According to molecular biology the quantity of DNA used as an input and the intended PCR product yield. For a suitable yield, up to 40 cycles may be necessary if the DNA input is less than 10 copies.
The target sequence set by the primers starts to accumulate after three cycles. After 30 cycles, a PCR product single beginning molecule can yield many more as a copies of the desired sequence. The PCR product area in between the two primers has undergone one round of replication, resulting in two copies of the original gene region. The PCR product reaction may be continually cycles performed without the addition of additional enzyme since a heat-resistant polymerase is utilized.
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Alculate NEP before the outbreak and identify the most appropriate conclusion about whether the forest was a carbon sink or a carbon source. Calculate NEP before the outbreak and identify the most appropriate conclusion about whether the forest was a carbon sink or a carbon source. Before the outbreak, the forest was a carbon sink because NEP was less than 0. Before the outbreak, the forest was a carbon sink because NEP was greater than 0. Before the outbreak, the forest was a carbon source because NEP was less than 0. Before the outbreak, the forest was a carbon source because NEP was greater than 0
Because NEP was higher than 0 before to the outbreak, the forest served as a carbon sink.
What is Net ecosystem production (NEP)?The total amount of organic carbon in an ecosystem that is available for storage, export as organic carbon, or non biological oxidation to carbon dioxide through fire or ultraviolet oxidation is represented by net ecosystem production (NEP), which is defined as the difference between gross primary production and total ecosystem respiration.
Comparing the total output and total respiration of all the creatures in an ecosystem
NEP = GPP-(Ra + Rh)
R = Autotrophic respiration
Rh stands for hetertrophic respiration.
NEP can be either good or bad.
The forest is a carbon sink since its NEP is larger than zero, just as it was before the outbreak because there will be some or more NEP. After the outbreak, however, the forest system will be disturbed, NEP will be less than zero, and the forest will turn into a carbon source.
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One problem with getting mrna vaccines to work was that the immune system responded and destroyed the rna too quickly. How did the immune system recognize the foreign rna?.
The immune system recognizes the foreign RNA due to the presence of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) on APCs that recognize the foreign microbes.
RNA is the genetic material. It is the unstable nucleic acid present in pathogens like viruses as the genetic material. The full form of RNA is Ribonucleic Acid.
PRRs are the crucial proteins of innate immunity. These are the receptors that recognize and bind with the molecules present on the pathogens. This triggers the immune system to activate various immune cells that protect the living organism. The cells that possess PRR are: macrophages, dendritic cells (DCs), monocytes, and B lymphocytes.
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when gonorrhea disseminates to other tissues, it most often affects the: a. joints. b. colon. c. liver. d. kidneys.
Although gonorrhea can spread to other tissues, the joints are the most frequently affected. An STD called gonorrhea can infect the throat, genitalia, and rectum.
What impacts a person who has gonorrhea?Including the cervix, uterus, or fallopian tubes in women, as well as the urethra in both men and women, gonorrhoeae affects the mucosal membranes of the reproductive tract. The mucosal lining of the face, throat, eyes, the rectum are also susceptible to N. gonorrhoeae infection.
what is Gonorrhea is a contagious disease.Having , , or oral intercourse is the most common way for people to contract gonorrhea. If you have gonorrhea-infected fluids on your hand, you can also contract the disease by touching your eye. In addition, if the woman has gonorrhea, it might be passed to the kid during birth.
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a family goes on a vacation and returns home to find all their houseplants have wilted. at a cellular level, what is causing the plants to wilt?
When a family goes on vacation, they come home to find that all of their houseplants have wilted because the cells lack sufficient water pressure to support them. Because there is no water in the vacuole, the cell becomes weaker, which makes the plants wilt.
What of the following causes plants to wilt when watered with a salt solution?Soil salts have the ability to hold water. Less water is thus available for plant uptake, exacerbating water stress and root dehydration.
which phrases give instances of aided diffusion?phrases best sum up aided diffusion ,Through specific membrane proteins, solutes transverse the membrane along their gradient of concentration. Small, neutral molecules leave a cell along their gradient of concentration.
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The sorting that occurs during blank______ separates homologues from each other.
The sorting that occurs during blank Meiosis 1 separates homologues from each other. Meiosis uses a two-step division mechanism to achieve these goals.
During the initial round of cell division, known as meiosis I, homologue pairs split apart. Sister chromatids split apart during meiosis II, the second round.
Disjunction describes the division of homologous chromosomes during anaphase I. Disjunction is a crucial component of the anaphase processes of mitosis and meiosis (I and II). Sister chromatids split and travel to the polar opposites of the cell during the anaphase of mitosis.
