The cost of equity for McDonald's is 9.3%.
The cost of equity is determined using the capital asset pricing model (CAPM), which considers the risk-free rate, the market risk premium, and the stock's beta. The risk-free rate is the rate of return on a risk-free investment, typically represented by the yield on US Treasury bills. In this case, the risk-free rate is 3%. The market risk premium is the additional return expected by investors for taking on the risk of investing in the stock market, which is given as 9% based on the world market index. McDonald's stock beta is 0.9, indicating that it is less volatile than the overall market.
To calculate the cost of equity, we use the following formula:
Cost of equity = Risk-free rate + (Beta × Market risk premium)
= 3% + (0.9 × 9%)
= 3% + 8.1%
= 9.3%
This means that McDonald's cost of equity is 9.3%.
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Aman Private School is a new Integrated School just operating at Puncak Alam. Since the school is still new, the policy of the fee collection is only by cash payment. The process of fee payment for these 2 months is as follows: Miss Huda is an account clerk who will receive the cash fee payment made by the parents every day. She will issue the original receipt of payment to respective parents and cash collected is kept in the locked drawer near her place. The copy of the receipts then will be stored in the collection file. At the end of the school hours, she will count the cash and prepare the daily report that shows the fee details to ensure it is tally with the daily receipts issued. Normally, the total cash received every day is around RM 1,000 and above, and it can be 5 times higher at the beginning of the new month. Encik Zaki, the account assistant will make a cash deposit to the bank in the next following days. The bank in slips will be attached to the daily report after the deposits were made. The daily report will be used by Puan Aina to record in the MYOB Accounting System every week. She also prepares bank reconciliation every two months and authorized by Encik Mohd as Head of Account Department.
Required:
Assess any four (4) weaknesses in the internal control system in Aman Private School
Based on the information provided, here are four weaknesses in the internal control system of Aman Private School:
1. Lack of Segregation of Duties:
One weakness is the lack of segregation of duties. Miss Huda, the account clerk, is responsible for receiving cash payments, issuing receipts, and keeping the collected cash in the locked drawer. This means that she has control over all aspects of the cash collection process, which increases the risk of errors or potential fraud. Ideally, there should be a separation of duties, with different individuals responsible for receiving cash, issuing receipts, and handling cash deposits.
2. Lack of Physical Safeguards:
Another weakness is the lack of physical safeguards over the collected cash. While the cash is kept in a locked drawer, there may still be risks associated with storing large amounts of cash on-site. Without additional security measures, such as a safe or regular cash deposits, the school is exposed to potential theft or loss of funds. Implementing stronger physical safeguards would help mitigate these risks.
3. Inadequate Cash Handling Procedures:
The cash handling procedures seem to be insufficient. Miss Huda counts the cash and prepares the daily report, but there is no mention of any reconciliation process or independent verification of the cash counts. This creates a risk of errors or misappropriation going undetected. Implementing regular cash reconciliations and independent verification processes would strengthen the internal controls over cash handling.
4. Lack of Supervisory Review:
There is no mention of regular supervisory review over the cash handling process. The daily reports prepared by Miss Huda and the bank reconciliation prepared by Puan Aina should be reviewed and approved by a supervisor or manager. Without proper oversight, there is a higher risk of errors or irregularities going unnoticed. Implementing a review process by an authorized individual, such as Encik Mohd, would provide an additional layer of control and help ensure the accuracy and integrity of the financial records.
By addressing these weaknesses in the internal control system, Aman Private School can enhance the security of cash handling, reduce the risk of errors or fraud, and improve the overall effectiveness and reliability of its financial processes.
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Which of the following is an example of foreign direct investment in China? A. Chinese Shenzen Airlines company buys a small U.S. midwest airline company, Air Chicago. B. A U.S. foreign exchange speculator buys $200,000 worth of the Chinese currency the yuan. C. U.S. auto entrepreneur Elon Musk buys stock in Alibaba Group Holding Limited of Hangzhou, China. D. The U.S. company Walmart buys a warehouse in Shanghai. E. The bank of China purchases U.S. Treasury bonds.
The example of foreign direct investment in China among the options provided is D. The U.S. company Walmart buys a warehouse in Shanghai.
Foreign direct investment (FDI) refers to the investment made by a company or individual from one country into another country with the intention of establishing a lasting interest or controlling ownership in a business enterprise. In this case, Walmart, a U.S. company, purchasing a warehouse in Shanghai represents a direct investment in China. This investment involves acquiring a physical asset (the warehouse) within the country's territory.
The other options do not fit the definition of foreign direct investment in China:
A. Chinese Shenzen Airlines buying a small U.S. Midwest airline company represents a foreign company investing in the United States, not China.
B. A U.S. foreign exchange speculator buying Chinese currency (yuan) is a financial transaction involving currency exchange, but it does not represent a direct investment in China.
C. Elon Musk, a U.S. entrepreneur, buying stock in Alibaba Group Holding Limited represents an investment in a Chinese company's stock, but it does not involve direct ownership or control of a business enterprise in China.
E. The Bank of China purchasing U.S. Treasury bonds represents a financial investment by a Chinese entity in U.S. government bonds, not a direct investment in China.
Therefore, option D is an example of foreign direct investment in China.
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Which of the following statements reflects the colorblind approach? It fulfills the individual responsibility of eliminating discrimination It gives due regard to needs, assets, and perspectives that create diversity It actively promotes discrimination on the basis of color It fails to acknowledge power and privilege on the basis of color It truly values all people equally irrespective of their color
The statement that reflects the colorblind approach is: "It truly values all people equally irrespective of their color."
The colorblind approach is based on the belief that everyone should be treated equally, regardless of their race or color. It emphasizes the importance of seeing individuals as individuals and disregarding their racial or ethnic background. This approach aims to create a society where color or race does not play a role in how people are treated or opportunities are distributed.
It seeks to promote equality by advocating for a society where people are judged solely on their character and abilities, rather than their racial or ethnic identity. While the colorblind approach may have good intentions, it is important to recognize that it can sometimes overlook the systemic and institutionalized forms of discrimination and the impact of historical inequalities.
