. To better understand this law, we ask the following survey questions:
"How do different traits such as hair and eye color segregate and classify independently during gamete (sperm or egg) formation?"
We address the underlying mechanisms of independent sorting, which explain why we skip , or why individuals can inherit certain traits from their parents.
This means that the transmission of one genetic information for one trait, such as hair color, does not interfere with the transmission of genetic information for another trait, such as eye color.
To understand how this works, it helps to know genetics and how traits are passed on from parents to offspring. Our traits are determined by the genes we inherit from our parents. Each gene has different versions called alleles. For example, a gene that determines hair color may have different alleles for brown hair, blond hair, red hair, etc.
During sexual reproduction, gametes (sperm or eggs) produced by an individual contain only one copy of each gene. This is because gametes are formed through a process called meiosis, in which genetic material is separated from the parent cell into separate gametes. When gametes from two individuals come together to form a new individual, the resulting offspring have a combination of genes from both parents.
The way these genes are passed down from generation to generation is governed by the principles of Mendelian inheritance. One of these principles is the Law of Independent Assortment. This means that the transmission of genetic information for one trait, such as hair color, does not interfere with the transmission of genetic information for another trait, such as eye color.
For example, if someone with brown hair and brown eyes mates with someone with blonde hair and blue eyes, their offspring can have any combination of these traits. For example, brown hair and blue eyes, blonde and brown eyes, or blonde and blue eyes. The particular combination of traits an individual inherits is determined by which gametes of each parent come together during fertilization, and this process is random.
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Based upon previous lessons in Metric measurement, what would your mass be on the moon with low gravity if you weigh 100 lbs.? (Hint: 2.2lbs = 1kg) Use conversion factors. __4. What would be the volume (cm3 ) of the 3 marbles if they each have a radius of 0.75cm and were not in the graduated cylinder with water? Assuming that volume of a sphere is V = 4/3 πr3
Answer: 10.5kg
Explanation: 100x2.2/1kg
3
The pedigree below shows several generations of a family in which cystic fibrosis runs. A healthy phenotype is dominant (C), and cystic fibrosis is recessive (c). Shaded individuals have cystic fibrosis. Symbols with question marks have unknown genotypes and phenotypes. Individual 3 must have a genotype of:
A. CC
B. C
C. cc
D. None of the above
Answer:
Cc
Explanation:
since cystic fibrosis is present in their offspring, they must have a recessive
Many eukaryotic cells can be grown in tissue culture in the laboratory. Suppose you have two tissue cultures, one in g1 phase and one in s phase. How would you determine which culture was in g1 and which was in s?.
We can determine which culture was in g1 and which was in s : by looking at the state of DNA molecule and presence of histones, centrioles and spindle fibers.
What do you understand by interphase?Interphase occurs before cell division and it is composed of G1, S and G2 stages.
During G1 stage, cell duplicates in size and also organelles and other cytoplasmatic structures duplicate. High intense biochemical activity is the characteristic of this stage. During S stage, DNA replication process occurs. Synthesis of histones and other associated proteins also occurs at this point.
G2 stage is the final one before cellular division. Slow process of DNA condensation occurs and duplication of centrioles completes.
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an increase in sympathetic nerve activity stimulates constriction of afferent arterioles. put the events in order regarding the sympathetic nerve effects on the glomerular filtration rate.
The increases renin secretion via β-adrenergic receptor stimulation.
The sympathetic anxious gadget prepares the body for the fight or flight reaction all through any potential chance. then again, the parasympathetic nervous machine inhibits the frame from overworking and restores the body to a peaceful and composed kingdom.
The principal capabilities of the sympathetic apprehensive machine are to dilate blood vessels, grow blood strain, settle muscular tissues, secrete sweat from sweat glands, dilate bronchi for more oxygen exchange, and contract of heart which facilitates the frame put together to stand in emergency situations.
The condition is notion to be a malfunctioning of the sympathetic frightened gadget, but some researchers are questioning this. when you consider that RSD most usually follows trauma to the extremities, some conditions that may cause RSD are sprains, fractures, surgical treatment, damage to blood vessels or nerves, and positive brain injuries.
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Imagine a transmembrane molecule that lies in the plasma membrane and acts as a receptor for an extracellular signaling molecule. When the ligand-binding domain is inserted into the er during synthesis of this transmembrane molecule, will it lie on the lumen side of the er or the cytoplasm side?.
The ER lumen will contain the ligand-binding domain, which will also travel through the Golgi in the same direction.
The fusion protein-containing vesicle will leave the trans Golgi network in the last stage of transport and fuse with the plasma membrane, exposing the vesicle lumen to the outside of the cell.
Additionally, given that glycosylation occurs in the ER and Golgi lumen, any oligosaccharide subunits that may have been added to the protein will be found on its extracellular domain.
