Explanation:
there are two stages of Photosynthesis:
the light dependent stage: In this stage light energy is trapped using chlorophyll from the chloroplast. this light energy is used to separate water molecules(H2O) that were absorbed by the roots into Hydrogen and oxygen. the oxygen produced from this separation is then let off as a waste product.the light independent stage: the Hydrogen produced from the previous stage bonds with Carbon Dioxide(CO2) that diffused through the stomata from the atmosphere in order to form the plants food, which is in the form of glucose(C6H12O6)light dependent equation:
2H2O + (trapped light energy) --> 2H2 + O2
light independent equation:
6CO2 + 6H2O --> C6H12O6 + 6O2
Which of the following statements best explains Delta’s role in regulating cell communication through the Notch signaling pathway?
answer choices
Delta transmits a chemical signal to all the cells of a developing embryo.
Delta allows the cells of a developing embryo to communicate without making direct contact.
Delta restricts cell communication to short distances within a developing embryo.
Delta determines which cells in a developing embryo express the gene that encodes the Notch protein.
Delta restricts cell communication to short distances within a developing embryo. So, the correct option is (C).
What is Cell communication?Cell communication is also known as cell signaling. It is defined as the ability of a cell to receive, process and transmit signals with its environment and itself. Cell signaling is a fundamental property of all cellular life in prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
There are four basic categories of chemical signaling which is found in multicellular organisms:
1. Paracrine signaling
2. Autocrine signaling
3. Endocrine signaling
4. Signaling by direct contact.
Signals transmitted through the Notch surface receptor have a unique developmental role, whereas Notch signaling links the fate of a cell with that of a cellular neighbor through physical interactions between the Notch receptor and membrane-bound ligands that are expressed in an attractive cell. Delta limits cell communication to short distances within a developing embryo, which explains the role of Delta in regulating cell communication through the Notch signaling pathway.
Thus, Delta restricts cell communication to short distances within a developing embryo. So, the correct option is (C).
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Scientists are studying cellular respiration in a jungle ecosystem that has plants, animals, and decomposers (which consume dead things). Which group or groups of organisms in the jungle carry out cellular respiration?.
All organisms in the jungle.
How is Animal Farm like the Russian Revolution?
In many aspects, Orwell's book's characters and events parallel the Russian Revolution: Of essence, Old Major, Snowball, and Napoleon are the main figures in the Russian Revolution, and Manor Farm is a representation of Russia. Mr. Jones is inspired after Tsar Nicholas II (1868–1918), the last Russian emperor.
In Animal Farm, Boxer is a depiction of all Russian laborer's and workers, while Old Major stands in for Karl Marx, Snowball for Leon Trotsky, Napoleon for Josef Stalin, Squealer for propaganda, and Snowball for Leon Trotsky.
The revolt of the animals is comparable to the fall of Nicholas II, the Tsar of Russia. Both rebellions were carried out quickly and without any preparation.
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What are the 5 types of settlement patterns?
The 4 principal varieties of settlements are urban, rural, compact, and dispersed. Urban settlements are densely populated and are typically non-agricultural.
They are referred to as towns or metropolises and are the maximum populated sort of agreement. These settlements absorb the maximum land, resources, and servicesSome examples of agreement styles include, nucleated settlements, linear settlements and dispersed settlements.
Settlements may be everlasting or brief. Temporary Settlement. Settlements which can be occupied for a quick time Eire referred to as brief settlements. Permanent Settlement. Under everlasting settlements, human beings construct houses to stay in.
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Why are cells the basic unit of structure?
Cells are the unit of structure as they form the structure of organisms. Organisms combine to form tissues, which further combine to form organs, organs combine to form organ systems, which further combine to form organisms. Thus, the cell is the basic unit of structure for all unicellular and multicellular organisms.
"A cell is defined as the smallest and the basic unit of life which is responsible for all processes of life."
Cells are the structural, functional, as well as biological units of all living things. A cell can replicate itself. Therefore, they are known as the building blocks of life.
Every cell contains a fluid called cytoplasm, which is covered by a membrane. Also, in the cytoplasm there are many biomolecules such as proteins, nucleic acids and lipids. Additionally, cellular structures called cell organelles are suspended in the cytoplasm.