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The total population of the United States exceeds 328 million people. Many transactions each day are needed to feed, clothe, and shelter a population of this size. The number is huge. It all works because the US economic system distributes the output of farms and factories. This example shows that ___________. a. marketing is important to business b. marketing dominates supply chain activities c. distribution is the focus of marketing d. distribution is not part of marketing activities
This example shows that distribution is not the focus of marketing. The correct option is d.
The statement "The total population of the United States exceeds 328 million people. Many transactions each day are needed to feed, clothe, and shelter a population of this size. The number is huge. It all works because the US economic system distributes the output of farms and factories." shows that distribution is the focus of marketing.
Marketing is the process of planning and executing the conception, pricing, promotion, and distribution of ideas, goods, and services to create exchanges that meet individual and organizational goals. The goal of marketing is to improve value for customers, partners, and society by creating superior customer value and delivering it. Its ultimate aim is to meet the needs of society at large and advance the well-being of individuals and communities.
Marketing is the art of communicating with customers and generating demand for the goods or services being offered. In the marketing process, there are four essential elements: product, price, promotion, and distribution. All of these elements are critical to the success of a marketing campaign. However, distribution is the primary focus of marketing.
It is the process of making products available to customers by selecting the right channels of distribution and managing inventory levels to ensure that customers receive the right product at the right time. The US economic system is an example of this. The output of farms and factories is distributed across the country to meet the needs of the population.
The economic system of the US is built on the distribution of goods and services to consumers. Distribution is the process of getting goods and services from producers to consumers. The US economic system distributes the output of farms and factories to meet the needs of the population.
This example shows that distribution is not the focus of marketing. Marketing is responsible for getting products to consumers through distribution. Without distribution, the marketing process would not be successful. therefore, The correct option is d.
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Do you think governments in African countries ensure social equity and welfare improvement of livelihoods in the various communities they serve? Give one practical example based on the answer chosen.
Governments in African countries vary in their ability to ensure social equity and improve the welfare of communities. While some governments prioritize social equity and implement policies and programs to uplift livelihoods, others may face challenges and struggle to meet the diverse needs of their populations.
One practical example of a government taking steps towards social equity and improving livelihoods in an African country is the implementation of social safety nets or cash transfer programs. These programs aim to provide direct financial assistance to vulnerable populations, such as low-income families, the elderly, or individuals with disabilities. By redistributing wealth and resources, these programs can help alleviate poverty, reduce inequality, and improve living conditions for those in need.
For instance, in Kenya, the government implemented the Inua Jamii program, which provides cash transfers to vulnerable populations, including elderly persons aged 70 years and above. The program aims to improve their well-being and address social inequalities by ensuring they have a basic income to meet their needs. By targeting specific vulnerable groups, the government is working towards improving social equity and welfare, particularly for the elderly who may face economic hardships.
It's important to note that the effectiveness and impact of such programs can vary depending on factors such as funding, governance, implementation, and the broader socioeconomic context. Therefore, it's essential for governments to continually evaluate and adjust their policies and programs to ensure they are effectively addressing social equity and improving livelihoods in the communities they serve.
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Form of insurance that protects a business from employee theft is called:______
The form of insurance that protects a business from employee theft is called Employee Theft Insurance.
Employee Theft Insurance is a type of insurance that provides protection to businesses against financial losses that result from theft of their property or money by an employee. Employee Theft Insurance is an insurance policy designed to help protect businesses from financial loss caused by employee theft. The policy covers loss of money, securities, or other property, as well as forgery and embezzlement of funds. It is important to note that Employee Theft Insurance is not a substitute for good hiring practices and internal controls, but rather serves as an additional layer of protection for businesses in case those measures fail. It is also important to note that Employee Theft Insurance typically has limits on coverage, so businesses should carefully review policy terms and coverage limits to ensure that they are adequately protected. In summary, Employee Theft Insurance is an important component of a comprehensive risk management plan for businesses that want to protect themselves from the financial impact of employee theft.
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plot the data on your control charts. does the current process appear to be in control?
Control charts are tools used to monitor and control a process by plotting its data and identifying if the process is in control or not. In general, a process is said to be in control when all its outputs fall within the normal variations and there are no patterns that suggest that the process is not stable. Hence, in this case, the control chart will be used to determine if the current process appears to be in control or not.
Typically, control charts are plotted in two forms; the X-bar and R charts or the X-bar and S charts. They involve plotting the sample means and sample ranges or sample standard deviations, respectively. To create a control chart for this data, the following steps should be followed:
Step 1: Collect the Data The data to be plotted in a control chart should be continuous and collected over a period. In this case, the data has already been collected and it will be plotted on the control chart. The chart is used to monitor the width of the manufacturing process' variation.
Step 2: Calculate the Control LimitsThe control limits are calculated based on the sample size, sample range or standard deviation, and the desired number of standard deviations between the control limits and the mean. The control limits are generally calculated using the following formula:Upper Control Limit (UCL) = Mean + A2*R or SLower Control Limit (LCL) = Mean - A2*R or SWhere R is the range, S is the standard deviation, and A2 is a constant that depends on the sample size. Typically, A2 is found using a table or software.
Step 3: Plot the Data Once the control limits are calculated, the data can be plotted on the control chart. The mean value of each sample is plotted on the chart and connected with a centerline. The control limits are also plotted and connected with the centerline. If the data falls within the control limits, the process is said to be in control. If the data falls outside the control limits, the process is said to be out of control.
Step 4: Interpret the Control Chart Based on the Control Chart plotted, if the data falls within the control limits, then the process is said to be in control. If the data falls outside the control limits, then the process is out of control. For the process to be considered in control, the points on the chart should be randomly distributed and not form a recognizable pattern, such as a trend, a cycle, or a shift. In conclusion, the above steps should be followed to plot the data on the control charts.
The current process is said to be in control if the data falls within the control limits and does not form any recognizable pattern. It's also important to note that if the data falls outside the control limits, it does not necessarily mean that the process is out of control. Further investigation is required to determine if there is a special cause of variation.
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In t = 0, SpaceY Inc. is an unlevered company whose Beta is 2. The risk free-rate in the economy is 5%, and the market return is 10%. To begin with, assume that capital markets are perfect and Modigliani-Miller (MM) assumptions hold true. Determine the required cost of equity using CAPM.
The Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) equation can be used to calculate the required return on equity of a company. The formula for CAPM is:
$$r_ e = r_ f + \beta (r_ m - r_ f)$$
where:
$$r_ e = \text{required return on equity}$$$$
r_ f = \text{risk-free rate}$$$$\
beta = \text{beta coefficient}$$$$r_
m = \text{market return}$$.
Given that Space Y Inc. is an unlevered company whose Beta is 2, the risk-free rate in the economy is 5%, and the market return is 10%.Therefore, the required return on equity can be calculated as:
$$r_e = 0.05 + 2(0.10 - 0.05)
$$$$r_ e = 0.05 + 2(0.05)
$$$$r _e = 0.05 + 0.10
$$$$r_ e = 0.15$$
Therefore, the required cost of equity using CAPM is 15%.
In t = 0, Space Y Inc. is an unlevered company whose Beta is 2. The risk free-rate in the economy is 5%, and the market return is 10%. To begin with, assume that capital markets are perfect and Modigliani-Miller (MM) assumptions hold true. Determine the required cost of equity using CAPM.
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your home insurance provides for replacement value for personal property losses. a microwave is stolen. it cost $270 two years ago and has an expected life of six years. a comparable microwave costs $385 today. what amount will the insurance company pay?
The insurance company will pay $205 for the stolen microwave.
When personal property, such as a microwave, is stolen, home insurance may cover the replacement value. Replacement value is the cost to replace an item with a similar one at current prices. In this case, a comparable microwave costs $385. Here is how to determine what the insurance company will pay:
Calculation of current value:
Cost of the microwave = $270Expected life = 6 yearsCurrent age of the microwave = 2 yearsDepreciation = (2 / 6) = 0.33 or 33%
Current value = Cost of the microwave x (1 - Depreciation)= $270 x (1 - 0.33)= $270 x 0.67= $180
Since the cost of a comparable microwave is $385, the insurance company will pay the replacement value of $385, minus the current value of the stolen microwave, which is $180. Therefore, the insurance company will pay:$385 - $180 = $205The insurance company will pay $205 for the stolen microwave.
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: In its 2019 annual report, Whirlpool Corporation reported that it had revenues of RM18.1 billion, cost of goods sold of RM15.2 billion, accounts receivable of RM2 billion, inventory of RM2.4 billion, and account payable of RM3.71 billion. (a) Calculate cash conversion cycle Whirlpool Corporation (assuming a 365-day year). (6 marks) (b) Draw a timeline for Whirlpool's operating cycle and cash conversion cycle.
(a) The cash conversion cycle for Whirlpool Corporation is 59 days.
(b) Please refer to the timeline provided below.
In order to calculate the cash conversion cycle for Whirlpool Corporation, we need to consider three key components: the average collection period, the average payment period, and the average inventory holding period.
The average collection period represents the time it takes for the company to collect payments from its customers. It can be calculated by dividing accounts receivable by daily credit sales. In this case, the average collection period is RM2 billion divided by (RM18.1 billion / 365), which equals approximately 20 days.
The average payment period represents the time it takes for the company to pay its suppliers. It can be calculated by dividing accounts payable by daily cost of goods sold. In this case, the average payment period is RM3.71 billion divided by (RM15.2 billion / 365), which equals approximately 94 days.
The average inventory holding period represents the time it takes for the company to sell its inventory. It can be calculated by dividing inventory by daily cost of goods sold. In this case, the average inventory holding period is RM2.4 billion divided by (RM15.2 billion / 365), which equals approximately 57 days.
To calculate the cash conversion cycle, we subtract the average payment period from the sum of the average collection period and the average inventory holding period: 20 days + 57 days - 94 days = -17 days. However, since a negative cash conversion cycle is not possible, we take the absolute value of -17, which results in a cash conversion cycle of 17 days.
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Determine which of these characteristics are consistent with debt securities and which are consistent with common stock.
a. Its dividends are fixed in amount.
b. It has a par, or face, value.
c. Failure to pay its dividend does not send the firm into bankruptcy.
Characteristics (a) and (b) are consistent with debt securities, while characteristic (c) is consistent with common stock.
a. Its dividends are fixed in amount: This characteristic is consistent with debt securities. Debt securities, such as bonds, typically have fixed interest payments (dividends) that are predetermined and paid to the bondholders.
b. It has a par, or face, value: This characteristic is consistent with both debt securities and common stock. Debt securities, like bonds, have a par value that represents the principal amount to be repaid at maturity. However, common stock can also have a par value, although it is not always the case and is not as common in modern stock issuances.
c. Failure to pay its dividend does not send the firm into bankruptcy: This characteristic is consistent with common stock. Common stock represents ownership in a company and does not have fixed dividend obligations. The payment of dividends is at the discretion of the company's management, and failure to pay dividends does not lead to bankruptcy.
In summary, characteristic (a) is consistent with debt securities, characteristic (b) is consistent with both debt securities and common stock, and characteristic (c) is consistent with common stock. Debt securities have fixed dividends and a par value, while common stock does not have fixed dividends and failure to pay dividends does not result in bankruptcy.
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Which Statement Is False? (A) The Balanced Scorecard Aligns Anorganization’s operational activities with its mission.
(B) The balanced scorecard focuses on these tour primary areas: financial, customer, internal process, and learning and growth.
(C) The balanced scorecard measures, tracks, ana reports on a balance of qualitative and financial data and metrics.
(D) The balanced scorecard ensures the organization’s profitability aligns with director compensation and dividend expectations
The statement that is false is:(D) The balanced scorecard ensures the organization’s profitability aligns with director compensation and dividend expectations.
The balanced scorecard is a performance management framework that helps organizations align their strategic objectives with their day-to-day activities. It does this by translating the organization's mission and vision into a set of measurable goals and objectives. The balanced scorecard then tracks progress against these goals and objectives and provides feedback to help the organization improve its performance. However, the balanced scorecard does not specifically focus on ensuring that the organization's profitability aligns with director compensation and dividend expectations. This is because the balanced scorecard is a holistic framework that measures performance across multiple dimensions, including financial, customer, internal process, and learning and growth.
