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From the dating procedure, the earth have been found to be around 5.6 billion years of age based on the evidence from the meteorites and the rocks.

What is the age of the earth?

The age of the earth have been one of the greatest sources of controversy. This is because the evidences that have been used to make the inferences about the age of the earth have been mostly made up of  indirect evidences. Most of the indirect evidences that we have gathered have come from the dating of the rocks and the meteorites.

Recall that the rocks are the solid masses that could be found in the outermost portion of earths crust. The meteorites come into our universe from the moon and are also useful for the process of  dating.

As such, the oldest known earth rocks are 5.6 billion years old. Some moon rocks and meteorites have been dated as being 5.6 billion years old.

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The waxy protective covering of a leaf is cuticle

What is cuticle in plants ?

The exterior surfaces of the major organs of all vascular land plants have a covering of lipid polymers impregnated with waxes called the plant cuticle. Additionally, it can be found in mosses' sporophyte and gametophyte generations as well as in the sporophyte generation of hornworts. By treating plant tissue with enzymes like pectinase and cellulase, the cuticle of the plant can be isolated intact and forms a cohesive outer covering of the plant.

The waxy protective covering of a leaf is cuticle

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B. It shouldn’t allow the growth of disease it should protect you

Answer: B.
Allow growth of disease-causing bacteria because the rest (A. C. and D.) are functions of bacteria except for allowing growth of disease-causing bacteria (B). It shouldn’t allow it, it should protect you. So it’s B.

If an enzyme has an optimal pH of 6 when it is exposed to a pH of 9 the enzyme's function would be altered because the conditions of the media would trigger its denaturation.

What is enzyme denaturation?

Enzyme denaturation is the biochemical process in which the tridimensional shape if the enzyme is irreversibly altered as a consequence of abnormal environmental conditions such as the pH of the media, which is associated with the loss of its function.

Therefore, we can conclude that enzyme denaturation would lead to the loss of activity or the enzyme.

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Polycystic kidney disorder (PKD) in Persian cats is an example of an autosomal dominant trait. a girl with polycystic kidney disease (an autosomal dominant ailment) is watching for a toddler.

Polycystic kidney disease (PKD) is an inherited sickness in which clusters of cysts broaden mainly within your kidneys, causing your kidneys to enlarge and lose characteristics over time. Cysts are noncancerous round sacs containing fluid. The cysts range in length, and they can develop very massive.

Polycystic kidney ailment (PKD) is a genetic disease that reasons cysts to grow inside the kidneys, which could disrupt functioning. health complications include excessive blood stress and kidney failure. most of the people with PKD will eventually want dialysis or a kidney transplant. PKD influences about 500,000 human beings within the U.S.

The sickness can reason extreme headaches, which include high blood stress and kidney failure. PKD varies significantly in its severity, and a few complications are preventable. way of life modifications and treatments would possibly assist lessen harm in your kidneys from complications.

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Each part of the cell is essential to survival because they perform the necessary functions which help keep us alive.

What is a Cell?

This is referred to as the simplest unit of life and becomes aggregated to for tissues which have similar structures and functions. Cells undergo different forms of aggregation which results in the formation of organ system and the organism itself as a whole.

Let's take the part of the body such as the nose for example, if the cells are damaged then it will lead to the reduction in its function which in this scenario is trouble smelling correctly. This in turn leads to not being able to detect or move away from hazardous substances and may cause unpleasant circumstances or death in serious cases which is why each part of the cell is essential to survival.

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Answer: B! Celebrating our country's independence on the 4th of July

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All babies breathe when they're born, unless there was a birth problem, just like the rest of the living people.

Celebrating out country's independence on the 4th of July can be taught by parents, schools, and anyone.

Gull Chicka pecking a red spot on parent's bill to get food is only to get fed. Think of it sort of like a mother's instinct.

A disability caused by a genetic defect- come on this one is obvious.