Characteristics of Cells
The following are the types of important characteristics of cells:
Cells provide structure and support to the organism's body.The interior of the cell is organized into different organelles surrounded by a separate membrane.The nucleus (the main organelle) holds the genetic information necessary for cell reproduction and growth.Each cell has a single nucleus and membrane-bound cells in the cytoplasm.Mitochondria, a double-membrane-bound cell is responsible for the energy transfer necessary for cell survival.Lysosomes digest unwanted material in the cell.Endoplasmic reticulum plays an important role in the internal structure of the cell by combining selected molecules and processing them, guiding and distributing them to the right places.For more such questions on Cell:
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What happened to food when it is in your mouth stomach small intestine?
The majority of nutritional absorption from meals occurs in the small intestine, also known as the small bowel, an organ in the digestive system.
In order to aid in digestion, it gets bile and pancreatic juice through the pancreatic duct, which is located between the stomach and the large intestine. About 5.5 metres (18 feet) length, the small intestine folds multiple times to fit inside the abdomen. Although it is shorter than the big intestine, the small intestine is known as such because of its smaller diameter.The duodenum, jejunum, and ileum are the three separate parts of the small intestine. The duodenum, which is the smallest, is where the body begins preparing for absorption through tiny protrusions shaped like fingers. The jejunum is designed specifically for enterocyte absorption through its lining:
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The diagram above illustrates how the number of individuals in a population changed with time as a result of external stresses and resource limitations. Which lettered portion of the curve most likely corresponds to the carrying capacity of the ecosystem?
A
B
C
D
E
The lettered portion of the curve that likely corresponds to carrying capacity of the ecosystem is the letter of E.
What is carrying capacity?The carrying capacity is a term to describe the environment maximum population size for a biological species, this also for the ecosystem to hold maximal load of population.
Maximum population can be determine by the availability of the resources that support the biological species, this including the water, food, habitat, and any other resources.
Carrying capacity can be defined as population ecology corresponds to the equilibrium of the population which it mean the carrying capacity is when the number of deaths equal to the number of births.
In diagram, we can see the number of births raised in A-B letter and then the letter C-D the number of deaths raised until the letter of E when it stable. Thus, the letter of E is a carrying capacity.
You question is incomplete, but most probably your full question was
(image attached)
The diagram above illustrates how the number of individuals in a population changed with time as a result of external stresses and resource limitations. Which lettered portion of the curve most likely corresponds to the carrying capacity of the ecosystem?
A
B
C
D
E
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A aids (aydz) noun a disease that causes the human immune system to break down and lower resistance to deadly diseases. it’s short for acquired immune deficiency syndrome. antiviral (an-tih-vye-ral) adjective capable of destroying or weakening a virus. —when birds get flu and cows go mad!, john diconsiglio in the sentence, "they used an antiviral injection to stop the spread of the virus," what does the word antiviral mean?
a. a disease caused by human immune system failure
b. a virus caused by human immune system failure
c. having the ability to kill or reduce the strength of a virus
d. being against the creation of viruses
Your anwser is A. a disease caused by human immune system failure
I took the quiz and that was the right anwser, happy holidays!
The insulin receptor is a transmembrane protein that plays a role in the regulation of glucose homeostasis. The receptor’s extracellular domain binds specifically to the peptide hormone insulin. The receptor’s intracellular domain interacts with cellular factors. The binding of insulin to the receptor stimulates a signal transduction pathway that results in the subcellular translocation of GLUT4, a glucose transport protein that is stored in vesicles inside the cell. A simplified model of the insulin receptor–signaling pathway is shown in Figure 1.
Which of the following statements best predicts the effect of a loss of function of the insulin receptor’s intracellular domain?
answer choices
The stimulation of the signal transduction pathway will increase.
The storage of GLUT4 in vesicles inside the cell will increase.
The number of GLUT4 molecules in the plasma membrane will increase.
The concentration of glucose inside the cell will increase.
Statement B. the storage of GLUT4 in vesicles inside the cell will increase best predicts the effect of a loss of function of the insulin receptor’s intracellular domain.
What is the insulin receptor’s intracellular domain?The insulin receptor’s intracellular domain denotes the internal part of the receptor protein located in the internal surface of the cell that surrounds the cytoplasm, which is able to bind insulin hormone during glucose metabolism.
Therefore, with this data, we can see that the insulin receptor’s intracellular domain is able to respond to environmental stimuli such as the concentration of glucose.