While profitability is an important measure of performance, it is not the only measure. The balanced scorecard also considers other factors that are important to the organization's success, such as customer satisfaction, employee satisfaction, and innovation. Here is a summary of the four perspectives of the balanced scorecard:
Financial perspective: This perspective measures the organization's financial performance, such as revenue, profit, and return on investment.
Customer perspective: This perspective measures how well the organization is meeting the needs of its customers, such as customer satisfaction, customer retention, and customer acquisition.
Internal process perspective: This perspective measures the organization's efficiency and effectiveness in delivering its products or services, such as quality, productivity, and cycle time.
Learning and growth perspective: This perspective measures the organization's ability to improve and innovate, such as employee skills and knowledge, research and development, and information technology.
A balanced scorecard is a valuable tool for organizations of all sizes. It can help organizations improve their performance by providing a framework for setting goals, tracking progress, and providing feedback.
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the shoe co. manufactures and sells two lines of shoes. during the most recent accounting period, the black line and the brown line sold 15,000 and 2,000 units, respectively. the company's most recent financial statements are shown below: black brown sales $ 900,000 $ 240,000 less cost of goods sold: unit-level production cost 600,000 135,000 depreciation, production equipment 125,000 50,000 gross margin $ 175,000 $ 55,000 less operating expenses: unit-level selling and administrative costs 40,000 65,000 corporate-level facility expenses (fixed) 36,000 36,000 net income (loss) $ 99,000 $ (46,000 ) based on this information, the company should: a. keep the brown line because it contributes $55,000 to total profitability. b. eliminate the brown line because it is operating at a loss. c. keep the brown line because it contributes $40,000 to total profitability. d. it is impossible to determine with the given information.
Based on the given information, the company should, eliminate the brown line because it is operating at a loss. Option b is correct.
Based on the financial statements provided, the brown line of shoes incurred a net loss of $46,000, while the black line generated a net income of $99,000. This indicates that the brown line is not contributing positively to the company's profitability and is operating at a loss.
Therefore, it would be advisable for the company to eliminate the brown line. By doing so, the company can reduce its expenses associated with the brown line, such as unit-level selling and administrative costs and corporate-level facility expenses, which are fixed regardless of the number of units sold.
Eliminating the brown line allows the company to focus its resources and efforts on the more profitable black line of shoes, which has a gross margin of $175,000. This strategic decision can help improve the company's overall financial performance and profitability. Option b is correct.
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On a Saturday night, Husband and Wife simultaneously decide where to go for dinner. The options are Vietnamese restaurant (V) or Thai restaurant (T). If both opt for V, the payoffs are (8,8) to Husband and Wife, respectively. If both opt for T. the payoffs are (7, 5). If Husband chooses V and Wife chooses T, the payoffs are (3, 5). Finally, if Husband chooses T and Wife chooses to V, the payoffs are (5, 7). Choose ALL correct answers: The Nash equilibrium is (V. V); this is a dominant strategy equilibrium. Nash equilibrium is (V. V); this not a dominant strategy equilibrium. The Nash equilibria are (V, V) and (T. T); this is a coordination game. Husband has a dominant strategy. Wife has a dominant strategy.
The Nash equilibrium is (V, V); this is not a dominant strategy equilibrium. The Nash equilibria are (V, V) and (T, T); this is a coordination game. Neither the Husband nor Wife has a dominant strategy since changing the strategy can lead to a higher payoff if the other player's strategy changes as well.
In this scenario, there are two possible strategies for each player: choosing the Vietnamese restaurant (V) or the Thai restaurant (T). The payoffs for each combination of strategies are given. To determine the Nash equilibrium, we need to identify the combination of strategies that neither player will want to change their strategy given the other player's strategy.
Since the payoffs for both players are highest when they both choose V, (8,8), this will be the Nash equilibrium. However, this is not a dominant strategy equilibrium, as neither player has a dominant strategy. If Husband chooses V and Wife chooses T, Husband gets 3 and Wife 5, respectively. However, if Husband chooses T and Wife chooses V, Husband receives 5, and Wife receives 7. So, depending on the strategy chosen by the other player, it is possible to receive a higher pay-off by choosing one strategy over the other. Therefore, there is no dominant strategy for either Husband or Wife.
This is a coordination game as there are multiple Nash equilibria. In addition to (V, V), if both choose T then (T, T) is also Nash equilibrium. Nonetheless, coordination on (V, V) can be easier because this is the highest payoff for both players. Therefore, the players will tend to choose restaurant V.
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Comment on the significance of each concept in terms of the role it plays in helping us to understand the nature of international economic relations.
1. Internal economies of scale.
2. A carbon tariff.
3. The real exchange rate.
Internal economies of scale:Internal economies of scale refers to the cost advantages a business enjoys due to its scale of operation. It implies that the bigger the business, the cheaper it becomes to manufacture a product or deliver a service. It is particularly relevant in international economics because countries can only achieve economies of scale by exploiting their comparative advantage in the production of certain goods and services. The significance of internal economies of scale lies in the fact that it fosters global trade and integration, encouraging countries to specialize in producing goods in which they have a competitive advantage.
A carbon tariff:A carbon tariff refers to a tax imposed on imported products from countries with inadequate environmental regulations. This levy is levied to encourage global production patterns that have less impact on the environment. The carbon tariff can serve as an incentive to improve the environmental standards of goods produced abroad, but it can also act as a form of protectionism. Thus, a carbon tariff's significance in international economics depends on the underlying motivation of its introduction. If it is solely to protect domestic producers, it will harm international relations.
Real exchange rate:The real exchange rate is an indicator of a country's competitiveness in international trade. It measures the relative purchasing power of one currency in relation to another. A country that has a favorable real exchange rate would be able to purchase more foreign goods for each unit of domestic currency it spends. Thus, the significance of the real exchange rate in international economics is that it measures the relative costs of trading with foreign countries. A country with a strong real exchange rate can import cheaper goods and services, making it more competitive in the global market.
