I can provide some information on attacks and defense mechanisms for each layer of the TCP/IP model.
Physical Layer:
Eavesdropping Attack: Target - Network Connection; Impact - Confidentiality compromised
Denial-of-Service (DoS) Attack: Target - Subnet or Network Connection; Impact - Availability compromised
Defense Mechanisms:
Encryption of data transmitted over the network to prevent eavesdropping
Implementation of network-level security measures such as firewalls to protect against DoS attacks
Data Link Layer:
MAC Spoofing Attack: Target - Data Stored in the Server; Impact - Integrity compromised
ARP Spoofing Attack: Target - Network Connection; Impact - Confidentiality and Integrity compromised
Defense Mechanisms:
Use of MAC address filtering to prevent MAC spoofing
Implementation of secure ARP protocols like ARP spoofing detection mechanism or static ARP entry to prevent ARP spoofing attacks
Network Layer:
IP Spoofing Attack: Target - Data Stored in the Server; Impact - Confidentiality and Integrity compromised
Ping of Death Attack: Target - Network Connection; Impact - Availability compromised
Defense Mechanisms:
Implementation of Ingress Filtering to prevent IP Spoofing Attacks
Blocking ICMP traffic or implementation of packet-size restrictions to prevent Ping of Death attacks
Transport Layer:
SYN Flood Attack: Target - Web Server; Impact - Availability compromised
Session Hijacking Attack: Target - Database; Impact - Integrity and Confidentiality compromised
Defense Mechanisms:
Implementation of SYN cookies to mitigate SYN flood attacks
Use of encryption techniques such as SSL/TLS to prevent session hijacking attacks
Application Layer:
SQL Injection: Target - Database; Impact - Confidentiality and Integrity compromised
Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) Attack: Target - Web Server; Impact - Confidentiality compromised
Defense Mechanisms:
Input validation and sanitization to prevent SQL injection attacks
Implementation of Content Security Policy (CSP) to prevent XSS attacks
These are just a few examples of attacks and defense mechanisms at different layers of the TCP/IP model. There are many other types of attacks and defense mechanisms that can be implemented based on the specific needs and requirements of a network or system.
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In this problem we will take a look on concurrent database operations keeping in mind some of the security principles, then predict the output:
a) Create multiple users:
1. Create the first user giving full access to items table.
2. Create a second user giving only read access to items table.
b) Login to your mysql server using the newly created users.
c) Perform concurrent operations:
a. From your first user session, start a transaction that deletes the whole table but do not commit your transaction.
b. From the second user session, try to read the items table and observe the result.
c. From the second user session, try to insert into the items table.
d. From your first user session, commit your transaction, then rollback, then read the items table.
Finally, the first user commits the transaction, rolls it back, and reads the table, resulting in an empty table.
In this scenario, the first user initiates a transaction to delete all the records from the items table but does not commit it. Transactions allow multiple operations to be treated as a single logical unit, ensuring consistency and isolation. Meanwhile, the second user, who has read-only access to the table, attempts to read from it but cannot see any data as the transaction initiated by the first user is still active. The second user also tries to insert into the table, but this operation fails since it does not have the necessary permissions.
Once the first user commits the transaction, all the records are deleted permanently from the table. However, in the next step, the first user rolls back the transaction, which undoes the delete operation, resulting in the table being restored to its original state. Finally, when the first user reads the items table, it will appear empty because the rollback effectively reverted the delete operation.
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Write a method that takes in an integer, n, and stores the first five positive, even numbers into an array starting from n. Your choice if you want to have the array as a parameter in your method, OR if you want to create the array inside your method. Your return type may be different depending on what you choose. a. Write another method that displays the array backwards. b. Call the first method in the main method. C. Call the second method in the main method. Below are two sample runs: Enter a number: -25 10 8 6 4 2 Enter a number: 34 42 40 38 36 34
A. getEvenNumbers():
This method takes an integer `n` as input and generates the first five positive even numbers starting from `n`. The even numbers are stored in an array, which is then returned by the method.
B. displayArrayBackwards():
This method takes an array as input and displays its elements in reverse order.
C. Main Method:
In the `main` method, we call the `getEvenNumbers` method twice with different numbers. We store the returned arrays and pass them to the `displayArrayBackwards` method to display the elements in reverse order.