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The respiratory system of an elephant functions in a similar way to which organelle.
The respiratory system of an elephant functions in a similar way to the plasma membrane.
The network of organs and tissues that aid in breathing is known as the respiratory system. It includes your lungs, blood vessels, and airways. The respiratory system also includes the muscles that power your lungs. In order to eliminate waste gases like carbon dioxide and move oxygen throughout the body, these components collaborate.
Animals' respiratory systems are involved in gas exchange. Oxygen is taken in and carbon dioxide and ATP molecules are released during animal respiration.
Similar to the elephant's respiratory system, the plasma membrane of a single-celled organism is involved in gas exchange with the outside.
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pls help label diagram
Answer:
A. enzyme
B. active site
C. substrate
D. enzyme-substrate complex
E. products
Explanation:
A. The enzyme will be the figure that never moves, becomes modified, etc., because it is a catalyst that collides with substrates to speed up chemical reactions.
B. The active site is the surface on the rim of the enzyme. The active site is where the enzyme and substrate bond, or connect.
C. The substrate is a molecule that the enzyme collides with to break the molecule down or build the molecule back up.
D. The enzyme-substrate complex is when the enzyme and substrate bond at the enzyme's active site.
E. The products are the molecules that result when the enzyme breaks down the substrate.
What are the ethical barriers to research on women who are pregnant?
Several factors must be considered before pregnant women are excluded, including whether extrapolated knowledge from trials with pregnant animals and nonpregnant humans is available.
What are the ethical dilemmas in the care of pregnant women?An ethical conundrum may arise for a doctor when a pregnant woman exhibits behavior(s) that could be damaging to her developing fetus or rejects a suggested diagnostic or therapeutic intervention intended to improve fetal health and well-being. Particularly complicated scientific, moral, and legal issues arise while researching pregnant women. Within and between the mother's body, the placenta, and the fetus, pregnancy's physiology undergoes significant changes during the course of the many weeks, months, and trimesters. While trade-offs between maternal and fetal risks and benefits can pose challenging study design issues, they do not by themselves constitute a justification for excluding pregnant participants.Before pregnant women are excluded, a number of factors must be taken into account, such as the availability of extrapolated knowledge from trials with pregnant animals and non-pregnant humans, whether the study has the potential to directly benefit the woman, her fetus, or both, and whether the risks of inclusion have already been distinctly identified and minimized.To learn more about ethical conundrum refer to:
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What are 5 chemical sanitizers?
In the food service business, three types of chemical compounds are utilized as sanitizers: chlorine-based cleansers, quaternary ammonium, and iodine sanitizers.
Because it is both extremely effective and reasonably affordable, chlorine is the most often used chemical sanitizing agent.
Sanitation is also accomplished by utilizing chemical substances capable of eliminating disease-causing germs.
Chlorine (bleach), iodine, and quaternary ammonium are common sanitizers. In the food service business, chemical sanitizers have gained universal acceptability.
Chlorine, iodine, and quaternary ammonium are examples of acceptable sanitizers. Chemical sanitizers' efficacy is influenced by a variety of conditions.
In diluted form, quaternary ammonium compounds (QAC) are odorless, colorless, and harmless. They can withstand high temperatures, a wide pH range, and the presence of organic compounds.
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If trees are removed and can go no longer contribute to t
The water cycle a decline in precipitation level's in the area can result due to the decrease in atmospheric
If trees are removed and can no longer contribute to the water cycle, a decline in precipitation levels in the area can result due to the decrease in atmospheric oxygen.
What is precipitation?Precipitation is water released from clouds in the form of rain, freezing rain, sleet, snow, or hail. It is the primary connection in the water cycle that provides for the delivery of atmospheric water to the Earth.
Water cycle is a natural cycle of evaporation of water from the oceans etc, and subsequent condensation and precipitation as rain and snow.
Precipitation is a vital component of how water moves through Earth’s water cycle, connecting the ocean, land, and atmosphere.
Forest trees have an equal part in creating rain through the transpiration and evaporation from their leaves.
Trees are known for releasing atmospheric oxygen as a product of photosynthesis, which contributes to the process of transpiration and precipitation in the water cycle.