The other chemicals will be linked to peripheral proteins in an extracellular environment. Peripheral proteins can bind to other molecules even when they lack a transmembrane domain.
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what process ensures that all the tissues and organs of an organism are in their characteristic places where did the molecular clues that control this process arise
Process that ensures tissues and organs are in their characteristic places is pattern formation. Molecular cues that control this is called positional info, provided by cytoplasmic determinants and inductive signals
What do you understand by pattern formation?Pattern formation is the developmental process by which cell acquires different types of identities, depending on relative spatial positions within embryo. Pattern formation makes sure that tissues and organs develop in the correct place and orientation in the body.
Cytoplasmic determinants and inductive signals contribute to the development of a special organization where the tissues and organs of organisms are in their characteristic places.
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what is the chemical nature of matter
pls help and ill mark brainly
Students are using cubes to model how surface area to volume ratio impacts cellular homeostasis. The students have created two models of equal size. Model A is one solid cube. Model B is a cube composed of nine smaller cubes. Each cube represents a cell. Which cube would have difficulty maintaining homeostasis?
A) Model A because the larger surface area to volume ratio of the cell makes moving
nutrients and waste into and out of the cell more difficult.
B) Model B because the smaller surface area to volume ratio of the cells makes
moving nutrients and waste into and out of the cells more difficult.
C) Model B because the larger surface area to volume ratio of the cells makes
moving nutrients and waste into and out of the cells more difficult.
D) Model A because the smaller surface area to volume ratio of the cell makes moving nutrients and waste into and out of the cell more difficult.
The cube that would have difficulty for maintaining homeostasis is Model A because the smaller surface area to volume ratio of the cell makes moving nutrients and waste into and out of the cell more difficult (Option D).
What is the cellular homeostatic state?The cellular homeostatic state refers to the state of internal equilibrium in the cell which is mainly due to the ability to perform all metabolic activities such as the intake of nutrients and elimination of waste products.
A higher number of smaller cell increase the surface volume cell ratio, thereby many cells have more chances to maintain homeostasis than a larger single cell.
Therefore, with this data, we can see that the cellular homeostatic state is based on a state of internal equilibrium which can be reached by having a suitable surface volume ratio in multicellular organisms.
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Plants take in __________ from the environment and release __________ back into the environment.
Intake of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and emission of oxygen are both accomplished by plants.
Where do the plants absorb and expel?Through their roots, plants absorb the water they require from the soil. Plants can absorb the gas carbon dioxide from the air by way of microscopic holes in their leaves. Once they have carbon dioxide and water, they can use solar energy to create food.
What kind of waste gas does a plant release?Through the stomata, extra oxygen gas created by photosynthesis is expelled during the day. Normally, photosynthesis consumes the carbon dioxide produced by respiration.
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NEED HELP ASAP!!!
In temperate regions, a lot of animals are active in daylight and inactive at night. This is_[blank 1]_ because daytime temperatures are warm, and animals can rely on their_[blank 2]_ to find food.
blank 1: a survival disadvantage
blank 2: sight
blank 1: a survival advantage
blank 2: sight
blank 1: a survival advantage
blank 2: hearing
blank 1: a survival disadvantage
blank 2: hearing
Answer:
Explanation:
blank 1: a survival advantage
blank 2: sight
In temperate regions, a lot of animals are active in daylight and inactive at night because daytime temperatures are warm, and animals can rely on their sight to find food. This is a survival advantage because being active during the day allows animals to take advantage of the warm temperatures and find food more easily.
if two plant species have similar dispersal and competitive abilities, what factor might help determine which species occupies an early seral stage?
The priority effect can determine which species occupies an early seral stage, when two plant species have similar dispersal and competitive abilities.
Natural occurrences are always the cause of succession. After primary succession or separately from primary succession, secondary succession can occur. In contrast to late successional plants, The priority effect which frequently exhibit the opposite traits, early successional plants typically have high rates of photosynthesis and respiration, high rates of resource intake, and high light adjustment plant species . The priority effect impacts pertain to the sequence or time of plant species introduction, including how The priority effect early arrivals at a place affect later arrivals' establishment, development, or reproduction in either a good or negative way.
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What type of cell is this
80 POINTS
-----------------
please help me and i will give brainliest
Explanation:
Interphase
number of cells- two new
two new
number of chromosomes- 46 chromosomes
number of homologous- 23 pairs of homologues
After cells have finished dividing their chromosomes, and cytokinesis has divided the cell membrane, the two new cells enter the first stage of interphase,
Cytokinesis
number of cells- two daughter cells
Cytokinesis is the physical process of cell division, which divides the cytoplasm of a parental cell into two daughter cells.
Answer:.
Explanation:
.