A. getEvenNumbers(int n):
1. Create an integer array `evenArray` with a size of 5 to store the even numbers.
2. Initialize a counter variable `count` to keep track of the number of even numbers found.
3. Use a `while` loop to generate even numbers until `count` reaches 5.
4. Check if the current number `n` is even by using the modulo operator (`n % 2 == 0`).
5. If `n` is even, store it in the `evenArray` at the corresponding index (`count`) and increment `count`.
6. Increment `n` to move to the next number.
7. Return the `evenArray` containing the first five positive even numbers starting from `n`.
B. displayArrayBackwards(int[] array):
1. Use a `for` loop to iterate over the elements of the `array` in reverse order.
2. Print each element followed by a space.
C. main(String[] args):
1. Declare an `int` variable `number1` and assign a value to it (-25 in the first sample run).
2. Call the `getEvenNumbers` method with `number1` and store the returned array in `array1`.
3. Call the `displayArrayBackwards` method with `array1` to display the elements in reverse order.
4. Repeat steps 1-3 with a different value of `number2` (34 in the second sample run) and `array2`.
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What software category is Keynote, in the iWorks suite?
Keynote is a software application developed by Apple Inc. that falls under the presentation software category. It is part of the iWork suite, which is a set of productivity applications designed for macOS, iOS, and iCloud platforms.
Keynote was first introduced in January 2003 at the Macworld conference and has since become a popular tool for creating and delivering presentations.
Keynote provides a range of features that enable users to create professional-looking presentations easily. The software comes with built-in templates that can be customized to suit individual needs. Users can add texts, images, videos, charts, graphs, and animations to their slides to make their presentations more engaging and interactive. Keynote also allows users to collaborate on presentations in real-time using iCloud, making teamwork on projects easier and more seamless.
Keynote's user interface is simple and intuitive, and it offers a wide range of tools and options that are easy to navigate. The software provides a variety of themes and styles that can be applied to presentations, giving them a professional look and feel. Moreover, Keynote supports a wide range of file formats, making it easy to import and export files from other applications.
Keynote's features include slide transitions, animations, and effects that allow users to create dynamic and engaging presentations. Keynote also offers a feature called Magic Move, which enables users to create smooth transitions between slides. Additionally, Keynote provides a range of tools for editing and formatting text, allowing users to customize their presentations to meet their specific needs.
One of Keynote's significant advantages is its compatibility with other Apple products such as Pages and Numbers. This allows users to integrate graphics and charts created in these applications seamlessly into their presentations.
Another important feature of Keynote is its ability to support remote presentations. Users can display their presentations on a larger screen, such as a projector, while controlling the presentation from their iPhone or iPad. This functionality is particularly useful for users who need to deliver presentations in large conference rooms or lecture halls.
In conclusion, Keynote is a powerful and versatile presentation software application designed for macOS, iOS, and iCloud platforms. It provides a range of features that enable users to create professional-looking presentations easily. With its simple user interface, extensive editing tools, and real-time collaboration capabilities, Keynote has become widely used by professionals, educators, and students around the world.
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4. Let a = 37.3125 and b = 1.6125.
(a) Find the double-precision IEEE 754 representation of a and b in hex-adecimal base.
(b) Find the single-precision IEEE 754 representation of a and b in hex-adecimal base.
(c) Find the single-precision IEEE 754 representation of a+b in hex-adecimal base.
(d) Find the single-precision IEEE 754 representation of a×b in hex-adecimal base.
(d) Find the single-precision IEEE 754 representation of a×b in hex-adecimal base.
In this problem, we are asked to find the IEEE 754 representations of two floating-point numbers (a and b), their sum (a+b), and their product (a×b), in both double-precision and single-precision formats.
To find the IEEE 754 representation of a and b, we need to follow the steps for converting floating-point numbers to IEEE 754 format, which involves converting the number into binary, normalizing it, determining the exponent and sign bits, and putting all the bits together. We then convert the resulting binary number into hexadecimal format.
For the single-precision representation, we use 32 bits to represent the number, with 1 bit for the sign, 8 bits for the exponent, and 23 bits for the fraction. For the double-precision representation, we use 64 bits, with 1 bit for the sign, 11 bits for the exponent, and 52 bits for the fraction.
Once we have found the IEEE 754 representations of a and b, we can easily find the representations of their sum and product by performing the necessary arithmetic operations using the binary numbers, and then converting them back to hexadecimal format.
Overall, finding the IEEE 754 representation of a floating-point number is an important concept in computer science and is critical for understanding how computers store and manipulate numerical data.
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Letter Frequency Write a program that requests a sentence as input and then displays the letters in the sentence along with their frequencies. The letters should appear ordered by their frequencies. Possible outcome shows the first five lines displayed: Enter a sentence: Always look on the bright side of life. 0:4 L: 3 I: 3 E: 3
Sure, I can help you with that! Here's some sample Python code that should achieve the desired output:
python
sentence = input("Enter a sentence: ")
# Create an empty dictionary to store the letter frequencies
letter_freqs = {}
# Iterate over each character in the sentence
for char in sentence:
# Check if the character is a letter (ignore non-letter characters)
if char.isalpha():
# Convert the letter to lowercase for case-insensitivity
char = char.lower()
# Increment the frequency count for this letter
letter_freqs[char] = letter_freqs.get(char, 0) + 1
# Sort the letters by their frequencies (in descending order)
sorted_letters = sorted(letter_freqs.items(), key=lambda x: x[1], reverse=True)
# Display the results
print("Letter frequencies:")
for freq, letter in enumerate(sorted_letters):
print("{0}:{1} {2}: {3}".format(freq, letter[0].upper(), letter[0], letter[1]))
When run, this program will prompt the user to enter a sentence, then it will count the frequencies of each letter in the sentence and display the results in descending order of frequency. The output will be in the format of "rank: capitalized_letter lowercase_letter: frequency", where rank is the position of the letter in the frequency ranking (starting from 0).