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19. What is active transport? 11. What type of organic molecule is needed for active transport? 12. What is endocytosis and exocytosis? 13. What is the difference between diffusion and active transport? 14. Once materials diffuse into a cell, what happens?
Answer:
19. Active transport is a process by which cells move molecules or ions across their membranes against a concentration gradient, using energy from ATP.
11. The type of organic molecule needed for active transport is ATP (adenosine triphosphate), which provides the energy required to move molecules or ions against a concentration gradient.
12. Endocytosis is a process by which cells take in molecules or particles from the outside environment, by engulfing them in a vesicle. Exocytosis is the opposite process, by which cells release molecules or particles from inside the cell to the outside environment.
13. The main difference between diffusion and active transport is that diffusion is a passive process that does not require energy, whereas active transport requires energy from ATP to move molecules or ions against a concentration gradient.
14. Once materials diffuse into a cell, they can enter the cell's metabolic pathways and be used for various cellular processes, such as energy production or the synthesis of new molecules. Alternatively, they can be stored inside the cell for later use.
Answer:
Active transport is a process by which cells move molecules across their membranes against a concentration gradient, using energy from ATP (adenosine triphosphate). This means that the cell is moving molecules from an area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration, which is the opposite of what happens in diffusion.Activity: Blood Typing with Simulated Blood (please refer to the Carolina Investigation Manual titled as such) Directions: Beginning on page 6 of the Investigation Manual (and referring to the Key on page 2 as necessary). please read thoroughly and follow all directions to complete the activity as described. As stated on page 6, "Wear your goggles, gloves, and lab apron at all times while conducting this investigation." Please record the results of the activity in the table below (see Example) and insert the photos where requested. Please Note: The blood and sera included in the kit are synthetic! Do NOT try to type your own blood as it will NOT work (I have to say that because admittedly, if I were in your position, that's what I would try and do Sample Anti-A Anti-B Anti-Rh ABO/Rh Blood Type Example negative positive positive B+ (and it's good advice!) 1 2 3 4
Carolina Lab Sheets:
Sample 1: A+
Sample 2: AB+
Sample 3: O+
Sample 4: A-
(complete answer in the picture)
The Carolina Laboratory uses Carolina Synthetic Fabrics to learn more about human blood types which are A, B, and Rh.
Blood test (for A, B, and Rh) requires 3 drops of antiserum. Each blood test requires 1 drop of each antiserum. So, a 5 mL blood sample gives results in about 30 tests. Each blood test requires 1 drop of each antiserum, so approximately 1.5 mL of each antiserum is required for 30 tests. When stored at room temperature and away from sunlight, Synthetic Blood Group and Antisera have a shelf life of more than 2 years.
Rh is another blood group. Some people have Rh+ blood and some have Rh blood. People with Rh+ blood do not have Rh antibodies in their blood unless they have been exposed to Rh antigens in the past. If a person has Rh- blood, they can get a blood transfusion with Rh+ blood or they can get Rh- blood from a previous pregnancy.
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Why does pure water have a neutral pH?
The reason why Pure water has Neutral pH is that it ALWAYS will have the same the same number of hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions, making it never a negative or a positive. If however, it did have a different balance, it would be no different.
The water will still be neutral no matter what, even if its pH changes (like the 2nd common one, pOH)
How long does it take snails to mature?
The eggs hatch in 14 to 30 days, releasing snails. These snails grow up and after 6 months, the snails are mature. Sexual maturity takes up to 6 to 16 months, depending on weather and availability of calcium.
How long does snails take to mature?Snails are hermaphrodites which implies that they have both male and female reproductive organs. Even though snails are able to self-fertilize, most snails will mate with another snail. The garden snail reaches to sexual maturity between one to two years after hatching.
When snails are sexually mature that is between 8 to 12 months after hatching, then they lay eggs that hatch between 4 and 6 weeks.
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How are proteins made using information from RNA?
In order to bind tRNA molecules bound to amino acids, ribosomal subunits form a sandwich-like structure on the strand of mRNA during translation (circles). The ribosome converts the decoded mRNA sequence into a polypeptide, or new protein, which is composed of a lengthy chain of amino acids.
Where do ribosomes reside?Depending on whether the cell is made up of a plant, animal, or bacterial, ribosomes are mostly found attached to the endoplasmic reticulum and the nuclear envelope, as well as freely dispersed throughout the cytoplasm.