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In the partnership form of business, net income (or loss) is allocated to partners according to partnership agreement. True O False A Moving to another question will save this response. MacBook Pro
In a partnership structure, partners' net income (or loss) is distributed in accordance with the partnership agreement. This statement is false.
In a partnership form of business, net income (or loss) is allocated to partners according to the partnership agreement. This agreement typically outlines the specific terms and conditions for sharing profits and losses among the partners. The allocation of net income (or loss) may be based on various factors such as the partners' capital contributions, ownership percentages, or a predetermined formula agreed upon by the partners.
The partnership agreement plays a crucial role in determining how profits and losses are distributed among the partners. It allows for flexibility in tailoring the allocation to meet the specific needs and goals of the partners. This agreement can be structured in a way that rewards partners who contribute more to the partnership or have a greater role in the business operations.
It's important for partners to carefully negotiate and draft the partnership agreement to ensure a fair and equitable distribution of net income (or loss) based on their individual contributions and expectations.
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Suppose the yield to maturity on a one-year zero-coupon bond is 8%. The yield to maturity on a two-year zero-coupon bond is 10%. Answer the following questions (use annual compounding):
(a) According to the Expectations Hypothesis, what is the expected one-year rate in the marketplace for year 2?
(b) Consider an investor who only wants to invest for a year. She expects the yield to maturity on a one-year zero to be 6% next year. In which one will she choose to invest for a year: the one-year zero-coupon bond or the two-year zero-coupon bond? [Hint: compare the holding period return for both bonds]
(c) If all investors behave like the investor in (b), what will happen to the equilibrium term structure according to the Expectations Hypothesis?
a. According to Expectations Hypothesis, the expected one-year rate in the marketplace for year 2 is 12%.
Explanation: The expectations hypothesis predicts that interest rates on a long-term bond are an average of short-term bond interest rates expected over the life of the long-term bond. For example, suppose that the yield to maturity on a one-year zero-coupon bond is 8%, and the yield to maturity on a two-year zero-coupon bond is 10%, using annual compounding.
(a) According to Expectations Hypothesis, what is the expected one-year rate in the marketplace for year 2?The formula for finding the expected one-year rate is: E(r1) = (r2 + 1)² / (r1 + 1)E(r1) = (0.1 + 1)² / (0.08 + 1)E(r1) = 1.21 / 1.08E(r1) = 1.12 or 12%.
Thus, according to the Expectations Hypothesis, the expected one-year rate in the marketplace for year 2 is 12%.
b. The investor will invest in the two-year zero-coupon bond if she wants to earn higher returns.
According to the Expectations Hypothesis, the yield curve would always slope upwards.
Therefore, the yield on the one-year zero-coupon bond is 6%. The yield to maturity for the one-year zero-coupon bond is 8%, which is higher than the expected yield to maturity of 6%. Because of this, the investor will invest in the two-year zero-coupon bond, which has a yield to maturity of 10% and an expected yield to maturity of 12%.
Since the investor expects the yield to maturity of one-year zero-coupon bonds to fall to 6%, the one-year bond's holding period return would be 6% if she purchased it for a year. At the same time, the investor will receive 10% of the two-year bond's yield to maturity.
Since the holding period return of the two-year bond is greater than that of the one-year bond, the investor should choose the two-year bond to invest in.
c. If all investors behave like the investor in (b), the equilibrium term structure according to the Expectations Hypothesis would not change. Because it is only one investor, it does not have an impact on the overall market demand for bonds. However, if all investors expect the same thing as this investor, then the expected yield to maturity for a one-year bond would be 6%, which would cause the yield curve to shift downwards.
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A scientist develops a new machine that lowers the cost of producing tires. Please show the effect supply will have with change in lower cost.
A scientist develops a new machine that lowers the cost of producing tires. The effect supply curve will have with change in lower cost.
The development of a new machine would lead to an increased supply of tires as manufacturers are incentivized to produce more due to reduced production costs.
The lower cost would also enable manufacturers to expand their market reach by either lowering prices or enjoying increased profit margins.
The downward pressure on prices would make tires more affordable, leading to increased demand and subsequently higher supply.
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What will you expect to find on a responsibility report for a profit centre?
controllable margin
no indirect fixed costs
only direct costs
all fixed costs—both controllable and non-controllable
Flexible budgets imply
each manager is free to change the budget as the year progresses.
that sales managers can have a wide latitude in modifying prices during the year.
the budget process may not be accurate at the beginning of the budget year.
that a firm will have different levels of activity and costs during a year.
A responsibility report for a profit center typically includes information related to the center's financial performance and its responsibility for generating profits.
Some key components you can expect to find in such a report include:
Controllable Margin: The report would highlight the controllable margin, which represents the profit generated by the profit center after deducting only those costs that the center has direct control over. It excludes indirect fixed costs that are not directly influenced by the profit center.Direct Costs: The responsibility report would include information on the direct costs incurred by the profit center. These costs are directly attributable to the center's operations and can be clearly assigned to specific activities or products.All Fixed Costs: In addition to direct costs, the report may also include information on all fixed costs associated with the profit center. This includes both controllable fixed costs that the center has some influence over and non-controllable fixed costs that are beyond its control.Flexible Budgets: The report may mention the use of flexible budgets. Flexible budgets are designed to accommodate changes in activity levels and reflect different levels of activity and costs throughout the year. They allow for adjustments to the budget as the year progresses, helping managers make more accurate performance evaluations.It is important to note that while sales managers may have some flexibility in modifying prices during the year, the budget process aims to provide a reliable and accurate forecast for the profit center's performance, considering different levels of activity and costs.
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(a) Using relevant examples, explain four characteristics of services.
(b) Using examples, evaluate importance of people, process and physical evidence being integrated with other elements of the marketing mix.
(a) The four characteristics of services are intangibility, physical evidence, relationships, and perishability.
(b) In the marketing mix people shape the way customers perceive the service. process largely determined smooth operation of the service, and physical evidence influence the customer's perception of the service.
(a) Four characteristics of services are as follows.