Answer:

the endodermis

Explanation:

Answer:

At high concentrations, alcohols reduce bilayer stability (12, 21) and break down the lipid bilayer barrier properties, causing increased ion permeability (14, 15).

Explanation:

As the ethanol concentration increases, membrane permeability will increase. If the ethanol concentration is high enough, enough phospholipids will dissolve to cause the plasma membrane to disintegrate completely which will kill the cell.

Explanation:

At high concentrations, alcohols reduce bilayer stability (12, 21) and break down the lipid bilayer barrier properties, causing increased ion permeability.

Oceans

Composed of salt water, oceans cover 70% of the Earth’s surface, and, in reality, are one “World Ocean” that we’ve broken up into five smaller divisions. They are, in descending order by size, the Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Southern (or Antarctic), and Arctic. These are what we might term political or horizontal divisions, rather than physical or biological vertical divisions. Since the 1700s, there have been many mentions of some sort of southern ocean and recently, attempts have been made to formalize the Southern Ocean, given the importance of ocean currents. The Southern Ocean has the strongest and longest current in the world which circumvents Antarctica.

Seas

Next up in size are seas. A sea is also made up of salt water, and is a large body of water entirely or partially surrounded by land. This isn’t to be confused with “the sea” which is generally how people refer to the collection of oceans. It’s a matter of specificity: if you’re not being specific, you might take a holiday by the sea. If you are being specific, you might sail across the Mediterranean Sea or the Pacific Ocean. But you wouldn’t go to the Pacific Sea.

A few seas would be the Mediterranean, Bering, Norwegian, Arabian, and so on. You’ll notice that these are often just bits of the ocean that are mostly surrounded by land that we’ve named. The Caspian Sea is sometimes classified as a salt lake, although it’s quite large.

Wetlands and Deltas

Now before we move inland to talk about lakes, let’s first discuss wetlands and deltas. A delta is where a river meets the ocean, or sometimes a lake. Usually, the river fans out as it approaches sea level. They’re formed when a river carries a certain amount of sediment at a higher rate and when it reaches a stagnant body of water, it forms a delta.

small streams of water flow from inland toward the ocean

A wetland is different from a delta, although wetlands often form near the shore. Wetlands form unique ecosystems that are inundated by water and contain an especially high degree of aquatic plants. Wetlands have been considered the most biologically diverse ecosystem.

Lakes

Okay, back to more traditional bodies of water. Lakes are the next largest after seas. A lake is always landlocked, meaning it’s completely surrounded by land, except for a river that feeds or drains the lake. Apparently, scientists can’t decide on a specific differentiation between lakes and ponds, so generally, we go by size: lakes are bigger. It depends on who you ask, but some people will say that a lake is a body of water that’s 5+ acres in surface area, or up to 99+ acres in surface area. Almost exclusively, lakes are freshwater, unlike seas, bays, harbors, or anything that’s made up of sea water.

Lakes are formed for different reasons. Most often, lakes were formed (we think) by retreating glaciers that carved up the land. Sometimes they’re formed by the movements of tectonic plates. If you want to learn more about tectonic plates, check out our video on them!

A fun type of lake is the oxbow lake. This is formed when a meandering river (which usually occurs in a low-lying plain) bends back on itself forming a U or horseshoe. The edges continue to erode, and eventually, the stream meets itself again, and the running water bypasses the loop and continues on the shorter route. This leaves the water in the loop to form a lake. In Australia, they call them billabongs.

Ponds

Still going down the list in size we have ponds next. These are freshwater and are often manmade. They’re formed in a variety of different ways and include koi ponds and other aesthetic purposes, as well as uses for farming.

Of course, there are many other types of bodies of water, such as fjords, wadis, runs, subglacial lakes, reservoirs, lagoons, kills, etc. But sadly, we don’t have time to talk about all of those right now so you’ll have to go research them on your own!