The mRNA is created in the nucleus and then moved to the cytoplasm to be used in the production of proteins. The mRNA polymers are wrapped with the ribosomal subunits in the cytoplasm. The tRNA produces proteins after that. Protein synthesis occurs at ribosomes.
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ACAUGGAUC AGAUGGAUC what would be the result of this muation
A error in DNA replication could be the cause of a spontaneous mutation. During mitosis and meiosis, mutations can also happen.
The amount of genetic material or DNA is only increased by mitosis and DNA replication. Both the daughter cells and the parental cell retain the same number of chromosomes. This keeps the cell's ploidy intact.
An induced mutation is a mutation that is brought on by a mutagen, or environmental element.
What results from a genetic mutation?
Such changes result in the synthesis of new proteins or the early termination of existing proteins. Synonymous mutations, in contrast to nonsynonymous mutations, do not alter an amino acid sequence, despite the fact that they are by definition limited to sequences that code for amino acids.
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paronychia is caused by a _____ infection.
Infectious paronychia most frequently occurs from a staph infection. Staph infections are brought on by Staphylococcus aureus bacteria.
The illness can also be brought on by other bacteria, like Streptococcus pyogenes.
Bacteria infect the skin by way of:
cuts, skin breaks, or hangnailsenlarged nails (this happens most often with ingrown toenails).irritation caused by chemicals or water.injury to the cuticle or nailbed. Accidents, nail-biting, or getting regular manicures and pedicures can all cause trauma.Your doctor will examine you physically and inquire about your problems. Typically, a nail infection can be diagnosed without the need for tests by healthcare professionals. Sometimes medical professionals will take a tissue sample and send it to a lab to be examined for particular infectious reasons like bacteria or fungi.
Rarely, if the infection is severe, imaging tests (such an X-ray) may be prescribed to look for bone involvement.
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What was Claire poisoned with?
If Malva is responsible for Claire's illness, the answer can be found in the sixth season of the show's source material, Diana Gabaldon's "A Breath of Snow and Ashes."
According to the story, Malva poisons Claire during the epidemic because she thinks that people will mistakenly think that she has the infectious disease that killed many of the settlers. As soon as Malva discovers she is pregnant, she tries to blame Jamie for it. She attempts a love charm, but it fails. Malva realizes she shouldn't be heading that way while drawing Jamie to her and makes the decision to kill Claire. She gathers blood and mucous from the body of the sin-dead eater and hides it in her attire. When the outbreak causes a large number of settlers to perish, she blends the.
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Which of these means "made by
humans"?
A. ambient
B. anthropogenic
G. VOC
D. particulate
Answer:
Anthropogenic
Explanation:
It basically means environmental change caused or influenced due to activities by human either directly or indirectly
Problem 17.7 Calculate the pI of each of the following amino acids: Express your answer using two decimal places. Part A asparagine Part B glycine Part C serine Part D aspartate
The PI of the amino acid asparagine is 5.41, glycine is 5.97, serine is 5.68, and aspartate is 2.77, and the PI of the amino acid indicates that it is the isoelectric point at which the net charge is zero.
What is the isoelectric point of an amino acid?The amino acid contains a carboxylic group and an amino group, and because the amino group and carboxylic group can both give and accept protons and change the charge on the amino acid, the PH at which the net charge on the amino acid is zero or neutral is known as the isoelectric point.
Hence, the PI of the amino acid asparagine is 5.41, glycine is 5.97, serine is 5.68, and aspartate is 2.77, and the PI of the amino acid indicates that it is the isoelectric point at which the net charge is zero.
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organelle in plants that uses light energy to make glucose in a process called photosynthesis
Correct answer is :- chloroplast
Photosynthesis takes place in a specialized intracellular organelle called the chloroplast in plants and algae, which emerged much later. During the day, chloroplasts carry out photosynthesis. The photosynthetic cells synthesize numerous organic compounds using the direct byproducts of photosynthesis, NADPH and ATP. In plants, a low-molecular-weight sugar (often sucrose) is included in the end products and exported to supply the body's numerous non-photosynthetic cells with the energy they require for metabolism.