Intangibility: Intangibility is one of the main characteristics of services because services cannot be touched, tasted, smelled, or seen before they are purchased. For example, Banking, consulting, education, and healthcare services can all be purchased and experienced, but none of them can be touched.Physical Evidence: Physical evidence refers to the service environment, which includes the appearance of tangible objects such as buildings, employees' clothing, and business cards. For instance, An IT firm may have the latest equipment and the most up-to-date computer software to show their clients their work. This physical evidence is a significant aspect of their overall service.Relationships: Relationships are a characteristic of services because they often require interaction between the service provider and the consumer. For example, building relationships with clients through social media platforms or email or phone conversations in a BPO company.Perishability: Because services cannot be stored for later use or sold at a later time, perishability is a characteristic of services. For instance, Airline tickets that aren't sold cannot be stored and resold at a later date. Instead, airlines must offer promotions to entice customers to purchase tickets at the last minute.(b) Importance of people, process and physical evidence being integrated with other elements of the marketing mix are as follows.
People: In the marketing mix, people refer to employees, including the sales and customer service teams, who directly interact with customers. These individuals will shape how customers perceive the service. For example, the Employees of a restaurant who are polite and attentive will encourage customers to revisit the restaurant.Process: In service marketing, the process refers to the steps taken to complete a service transaction. Customers' satisfaction is largely determined by how smoothly the service process runs. For example, fast-food chains that have processes in place to ensure quick service have higher satisfaction rates among customers.Physical Evidence: Physical evidence in service marketing refers to the environment in which the service is delivered and how it appears. The physical environment, such as the office layout or website design, can influence the customer's perception of the service. For instance, A hotel that has spacious rooms, well-equipped conference halls and beautiful lawns will help to make customers feel more comfortable.Learn more about Marketing mix:
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que will save this response. Question 12 Ehsan contributed a building at $22,500 and a land valued at $66,600. The journal entry to record this transaction for the partnership is COA Land. 22,500 Buil
The journal entry to record Ehsan's contribution of a building at $22,500 and land valued at $66,600 for the partnership would be:
Debit: Land $66,600
Debit: Building $22,500
Credit: Ehsan's Capital (or Partner's Capital) $89,100
In this entry, the land and building are debited to reflect the increase in the partnership's assets. The amounts recorded are based on their respective values: $66,600 for the land and $22,500 for the building.
By debiting the land and building accounts, the partnership recognizes Ehsan's contribution and increases its asset base accordingly. These assets become part of the partnership's overall holdings, providing value to the business.
On the other side of the entry, Ehsan's Capital (or Partner's Capital) account is credited. This reflects the increase in Ehsan's ownership interest in the partnership. The credited amount of $89,100 represents the combined value of the land and building contributed.
By crediting Ehsan's Capital account, the partnership acknowledges the additional investment made by Ehsan and records it as his capital contribution. This increases his ownership stake in the partnership and reflects his claim to a portion of the partnership's assets and profits.
It's important to note that the specific accounts used in the journal entry may vary depending on the partnership's chart of accounts and accounting practices. The entry provided here is a general representation of the transaction based on the information provided.
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Lars Linken opened Marigold Cleaners on March 1, 2022. During March, the following transactions were completed. Mar. 1 Issued 8,800 shares of common stock for $13,200 cash. 1 Borrowed $5,400 cash by signing a 6-month, 6%, $5,400 note payable. Interest will be paid the first day of each subsequent month. 1 Purchased used truck for $7,000 cash. 2 Paid $1,200 cash to cover rent from March 1 through May 31. 3 Paid $2,100 cash on a 6-month insurance policy effective March 1. 6 Purchased cleaning supplies for $1,760 on account. 14 Billed customers $3,260 for cleaning services performed. 18 Paid $440 on amount owed on cleaning supplies. 20 Paid $1,540 cash for employee salaries. 21 Collected $1,410 cash from customers billed on March 14. 28 Billed customers $3,700 for cleaning services performed. 31 Paid $310 for gas and oil used in truck during month (use Maintenance and Repairs Expense). 31 Declared and paid a $790 cash dividend. The chart of accounts for Marigold Cleaners contains the following accounts: Cash, Accounts Receivable, Supplies, Prepaid Insurance, Prepaid Rent, Equipment, Accumulated Depreciation—Equipment, Accounts Payable, Salaries and Wages Payable, Notes Payable, Interest Payable, Common Stock, Retained Earnings, Dividends, Income Summary, Service Revenue, Maintenance and Repairs Expense, Supplies Expense, Depreciation Expense, Insurance Expense, Salaries and Wages Expense, Rent Expense, and Interest Expense. Prepare a post-closing trial balance at March 31. MARIGOLD CLEANERS Post-Closing Trial Balance Debit Credit
Marigold Cleaners is a business that deals with cleaning services and was opened on March 1, 2022. This post-closing trial balance represents a tabulation of accounts at Marigold Cleaners for the month of March 2022.
Marigold Cleaners, a cleaning services provider, opened on March 1, 2022. During the month of March 2022, the company completed a number of transactions, including the issuance of 8,800 shares of common stock for $13,200 in cash on March 1, the purchase of a used truck for $7,000 cash on March 1, and the payment of $1,200 cash for rent covering March 1 through May 31 on March 2. On March 3, the company paid $2,100 cash on a six-month insurance policy effective March 1.On March 6, Marigold Cleaners purchased cleaning supplies on account for $1,760. On March 14, the company billed customers $3,260 for cleaning services performed, and on March 18, the company paid $440 on the amount owed on cleaning supplies. On March 20, Marigold Cleaners paid $1,540 in cash for employee salaries, and on March 21, the company collected $1,410 in cash from customers billed on March 14. On March 28, Marigold Cleaners billed customers $3,700 for cleaning services performed. Finally, on March 31, the company paid $310 for gas and oil used in the truck during the month (use Maintenance and Repairs Expense) and declared and paid a $790 cash dividend.To prepare a post-closing trial balance at March 31, all the nominal accounts should be closed. These are accounts that deal with the expenses, revenues, and dividends. The amounts paid or received are transferred to income summary. Therefore, Marigold Cleaners' post-closing trial balance is as follows:MARIGOLD CLEANERS Post-Closing Trial Balance Debit CreditCash $1,280Accounts Receivable $1,510Supplies $440Prepaid Insurance $1,050Equipment $7,000Accumulated Depreciation—Equipment $500Accounts Payable $1,320Salaries and Wages Payable $0Notes Payable $5,400Interest Payable $27Common Stock $13,200Retained Earnings $1,950Dividends $790Income Summary $5,360Service Revenue $7,960Maintenance and Repairs Expense $310Supplies Expense $1,760Depreciation Expense $500Insurance Expense $350Salaries and Wages Expense $1,540Rent Expense $1,200Interest Expense $27Totals $27,237 $27,237
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in situations in which there are substantial economies of scale, the ___________ of adding an additional customer is very _________ once the fixed costs of the overall system are in place.
a. average variable cost, high b. marginal cost, low c. marginal revenue: low d. marginal cost; high
In situations with substantial economies of scale, the marginal cost of adding an additional customer is very low once the fixed costs of the overall system are in place.