In prophase I of meiosis, homologous chromosomes are paired; they are then split apart in anaphase I, resulting in a halving of the number of chromosomes.
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PLEASE HELP ITS ABT A PUNNET SQUARE ILL MARK YOU BRAINLIST
Answer:C. Yy
Explanation:took it-
which animal has a long and curved lumbar region, and which has a short and stiff lumbar region? how does this contribute to an erect posture in humans?
The lumbar area of chimpanzees is short and rigid. The lumbar area is lengthy and curved in humans. Our weight is balanced as a
What makes it the lumbar region?The term "lumbar" refers to the abdominal region of the torso, which is located here between diaphragm and the sacrum, in tetrapod anatomy. The lower spine or a portion of the back near it are terms that are sometimes used to describe the lumbar region.
What causes soreness in the lower back?A strain (injury) to the back's muscles or tendons may cause it. Injuries to the disks, structural issues, and arthritis are further causes. Rest, physical therapy, and medication can all help with pain. Maintaining a healthy weight and remaining active will lower your risk of developing low back discomfort.
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Write the working of digestion
Answer:
Digestion works by moving food through the GI tract. Digestion begins in the mouth with chewing and ends in the small intestine. As food passes through the GI tract, it mixes with digestive juices, causing large molecules of food to break down into smaller molecules.
Explanation:
Just Put it in your own words!
8. Which of the following is an example of a homeostatic reinforcing feedback loop? Please HIGHLIGHT your selection and explain below.
Andrew was mountain biking and fell and wounded his knee. When tissue is torn or injured, a chemical is released. This chemical causes platelets in the blood to activate. Once these platelets have activated, they release a chemical which signals more platelets to activate, until the wound is clotted.
While exercising, Julia's heart rate and breathing increase to balance the increased oxygen use by her muscle cells.
On a hot day, Martin doesn't drink very much water. His kidneys respond by removing very little water from his blood, resulting in yellow, concentrated urine.
After eating a candy bar, April's pancreas secretes insulin, causing excess blood sugar to be removed.
Blood sugar is an example of a homeostatic reinforcing feedback loop.
What is homeostasis?homeostasis is the state of the steady internal, physical, and chemical of conditions maintained by living things , organisms and systems. This is the condition of optimal by to the functioning for the organisms and included many of the variables, such as body temperatures and the body fluid balance, beings kept within certain pre-set limits.
Examples of processes that is utilise negative feedback and loops include homeostatic by the systems, such as: Thermoregulation (if body temperature changes, mechanisms are the induced to restore normal levels) Blood and sugar regulation (insulin lowers blood glucose when it is the levels are high ; glucagon raises blood by glucose when levels are low)
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Santiago always lets the fire in the fireplace on Christmas Eve he needs fuel for the fire which of these represents a fuel?
A paper
B carbon dioxide
C oxygen
D water
Answer: A. Paper
Explanation: Water is the element what puts out a fire. Oxygen stands alone in the fire triangle, and carbon dioxide is not a physical thing; therefore, it can not fuel a fire. Paper is the only thing that can properly fuel the fire out of these 4 options.
the following structure is that of galactose. is this a furanose or pyranose form? is it an alpha or beta anomer? is it a d or l sugar?
The following structure is pyranose form of the galactose as the given cyclic shape incorporates 5 carbon atoms and one oxygen atom forming a 6-membered heterocyclic sugar.
The cyclic shape of sugar is assessed as furanose or pyranose sugar primarily based totally at the range of atoms that bureaucracy the ring. A pyranose shape of sugar is a 6-membered ring that includes 5 carbon atoms and one oxygen atom. They are shaped with the aid of using sugars with an aldehyde useful organization.
A 5-membered cyclic shape of sugar is known as a furanose ring with 4 carbon atoms and one oxygen atom. They are shaped while the sugar has a ketone organization withinside the 2nd position.
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which one of the following statements best represents the relationship between cellular respiration and photosynthesis?
The relation between cellular respiration and photosynthesis can be represented by (B) Photosynthesis stores energy in complex organic molecules, while respiration releases it.
Photosynthesis is the process of synthesizing food by the plant by using the sunlight energy, carbon dioxide and water as the raw material. This process occurs in two phases: light dependent reactions and light independent reactions.
Respiration in plants is similar to that of animals where they use oxygen and release carbon dioxide. The process takes place with the help of lenticels and stomata. The products formed in photosynthesis act as the reactants for the process of respiration.
The given question is incomplete, the complete question is:
Which one of the following statements best represents the relationship between cellular respiration and photosynthesis?