The Boiling River

But I promised you I’d talk to you about the boiling river! Legend has it that when the Spanish conquistadors went into the Amazon rainforest in search of gold, few returned. Those that did told horror stories of man-eating snakes, diseases, dangerous creatures, and a river that boiled. Hundreds of years later, a young Peruvian named Andrés Ruzo grew up hearing these tales and was determined to find this river. He eventually worked for National Geographic and would spend years researching and talking to locals about the boiling river. Mostly, he was laughed at for chasing old legends. But eventually, deep in the rainforest, he finally found the boiling river, with the help of the local guardian shaman. So yes, it does exist, although “boiling” is a bit hyperbolic. It is, however, huge, extremely hot, quite long, and non-volcanic. It’s classified as a “thermal river” and isn’t actually any hotter than other thermal bodies of water.

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Answer:

In eukaryotic cells, the cell cycle phases are split into two significant phases – interphase and the mitotic phase. While in interphase, the cell significantly grows and replicates a DNA copy, in the mitotic phase or the M phase, the cell splits its DNA into two sets and hence the division of the cytoplasm to form two daughter cells.

Explanation:

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The bone structure is highlighted  a rounded ridge, located on the posterior side of the femoral head runs aslant from the summit of the greater trochanter.

What are bones?

Bones are defined as a metabolically active connective tissue that serves as structural support, aids in movement, and protects vital organs.

It can also be defined as rigid body tissue made up of cells embedded in a dense intercellular matrix.

There are four types of bone.

Long boneShort boneFlat boneIrregular bone

Thus, the bone structure is highlighted  a rounded ridge, located on the posterior side of the femoral head runs aslant from the summit of the greater trochanter.

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They share the same kind of plate boundaries, but there is one difference.

As the Earth's crust is folded and forced upward along convergent plate boundaries, such as the one between the Indian Plate and the Eurasian Plate, towering mountain ranges, like the Himalaya, are formed.

What kind of plate boundary crosses the Tonga trench and Chile?

This kind of convergent plate boundary produces some of the most well-known ocean trenches. The oceanic crust of the Nazca plate subducts into the continental crust of the South American plate, creating the Peru-Chile Trench off the west coast of South America.

Explain each of the three types of plate boundaries.

1) convergent boundary: When plates move in the same direction, they create a convergent boundary. 2) Divergent boundary: When plates deviate from one another, a divergent boundary is created. 3, the transform border.

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1. Tobacco smoke is an indoor pollution I’ve been exposed to in my home, the most surprising pollutant in my home is the cooking stoves, the gases from the stove makes it a pollutant. Maybe using crockpots, air cookers, or eating more “ready to eat” foods like fruits or veggies, deli meats, etc. No one is responsible for the pollution, I need to eat.

Bormann and Likens compared the output of two river valleys in the hubbard brook forest, one forested and the other clear cut and discovered that deforested valley had higher water flow and increase of nutrient loss.

What is Nutrient?

This is referred to as a substance which is derived from different sources and provides the nourishment which is needed for the growth and survival of organisms.

Two scientists known as  Bormann and Likens compared two river valleys in which one was forested and clear cut and discovered that deforested valley had higher water flow and increase of nutrient loss.

This is because the lack of trees leads to erosion occurring in the area and loss of nutrients due to the layers of the soil being washed away by water or wind.

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Answer:

because rivers provide easy shipping routes to transportation of goods and people.

Rivers provide great and practical transportation channels for goods, people, and cargo.

Goods can easily be transported up and down waterways rather than on congested roadways. The land is immensely fruitful in river valleys.

Rivers are valued as essential food sources, modes of transportation, defensive positions, and natural habitats. Sharks and other fish species that reside in the water are the sources of the cod liver oil and shark liver oil we consume. These oils offer a variety of advantages.

The closeness of large cities to the sea has contributed to their expansion.

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With normal inheritance, the half (1/2) of the world’s human population receives an "x" chromosome from their mother and all of the world’s human population receives a "y" chromosome from their father.