Economies of scale refer to the cost advantages that a company can achieve as its scale of production increases. In such situations, the per-unit cost of production decreases as output increases. When substantial economies of scale are present, the marginal cost of adding an additional customer becomes very low once the fixed costs of the overall system are already incurred.
Marginal cost represents the additional cost incurred by producing one more unit or serving one more customer. In the context of economies of scale, the fixed costs are spread over a larger production or customer base, resulting in a relatively low additional cost for each new customer added to the system. Therefore, the correct answer is option b: marginal cost, low.
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Harbortown Marine Products (HMP) manufactures and sells various fixtures for boat cabins One fixture uses a specialized fitting that is not used in any other HMP product. The management of HMP has considered outsourcing the fitting for several years but has never identified a suitable supplier HMP has collected the following data on the cost of the fitting
Materials
Labor
56.40 4.80
Manufacturing overhead 14,40
Total
25.60
Rivard Fittings, a local auto supplier. contacts HMP and tells them that because of the loss of one
of Rivard's customers, there is enough capacity to produce up to 5.000 units of the fitting
monthly Rivard has offered to sell HMP any quantity (up to 5 000 units monthly) at a price of $20
per fitting
If Rivard supplies all of the 3,000 fittings currently produced by HMP HMP Walt avoid all of the variable avemead associated with the fiting and one third of the fixed overhead. Management estimates that variable overhead for the fitting is $4.80 per unit.
Required: a. Prepare a schedule that shows the differential costs.
b. Should HMP continue to make the fittings or buy them from Riverd Fittings?
a. Differential costs schedule:
Variable costs (materials + labor + variable overhead) per unit: $56.40 + $4.80 + $4.80 = $66.00
Fixed overhead per unit (1/3 of total fixed overhead): $14.40/3 = $4.80
b. HMP should buy the fittings from Rivard Fittings as the cost per unit from Rivard ($20) is lower than the total cost per unit for HMP ($66.00 + $4.80 = $70.80).
a. Schedule of Differential Costs:
Materials $56.40 $20.00
Labor $4.80 $0.00
Manufacturing overhead $14.40 $4.80
Variable overhead $4.80 $4.80
Fixed overhead $0.00 $4.80 (1/3 of $14.40)
Total Cost $80.40 $34.40
Differential Cost: $80.40 - $34.40 = $46.00 per unit
b. HMP should buy the fittings from Rivard Fittings. By outsourcing, HMP can save $46.00 per unit compared to the cost of producing the fittings internally. This cost savings is significant and can contribute to improved profitability for HMP.
Rivard Fittings has enough capacity to meet HMP's monthly demand of 3,000 units, ensuring a reliable supply. Outsourcing the fittings allows HMP to focus on its core competencies and potentially allocate its resources more efficiently. Therefore, buying the fittings from Rivard Fittings is a favorable decision for HMP.
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10 points The ABC Company is planning on producing 52000 units of a Widget. The widget uses 0.9 units of raw material. The ABC Company desires an ending inventory of 13500 units but currently has a be
The total cost of the raw materials required for production is $728,840, and the total cost of goods sold is $562,700.
You must take into account the raw materials required for the specified ending inventory and deduct the beginning inventory from the total cost of raw materials needed for production.
Given: 52,000 widgets were produced.
0.9 units of raw material per widget.
13,500 units are the desired final stock.
7,100 units of initial raw materials inventory
Raw material price per unit: $13.7
Total raw materials required for production:
Raw materials per widget × Widget production
0.9 units/widget × 52,000 widgets = 46,800 units
Raw materials required for ending inventory:
Desired ending inventory - Beginning inventory
13,500 units - 7,100 units = 6,400 units
Total raw materials required:
Total raw materials for production + Raw materials for ending inventory
46,800 units + 6,400 units = 53,200 units
The total cost of raw materials required:
Total raw materials required × Cost per unit
53,200 units × $13.7/unit = $728,840
To calculate the total cost of goods sold (COGS), you need to consider the units sold and the cost per unit.
Given:
Units sold: 41,000 units
Total cost of goods sold:
Units sold × Cost per unit
41,000 units × $13.7/unit = $562,700
Therefore, the total cost of the raw materials required for production is $728,840, and the total cost of goods sold is $562,700.
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The complete question is:
The ABC Company is planning on producing 52000 units of a Widget. The widget uses 0.9 units of raw material. The ABC Company desires an ending inventory of 13500 units but currently has a beginning raw materials beginning inventory of 7100 units. If the raw materials cost $13.7 per unit, what is the total cost of the raw materials required for production? If the company is planning on selling 41000 units, what is the total cost of goods sold?
You are the manager of a local tea shop called Unicorn Tears. You have the following information about the daily demand for your business
Qdtea = 50 − 5ptea + 4pcoffee + 6I − 3psugar
Where I is income. Suppose that the current equilibrium price and quantity are ptea*=3 and Qtea*=90. Which of the following statements is true?
A. Tea is an inferior good.
B. Tea and coffee are demand complements.
C. Demand for tea is inelastic.
D. Demand for tea is elastic.
E. Tea and sugar are demand substitutes.
As per the given data, Qdtea = 50 − 5ptea + 4pcoffee + 6I − 3psugarAt equilibrium, We can find the type of demand by calculating the price elasticity of demand (PED). We know that PED = (ΔQ/ΔP) * (P/Q)Where ΔQ = change in quantity, ΔP = change in price, P = initial price, and Q = initial quantity.