A. Respiration occurs only in animals and photosynthesis occurs only in plants.
B. Photosynthesis stores energy in complex organic molecules, while respiration releases it.
C. Photosynthesis occurs only in the day and respiration occurs only at night.
D. Respiration stores energy in complex organic molecules, while photosynthesis releases it.
E. Photosynthesis and respiration are essentially the same thing.
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a section through the thigh shows the muscle compartments. regarding the muscles indicated by the number 1, what action do they have on the knee?
The muscles of the thigh is divided into three compartments: anterior compartment, medial compartment and posterior compartment. Function of anterior compartment muscles is to extend lower limb at knee joint.
How are thigh muscles and knee related?The medial thigh muscles allows for adduction of the leg. Weak adductor muscles can cause knee instability and increase the risk of an adductor strain. Medial thigh muscles protect important neurovascular structures as they pass from the proximal hip joint to knee and lower leg
Weak thigh muscles are common cause of runner's knee, which is a treatable cause of anterior knee pain. Weak thigh muscles allow kneecap to move sideways and rub abnormally against thighbone.
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8. which of the following cells are capable of forming a whole animal? a. a totipotent stem cell like a zygote b. embryonic stem cells c. enucleated eggs into which a somatic cell nucleus has been transplanted d. ipscs e. two of the above answers are correct
The Answer is e. Two of the above answers are correct
Totipotent stem cells are cells that have the capacity to self-renew by dividing and to develop into the three primary germ cell layers of the early embryo and into extra-embryonic tissues such as the placenta.
What is Placenta?
An organ that develops in the uterus during pregnancy. Placenta provides oxygen and nutrients to a growing baby. It also removes waste products from the baby's blood. It attaches to the wall of the uterus, and the baby's umbilical cord arises from it.
What is called Germ Cell?
A reproductive cell of the body is called a germ cell. These are egg cells in females and sperm cells in males.
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Example of an analogy for describing the difference between prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells.
A prokaryotic cell is like a TV with four channels. A eukaryotic cell, on the other hand, is like a smart TV with a wide selection of channels and internet connection.
Prokaryotic cells can be compared to a TV with a constrained selection of channels and no internet access because they are simpler than eukaryotic cells. In these, DNA is not protected by a barrier, the nucleus defined by the nuclear membrane is absent, and ribosomes, the organelles in charge of protein synthesis, are dispersed throughout the cytoplasm. Plasmids, which are circulating DNA molecules, are also present. A prokaryotic cell is like a TV with four channels. A eukaryotic cell, on the other hand, is like a smart TV with a wide selection of channels and internet connection.
Prokaryotic cells can be compared to a TV with a constrained selection of channels and no internet access because they are simpler than eukaryotic cells. In these, DNA is not protected by a barrier, the nucleus defined by the nuclear membrane is absent, and ribosomes, the organelles in charge of protein synthesis, are dispersed throughout the cytoplasm. Plasmids, which are circulating DNA molecules, are also present.On the other hand, eukaryotic cells are bigger and more complicated, so we can liken them to a TV with a wide selection of channels and internet connection. These cells have an individual nucleus that is surrounded by a library to start. Along with ribosomes, additional organelles present in its cytoplasm include mitochondria, granular and non-granular endoplasmic reticulum, the golgiense complex, lysosomes, peroxisomes, and centrioles. These organelles are connected by a network of tubes and membrane channels.
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Is the fallowing true or false
An average star spends 90 percent of its life as a helium-burning main-sequence star?
Answer:false because the start must be the yellow star and other is can not make it true
3. can be triggered by airborne substances, foods or common bacteria and viruses
6. spasms can cause wheezing
8. excess mucus in the body
3. Airborne diseases are illnesses spread by tiny pathogens in the air. These can be bacteria, fungi, or viruses, but they are all transmitted through airborne contact. In most cases, an airborne disease is contracted when someone breathes in infected air.
6. If you have a respiratory problem, such as asthma, these muscles can contract and narrow your airway. When that happens, it's called a bronchial spasm, or a bronchospasm. During a bronchial spasm, breathing becomes more difficult. You may find yourself wheezing as you try to catch your breath.
8. What causes excessive mucus? Smoking or exposure to an irritant in the air may cause you to produce more mucus than usual. If the mucus is clear, you might have allergies. Other conditions that could cause excess mucus include bronchitis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and cystic fibrosis.
Explanation:I hope my answer helped you! If you need more information or help, comment down below and I will be sure to respond if I am online. Have a wonderful rest of your day!
because the genetic code is redundant, meaning there are many codons that code for the same amino acid, which statement is most likely to occur?
Even though the genetic code was redundant (more than 1 codon may define the same amino acid), it is unambiguous; no codon provides and over one amino acid.