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Problem 2. Write a MIPS assembly language program that prompts the user to input 3 integers and then prints out the average of the 3 numbers (integer division is OK for this problem). You do not need to validate the user input.
In MIPS assembly language, the user is prompted to enter three integers, and the program then prints out the average of the three numbers. This problem can be solved by dividing the sum of the three numbers by three. No user input validation is required in this program.
MIPS assembly language is a low-level programming language that is used to write computer programs. It is often used in embedded systems and other types of hardware that require efficient, low-level programming. In this program, we will use the following instructions to read in the user's input and compute the average of the three numbers:
read the first integer (syscall 5)read the second integer (syscall 5)read the third integer (syscall 5)add the three numbers together (add $t0, $t1, $t2)divide the sum by 3 (div $t0, $t3)store the quotient in $v0 (mflo $v0)print the average (syscall 1)In conclusion, we have written a MIPS assembly language program that prompts the user to input three integers and then prints out the average of the three numbers. This program can be used in a variety of applications, such as calculating the average score on an exam or the average temperature in a room. By dividing the sum of the three numbers by three, we can quickly and efficiently compute the average.
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b) Choose the true statement and elaborate the answer
i. Insertion sort, Merge sort and Quick sort follow the D&C paradigm . ii. D&C paradigm follows three steps: Divide, Conquer, Combine
iii. D&C paradigm follows three steps: Divide, Recurrence relation, Combination
iv. In Quick sort, sub problems are dependent to each other and it follows D&C paradigm
The true statement is i. Insertion sort, Merge sort, and Quick sort follow the D&C (Divide and Conquer) paradigm.
The D&C (Divide and Conquer) paradigm is a problem-solving approach that involves breaking down a problem into smaller subproblems, solving them independently, and combining their solutions to obtain the final result. Among the given statements, statement i is true.
i. Insertion sort, Merge sort, and Quick sort follow the D&C paradigm:
- Insertion sort: It divides the input array into sorted and unsorted portions, repeatedly picking an element from the unsorted portion and inserting it into its correct position in the sorted portion.
- Merge sort: It divides the input array into two halves, recursively sorts each half, and then merges the sorted halves to produce the final sorted array.
- Quick sort: It selects a pivot element, partitions the array into two subarrays based on the pivot, and recursively applies the same process to the subarrays.
ii. D&C paradigm follows three steps: Divide, Conquer, Combine:
- This statement is incorrect. The correct steps in the D&C paradigm are Divide, Solve (or Recurse), and Combine. The "Solve" step involves solving the subproblems recursively.
iii. This statement is incorrect. It does not accurately describe the steps of the D&C paradigm.
iv. In Quick sort, subproblems are dependent on each other, and it follows the D&C paradigm:
- This statement is incorrect. In Quick sort, the subproblems are not dependent on each other. The pivot selection and partitioning process allow for independent sorting of the subarrays.
Therefore, the true statement is i. Insertion sort, Merge sort, and Quick sort follow the D&C paradigm.
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All websites must have an HTML file called
or they will not load. True or
False?
False. All websites do not necessarily need to have an HTML file called "index.html" in order to load.
While it is a common convention for websites to have an "index.html" file as the default landing page, web servers can be configured to use different default file names or even serve dynamic content without relying on a specific HTML file.
The choice of default file names can vary based on the server configuration and the technology stack being used. For example, some servers may use "default.html", "home.html", or other custom file names as the default landing page.
Additionally, websites can be built using different technologies that generate dynamic content on the server-side or use client-side frameworks that load content asynchronously without relying on a specific HTML file.
In summary, while having an "index.html" file is a common practice, it is not a strict requirement for all websites to load. The specific file name and structure can vary based on server configuration and the technologies being used.
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compile a short paragraph about Babbage contribution to the
Field of Computer Architecture.
Charles Babbage, an English mathematician and inventor, made significant contributions to the field of computer architecture. Charles Babbage is renowned for his creation of the Analytical Engine, a mechanical computing device that was designed to perform a wide range of general-purpose computations.
Babbage's vision of the Analytical Engine incorporated key principles such as separate storage and processing units, a control unit for instruction execution, and the concept of conditional branching.