What is inheritance linked to sex chrmosomes?

Inheritance linked to sex chromosomes refers to the genes located on the X chromosome and Y chromosomes. Men receive one Y chromosome from the father, while women have two X chromosomes (one from the mother and the other from the father).

Therefore, with this data, we can see that sex chromosomes are distributed for the mother and father to the offspring.

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Volcanoes affect people because it produces toxic volcanic ashes and problems to the respiratory system, eyes, and skin. It also causes injuries and affects transport and communication problems.

How volcano affects the local population?

Volcanoes emit hot, dangerous gases, ash, lava, and rock that are powerfully devastating. People have died from volcanic blasts. Volcanic discharge can result in additional threats to health, such as floods, rockslides, power outages, drinking water contamination, and wildfires. When volcanoes erupt they can spew hot, dangerous gases, ash, lava, and rock that can cause tragic loss of life of people and property, especially in heavily populated areas.

Volcanic activities and wildfires greatly affected 6.2 million people and caused about 2400 deaths between 1998-2017. During volcanic eruptions and their instant aftermath, increased respiratory system morbidity has been observed as well as humanity among those affected by volcanic eruptions.

So we can conclude that Although several factors activate a volcanic eruption, three predominate

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The cell membrane is what protects the cell

Answer:

Photosynthesis uses energy from sunlight, and chemosynthesis uses chemical energy.

Explanation:

Two ways that primary producers produce high-energy compounds are Photosynthesis and chemosynthesis.

Primary producers, additionally called autotrophs, are unit creatures that acquire their ingredients from dead sources and their energy from daylight.

Plants and different living things use a method known as chemical action to remodel lightweight energy into energy which will then be free through respiration to power the organism's activities.

By mistreatment chemicals as their energy supply instead of daylight, bacterium turns out food (glucose) through a method called synthesis. Around hydrothermal vents, synthesis takes place, and gas seeps into the deep ocean wherever daylight isn't a gift.

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A biome is a collection of various ecosystems that are present inside a habitat, whereas an ecosystem is made up of both living and nonliving components.
A biome contains an ecosystem, which is much smaller than a biome.

Biome:

The biome is made up of many different ecosystems and spans a considerable portion of the earth.Climate elements like snow, ice, temperature, and rainfall are all part of a biome.biomes are impacted by latitude.Various ecosystems are found in biomes .Examples include tundra, taiga, tropical rainforests, grasslands, deserts, and coniferous woods.

Ecosystem:

The link between the earth's nonliving and livable components is known as an ecosystem.The ecosystem is unaffected by climate variables.The latitude has no effect on the ecosystem.Both biotic and abiotic elements make up the ecosystem.Examples include freshwater, coral reefs, aquatic environments, and hydrothermal vents.

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Vacuoles are membrane-bound sacs within the cytoplasm of a cell that function in several different ways. In mature plant cells, vacuoles tend to be very large and are extremely important in providing structural support, as well as serving functions such as storage, waste disposal, protection, and growth.

Saltatory propagation occurs in myelinated axons, in which action potentials from one Ranvier node to another.

What is saltatory propagartion?

In neuroscience, saltatory conduction ( Latin meaning - jump') is the propagation of action potentials along myelinated axons from one node of Ranvier to the next node, increasing the conduction velocity of the action potential.

How does saltatory conduction increase the speed of the action potential?

By causing the depolarization process to leap from one node to the next, saltatory conduction not only accelerates the transmission of impulses but also conserves energy for the axon by limiting depolarization to the nodes rather than the entire length of the nerve fiber, as in unmyelinated fibers.

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Telophase  stage of the mitotic cell cycle would the cell be stuck in

What is Telophase ?