(Elastic demand) for a percentage change in price will result in a more significant percentage change in quantity demanded.PED = 1 (Unit elastic demand) for a percentage change in price will result in an equal percentage change in quantity demanded.PED < 1 (Inelastic demand) for a percentage change in price will result in a less significant percentage change in quantity demanded.
Let us find the value of PED. Where,Since PED > 1, we can say that the demand for tea is elastic.Therefore, the correct option is D. Demand for tea is elastic. We know that PED = (ΔQ/ΔP) * (P/Q)Where ΔQ = change in quantity, ΔP = change in price, P = initial price, and Q = initial quantity.
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Taxpayer X, single, has taxable income of $190,000. He had the following capital asset transactions:
Gain from the sale of a stamp collection (held for 10 years)
$30,000
Gain from the sale of an investment in land (held for 4 years)
10,000
Gain from the sale of stock investment (held for 8 months)
4,000
Taxpayer X would owe a total of $7,280 in taxes on the gains from the sale of these capital assets.
Calculating gain from the sale of a stamp collection (held for 10 years):
The stamp collection is eligible for long-term capital gains treatment because it was owned for ten years. The tax rate that would be applied to this gain, assuming taxpayer X is in the 32% tax band, would be 15%.
Therefore,
Tax on the gain from the sale of the stamp collection
= $30,000 x 0.15
= $4,500
Calculating, gain from the sale of an investment in land (held for 4 years):
Since the investment in land was held for 4 years, it also qualifies for long-term capital gains treatment. Using the same tax rates as above, the applicable tax rate would be 15%.
Therefore,
Tax on the gain from the sale of the land investment
= $10,000 x 0.15
= $1,500
Calculating, gain from the sale of stock investment (held for 8 months):
The stock investment constituted a short-term capital gain because it was kept for less than a year. Ordinary income tax rates apply to short-term capital gains. The tax rate that would apply to this gain for taxpayer X, assuming a marginal tax rate of 32%, would be 32%.
Therefore,
Tax on the gain from the sale of the stock investment
= $4,000 x 0.32
= $1,280
Calculating total taxes -
= $4,500 + $1,500 + $1,280
= $7,280
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Complete Question:
Taxpayer X, single, has taxable income of $190,000. He had the following capital asset transactions:
Gain from the sale of a stamp collection (held for 10 years)
$30,000
Gain from the sale of an investment in land (held for 4 years)
10,000
Gain from the sale of stock investment (held for 8 months)
4,000
How to calculate taxpayer's tax on these gains ?
Marigold Corp. is considering the following alternatives: Alternative A $30000 18000 10000 Alternative B $46000 18000 16000 Revenues Variable costs Fixed costs What is the incremental profit? a. $10000 b. $2000 c. $6000
The incremental profit for Marigold Corp. is $10,000. The correct option is a.
For Alternative A:
Revenue = $30,000
Variable Costs = $18,000
Fixed Costs = $10,000
Profit A = Revenue - Variable Costs - Fixed Costs
Profit A = $30,000 - $18,000 - $10,000
Profit A = $2,000
For Alternative B:
Revenue = $46,000
Variable Costs = $18,000
Fixed Costs = $16,000
Profit B = Revenue - Variable Costs - Fixed Costs
Profit B = $46,000 - $18,000 - $16,000
Profit B = $12,000
Incremental Profit = Profit B - Profit A
Incremental Profit = $12,000 - $2,000
Incremental Profit = $10,000
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a bond with a coupon rate of 9 percent sells at a yield to maturity of 10 percent. if the bond matures in 11 years, what is the macaulay duration of the bond? what is the modified duration?
Macaulay's Duration is calculated as 7.289 years. The modified duration is found to be 6.627 years.
The calculation is shown in the image attached below:
The Macaulay Duration (Dm) of a set of cash flows (CFj) is the weighted average (mean) of the times (periods) at which the cash flows occur (j), where the weights represent the percentage of the present value of the cash flow with respect to the total present value of all the cash flows (the value of the cash flow at time 0).
It may be viewed as the average financial lifespan (balance point) of a set of cash flows. The Macaulay Duration connects the percent change in a cash flow's price to the percent change in the yield and measures the elasticity of the price of a cash flow versus the periodic yield until maturity.
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WAP Industries has the following inventory records in March Price/Unit $5.50 $5.60 $5.70 $5.90 Beginning Inventory Purchases, Nov 10 Purchases, Nov 15 Purchases, Nov 28 # Units 100 225 200 175 A physi
WAP Industries, in the month of March, had the following inventory records for its inventory:Price/Unit $5.50 $5.60 $5.70 $5.90Beginning Inventory Purchases, Nov 10 Purchases, Nov 15 Purchases, Nov 28# Units 100 225 200 175A /
physical inventory count of the items in stock on March 31 revealed that there were only 325 units on hand. In addition, WAP Industries uses a periodic inventory system to keep track of its inventory and uses the weighted-average cost method to assign costs to its inventory items.Therefore, we must calculate the weighted-average cost per unit. To do so, we'll follow these steps:1. Determine the total cost of all units available for sale. We'll add the cost of the beginning inventory to the costs of the purchases:Beginning Inventory: $5.50 × 100 = $550
Purchases, Nov 10: $5.60 × 225 = $1,260Purchases, Nov 15: $5.70 × 200 = $1,140Purchases, Nov 28: $5.90 × 175 = $1,032.50Total Cost of Units Available for Sale: $550 + $1,260 + $1,140 + $1,032.50 = $3,982.502. Determine the total number of units available for sale. We'll add the beginning inventory and the purchases:Beginning Inventory: 100Purchases, Nov 10: 225Purchases, Nov 15: 200Purchases, Nov 28: 175Total Units Available for Sale: 100 + 225 + 200 + 175 = 7003. Calculate the weighted-average cost per unit:Total Cost of Units Available for Sale ÷ Total Units Available for Sale= Weighted-Average Cost per Unit$3,982.50 ÷ 700 = $5.69T
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