What is an example of genetic code?genetic code, the arrangement of nucleotides in DNA and RNA that dictates the order of amino acids in proteins.Although DNA's linear nucleotide sequence provides the knowledge of protein sequences, protein are not synthesised directly from DNA.
What exactly is the genetic code, and why is it significant?The genetic code aids in predicting the protein's amino acid sequence from of the genetic material.The amino acid sequence of a protein enables us to predict its shape and comprehend some of its characteristics and functions.
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the movement of phosphorus from the environment to organisms and then back to the environment?
The movement of phosphorus from the environment to oraganism and back is called the Phosphorus cycle.
The repeated movement of a specific nutrient or element through one or more organisms and back to the environment is known as a "nutrient cycle."
Phosphorus is a crucial component for all living things. It contributes significantly to DNA and RNA's structural foundation.
They are a crucial part of ATP as well.
Phosphorus makes up 80% of the bones and teeth in humans.
The phosphorus cycle progresses very slowly. The phosphorus in the rocks is washed into the soil by a number of weather-related processes. The organic matter in the soil, which is used for numerous biological activities, absorbs phosphorus.
Since phosphorus and compounds containing phosphorus are only found on land, the atmosphere has little impact on the phosphorus cycle.
Following are the important steps of phosphorus cycle:
1.Weathering
2.Absorption by Plants
3.Absorption by Animals
4.Return to the Environment through Decomposition
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industrial food production began during the period of modern biotechnology. question 20 options: true false
The statement that the industrial food production began during the period of modern biotechnology is false as first GMO produce created thru genetic engineering.
However, current biotechnology related to genetic engineering and mobileular manipulation, has been with us for more or less 4 decades. It turned into kickstarted in 1973, whilst scientists first genetically engineered Escherichia coli micro organism to introduce a overseas gene that made them immune to an antibiotic.
Rudimentary commercial biotechnology clearly dates again to at the least 6000 B.C. whilst Neolithic cultures fermented grapes to make wine, and Babylonians used microbial yeasts to make beer. Over time, mankind's understanding of fermentation increased, permitting the manufacturing of cheese, yogurt, vinegar, and different meals products.
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this part of the middle ear vibrates and stimulates the bones of the ossicles when it perceives sounds waves.
The eardrum vibrates from the incoming sound waves and sends these vibrations to three tiny bones in the middle ear.
Vibrations from the eardrum place the ossicles into motion. The ossicles are actually tiny bones in the human body. These vibrations then travels to 3 tiny bones inside the middle ear called the ossicles. The ossicles helps in amplification of sound. They send the sound waves to the inner ear and into the fluid-filled hearing organ (cochlea).
Sound waves generally enters outer ear and travel through a narrow passageway called the ear canal, that meets the eardrum. The eardrum vibrates from the incoming sound waves and sends these vibrations to three tiny bones in the middle ear.
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DNA is responsible for transmitting genetic information by the sequencing of monomers known as_______
Answer:
nucleotides
Explanation:
Imagine a dog who steps on a pin and pulls its foot away. Look at the reflex arc of this scenario below.
Answer:
O The brown circle A shows neurotransmitters being released, and the blue circle B shows neurotransmitters being
absorbed.
The brown circle A is an effector, and the blue circle B is a receptor.
The brown circle A is a receptor, and the blue circle B is an effector.
The brown circle A shows neurotransmitters being absorbed, and the blue circle B shows neurotransmitters being
released.
organism a is eukaryotic, unicellular, and lacks a cell wall. organism b is eukaryotic, multicellular, has cell walls, and is autotrophic. in which kingdoms should these organisms be classified?
The Kingdom Animalia stands apart among them due to the presence of multicellular bodies, a heterotrophic source of nutrition, eukaryotic cells, and cells without a cell wall.
The five Kingdom system has been used to group all creatures into these five categories. The Kingdom Animalia stands out among them due to the presence of multicellular organisms, a heterotrophic mode of nutrition, eukaryotic cells, and cells without a cell wall.
Members of the kingdom Monera include unicellular prokaryotic BGA and bacteria. Algae, every type of protozoa, and eukaryotic unicellular organisms are all included in the Protista kingdom. The kingdom fungus includes multicellular heterotrophic eukaryotes with chitinous cell walls. Kingdom Plantae is home to autotrophic organisms with cellulose cell walls while kingdom Animalia is home to heterotrophic animals without one.
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biodiversity is partially influenced by net primary productivity. where can the highest terrestrial rates of npp be found? question 24 options: polar regions tundra deciduous forests deserts tropical rainforests
Tropical rain forests possess high NPP and the highest levels of biological diversity among terrestrial environments.