The fifth and final stage of mitosis, known as telophase, is when a parent cell's replicated genetic material is split into two identical daughter cells. Once the duplicated, paired chromosomes have been split apart and brought to the cell's poles, or opposite sides, telophase has begun. To isolate the nuclear DNA from the cytoplasm, a nuclear membrane develops around each set of chromosomes during telophase. The chromosomes start to uncoil, becoming less compact and dispersed. The cell goes through a process known as cytokinesis, which separates the cytoplasm of the parental cell into two daughter cells, along with telophase.

Telophase  stage of the mitotic cell cycle would the cell be stuck in

In Telophase nuclear envelope reform and then cytokinesis occur

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Answer: D.

Explanation:
In the process of photosynthesis plants absorb the energy through the chloroplast (chlorophyll) and then the energy its transferred to electrons.

Answer:

Leaf area development, photosynthetic rate, and source-sink ratio responses are considered to be the three main determinants of photosynthetic activity.

Different growth habits on leaf number and blade size are identified as a result of leaf area development in response to stress.

Thus, Option D is correct.

Photosynthesis: 6 CO₂ + 6 H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6 O₂

Respiration: C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6 O₂ → 6 CO₂ + 6 H₂O + ATP

Cellular respiration and photosynthesis are complement reactions to each other. These are reverse reactions. In cellular respiration glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆) and oxygen (O₂) yield carbon dioxide (CO₂) and water (H₂O) and energy is released in the form of ATP. In the opposite reaction - in photosynthesis, carbon dioxide (CO₂) and water (H₂O) yield glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆) and oxygen (O₂).

Explanation:

Why is photosynthesis affected by temperature?

The rate of photosynthesis is influenced by temperature. As the temperature rises, photosynthesis proceeds more quickly. This is so because photosynthesis is a chemical reaction, and warmth usually speeds up chemical reactions.

As winter draws near, leaves begin to lose their chlorophyll, and the tree saves its contents for recycling, namely nitrogen, magnesium, and phosphates. The nutrients are transferred from the leaves back into the branches and are then deposited in the bark of those branches.

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Birds and flowers differ genetically and are, therefore, different in the arrangements of their nucleotide bases. Option A.

DNA sequence of organisms

All living organisms have DNA as their molecule of hereditary. The DNA of all living organisms is similar in terms of components.

Every DNA contains:

nucleotide bases: adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine.deoxyribose sugarphosphate group

What makes each living organism unique is the arrangement of the nucleotide bases. The nucleotide bases form complementary pairs in the DNA double helix structure.

In other words, two organisms of different species may have the same composition in terms of their DNA, what makes them unique is the arrangement of the nucleotide bases in their DNAs.

Hence, birds and flowers have different arrangments of their DNA bases because they are different in terms of species.

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D, Aphelion is furthest from the sun, Operihelion is closest to the sun. Apoapsis happens when an object is farthest away from the body it is orbiting, periapsis is the smallest radial distance of an ellipse, perihelion is when an object is closest to the body it is orbiting, so the answer would be D since it’s closest, furthest. Aphelion means furthest away from the sun.

Several medical options are available for managing breast and ovarian cancer risk in women who have BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations, but who have not yet had breast or ovarian cancer themselves. These options have risks and benefits, and you should discuss them with a doctor knowledgeable about medical management for women with BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations.

The Punnett square that shows Ben Parents is option (B) since Tt (heterozygous dominant)  is for Ben's mom and tt (homozygous recessive) is for his dad.

What is Punnett Square?

The Punnett square is a square diagram used to predict the genotypes resulting from a specific cross or breeding experiment. It was created by Reginald C. Punnett in 1905 and bears his name. Biologists use the diagram to determine the likelihood that an offspring will have a particular genotype.

A Punnett Square is a useful tool for predicting the variations and probabilities resulting from cross breeding. This includes predicting the hybridization of plants, animals, and even humans.

Therefore, option (B) Punnett square shows heterozygous dominant as well as homozygous recessive genes for Ben's parent respectively.

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