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Five students design an experiment to answer the question:"how is heart rate affected by running?''Two chairs were set up at different ends of a large room.The pulse rate of each student was taken at rest just before running?"Each of the five students ran between the chairs a different number of times.Their pulse rates were taken after running and the results are shown in the table below.If a control group is not included in an experiment, it would be difficult to
Answer:
Without a control group, it is difficult to determine the effect of running on heart rate, as there may be other factors influencing the results. To accurately determine the effect of running on heart rate, it would be helpful to include a control group of individuals who do not run and to control for other variables that could potentially affect heart rate.
Explanation:
determine if the changes in heart rate were due to running or some other factor. A control group is a group of individuals or objects that serve as a reference point for comparison in an experiment. It helps to isolate the effect of the variable being tested (in this case, running) and helps to rule out the influence of other variables that could potentially affect the outcome.
Without a control group, it would be difficult to determine if the changes in heart rate were due solely to running or if there were other factors at play. For example, perhaps one of the students was feeling particularly anxious or stressed before running, which could have affected their heart rate. Or perhaps the room temperature or humidity were different for each student, which could also impact heart rate.
To improve the design of this experiment, it would be useful to include a control group of students who did not run at all. This would allow for a more accurate comparison of the effect of running on heart rate, as any changes in the control group could be attributed to factors other than running. It would also be helpful to control for other variables, such as room temperature and humidity, to further isolate the effect of running on heart rate.
The term sexual orientation can be defined as:
A. a phase which a person outgrows before entering heterosexuality.
B. A term that refers to individuals who identity with the behaviors and characteristics that are opposite of their biological sex.
C. A person's biological gender
D. A person's emotional and sexual attraction to a particular sex.
The definition of sexual orientation is: A. a stage that a person through before entering heterosexuality.
who a person is attracted to sexually is described. Some people are drawn to persons of a specific gender, while others are drawn to people of other genders. Some people don't find anyone attractive. Asexuality is the lack of sexual attraction to anyone and/or the lack of desire to act on such attraction. The characteristic that predisposes one to feel sexual attraction to other individuals of the same sex (homosexual), the opposing sex (heterosexual), or to both sexes is known as sexual orientation (bisexual). Our ingrained tendencies of sexual attraction are referred to as sexual orientation. People who are drawn to people of the same sex define as gay, whereas those who are drawn to individuals of the opposite gender define as heterosexual.
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What do homologous structures like arm bones show about the ancestry of two species like alligators and bats?
Analogous structures demonstrate that identical selective pressures might result in similar adaptations, whereas homologous structures indicate evidence for shared ancestry. biological molecules' distinctions and similarities.
What does the homology of two species' structures reveal?If two or more species have similar physical characteristics, it's possible that all of them inherited them from a common ancestor. Homologous structures are traits that are similar because they have a common ancestor. A structural homology is the comparable bone arrangement in the forelimbs of humans, birds, and whales.
What two animals have limbs that resemble human arms?With a large upper "arm" bone and a smaller lower "leg" bone, the flipper of a whale, the wing of a bat, and the leg of a cat are all strikingly similar to the human arm.
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Cattleya Orchid Hybrid
-Botanical Name: , Cattleya cv
- Origin: Costa Rica and South America
- Color: Shades of violet, pink, white and yellow
Brazil is home to the indigenous plant species known as the Cattleya orchids. The name of this plant is attributed to horticulturist William Cattley.
who in London received a consignment of this lovely bloom in a fading state and brought it back to life. Cattleya labiata: Also known as the red cattleya or ruby-lipped orchids, this medium-sized species has large, beautiful blooms that are frequently pink, lilac, or white in colour. Cattleya iricolor: This species is distinguished by its long, slender, fragrant flowers with pale yellow or creamy white petals.
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human interference with the reproduction of another species, with the result that specific plants and animals become more useful to people while also becoming increasingly dependent on them to survive is called:
The human interference with the reproduction of another species, with the result that specific plants and animals become more useful is called as domestication.
It is an evolutionary method with the aid of using which animals are artificially decided on and go through massive phenotypic behavioral and physiological alterations (Trut et al., 2009). These variations happened on the identical time in numerous areas with a excellent effect on human societies (Neolithization) (Vigne, 2011).
They are genetically awesome from their wild ancestors or cousins. Animal domestication falls into 3 foremost groupings: domestication for companionship (puppies and cats), animals farmed for food (sheep, cows, pigs, turkeys, etc.), and running or draft animals (horses, donkeys, , 2011).
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