What constitutes the tropical rain forest ?A tropical rainforest is a lush, steamy, and thriving forest that is typically found around the equator. Tropical rainforests have towering broad-leaved evergreen trees that form a continuous canopy and receive about 100 inches (254 cm) of rainfall annually.
Rainforests come in many distinct varieties.
Less than 3 percent of the earth is covered in rainforests.
The Amazon rainforest is the biggest rainforest in the world.
More plant and animal species can be found in rainforests than in any other terrestrial ecosystem.
In the rainforest, trees are home to a large portion of the life.
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In corn plants, normal height (h) is dominant over short height (h). Complete a hybrid (heterozygous) cross.
A mating experiment between two organisms that are equally hybrid for two traits is referred to as a dihybrid cross.
When two heterozygotes are crossed, the anticipated genotype ratio is 1 (homozygous dominant): 2 (heterozygous): 1. (homozygous recessive). When a phenotypic ratio of 2:1 is seen, a deadly allele is presumably present.
H - Height in inches
short height, h
Heterozygous for H
Heterozygotes would be involved in the cross Hh x Hh.
Hh x Hh
I pronounce: HH Hh Hh hh
Considering that H trumps h;
Both HH and Hh would produce normal-height phenotypes.
A short height will arise from the hh trait.
Thus;
3/4 or 75% of the time, a cross will result in a genotype with normal height.
25% or 1/4 of the time, the cross will result in a short height characteristic.
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A segment of DNA has the following sequence: TTAAGGCC. Which sequence of bases would be found on the complementary strand of mRNA?
A:GGCCUUAA
B:AATTCCGG
C:GGCCTTAA
D:AAUUCCGG
Answer:
D.) AAUUCCGG
Explanation:
RNA does not contain Thymine (T), instead, Adenine (A) pairs with Uracil (U). S0, complementary base pairs from DNA to RNA are A-U, T-A, G-C, and C-G. Using this fact, the complementary strand of mRNA should be AAUUCCGG.
tropical rainforests have high species richness, but low density. in deciduous forests the pattern is the opposite. which of the statements is not a plausible explanation for this pattern?
There are fewer species in temperate regions because the number of trees per hectare is lower than in tropical rainforests.
What is deciduous forests and tropical rainforests ?Due to the trees in tropical deciduous forests losing their leaves in the dry season and growing new ones in the monsoon, these forests are also known as monsoon forests.
A deciduous forest is distinguished by its deciduous trees and plants, which lose their leaves every year, typically in the winter. Since the plants' height and shape vary, forests are typically very dense. Deciduous refers to plants and trees that have a tendency to fall, from which the name derives.
The tropics, or between latitudes of 23.5°N (the Tropic of Cancer) and 23.5°S (the Tropic of Capricorn), is where tropical rainforests are primarily found. On the islands of New Guinea, Australia, Central and South America, western and central Africa, western India, and Southeast Asia, there are tropical rainforests.
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1, what other molecule is needed for this process to occur?
2, what energy-carrying molecule is created in this process?
3, on what organelle does this process occur?
4, what is this process called?
5, what type of cells have more mitochondria than others? Why?
6, in humans (and other animals) where does this glucose come from?
7, why does respiration increase during exercise?
Answer:
1. cellular respiration
2. ATP
3. Mitochondria
4. cellular respiration
5. Heart muscle cells These cells need more energy, so they contain more mitochondria than any other organ in the body
6. Glucose is obtained from food
7. your body uses more oxygen and produces more carbon dioxide
Explanation:
Following are the answers:
1. cellular respiration
2. ATP
3. Mitochondria
4. cellular respiration
5. Heart muscle cells need more energy, so they contain more mitochondria than any other organ in the body
6. Glucose is obtained from food
7. your body uses more oxygen and produces more carbon dioxide.
ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is needed for this process to occur. ATP is the energy-carrying molecule created in this process. This process primarily occurs in the mitochondria. This process is called cellular respiration. Cells with high energy demands, such as muscle cells, have more mitochondria because mitochondria produce ATP.
Glucose primarily comes from the digestion of carbohydrates in the diet. Respiration increases during exercise to meet the increased energy demands of the muscles and maintain homeostasis.
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describe a properly controlled experiment
Answer:
A controlled experiment is a scientific test done under controlled conditions, meaning that just one (or a few) factors are changed at a time, while all others are kept constant.
Explanation:
A good example would be an experiment to test drug effects. The sample receiving the drug would be the experimental group while the sample receiving a placebo would be the control group. While all variables are kept similar (e.g. age, sex, etc.) the only difference between the groups is the taking of medication.