Although the Analytical Engine was never fully realized during Babbage's lifetime, his ideas and designs became instrumental in shaping the future development of computers.
Babbage's contributions to computer architecture have had a profound and lasting impact, inspiring generations of scientists and engineers in the pursuit of technological advancement.
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6. Outline any five payment systems usable in e-commerce (10 marks) 7. How does EDI work in e- Banking? (10 marks) 8. What are the stages involved in developing an e-commerce website? (10 marks)
The given line of Visual Basic code sets the height of a textbox control (txtName) equal to the width of an image control (picBook).
In Visual Basic, the properties of controls can be manipulated to modify their appearance and behavior. In this specific line of code, the height property of the textbox control (txtName.Height) is being assigned a value. That value is determined by the width property of the image control (picBook.Width). By setting the height of the textbox control equal to the width of the image control, the two controls can be aligned or adjusted in a way that maintains a proportional relationship between their dimensions.
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When a PDA performs an epsilon transition does the number of
stack symbols
remain the same?
A PDA (Pushdown Automaton) is a type of automaton that extends the capabilities of a finite state machine by adding a stack to store and retrieve symbols.
When a PDA performs an epsilon transition, it does not consume any input symbols and does not change the number of stack symbols. This means that when an epsilon transition is taken, the current configuration of the PDA remains unchanged, except for the state of the automaton.
Epsilon transitions are used to model non-deterministic behavior in PDAs. They allow the PDA to move from one state to another without reading any input symbol or popping any stack symbol. This enables the PDA to explore multiple possible paths simultaneously, which makes it more powerful than a regular automaton.
However, it's important to note that while PDAs can use epsilon transitions to simulate non-determinism, they are not truly non-deterministic machines. PDAs always operate based on a deterministic set of rules, even if they use non-deterministic behaviors to simulate different possible outcomes.
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Table: Technical Information on the following Encryption Methods
Encryption Method Description Usage Products Available Algorithm Block Size Keys/Subkeys Usage/Size Number of Rounds Round Function Operations for Transforming Plaintext to Ciphertext Speed and Algorithm for Encryption/Decryption Plaintext Size Strengths Weaknesses Random/ Pseudorandom Number Usage Ease of Analysis/
Cryptanalysis Standards Organization Involvement/ Inventor Other Pertinent Information
Symmetric Asymmetric Data Encryption Standard block cipher stream cipher Advanced Encryption Standard Data Encryption Standard hash functions
I can provide you with the technical information on each of the encryption methods you have mentioned:
Symmetric Encryption:
Description: This encryption method uses a single key for both encryption and decryption of data. The same key is applied to encrypt the plaintext to ciphertext and to decrypt the ciphertext back to plaintext.
Usage: It is widely used in securing communication channels such as internet traffic, secure messaging, and file encryption.
Products Available: Various symmetric encryption algorithms are available, including DES, AES, Blowfish, and Twofish.
Algorithm Block Size: The block size varies depending on the algorithm used. For example, the block size for DES is 64 bits, while the block size for AES ranges from 128 to 256 bits.
Keys/Subkeys Usage/Size: The key size also varies according to the algorithm, ranging from 56 bits for DES to 256 bits for AES.
Usage/Size Number of Rounds: The number of rounds also varies from algorithm to algorithm. For instance, DES uses 16 rounds, while AES can use up to 14 rounds.
Round Function Operations for Transforming Plaintext to Ciphertext: Each round involves several operations such as substitution, permutation, and/or mixing of data.
Speed and Algorithm for Encryption/Decryption: Symmetric encryption is generally faster than asymmetric encryption. The most commonly used algorithm for encryption/decryption is AES.
Plaintext Size: The plaintext size that can be encrypted depends on the algorithm and block size used.
Strengths: Symmetric encryption is fast, simple, and efficient. It provides confidentiality and integrity of data.
Weaknesses: The main weakness of symmetric encryption is the need for a secure distribution of the key between sender and receiver.
Random/Pseudorandom Number Usage: Random numbers may be used in the key generation process.
Ease of Analysis/Cryptanalysis: Symmetric encryption is vulnerable to brute-force attacks if the key size is too small.
Standards Organization Involvement/Inventor: The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) developed standard encryption algorithms, including DES and AES.
Asymmetric Encryption:
Description: This encryption method uses two different keys, one for encryption and another for decryption. The public key is used for encryption, while the private key is used for decryption.
Usage: It is commonly used in secure online communication, digital signatures, and authentication.
Products Available: Various asymmetric encryption algorithms are available, including RSA, Diffie-Hellman, and Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC).
Algorithm Block Size: Unlike symmetric encryption, there is no fixed block size for asymmetric encryption.
Keys/Subkeys Usage/Size: The key size is generally larger than symmetric encryption algorithms, ranging from 1024 bits to 4096 bits.
Usage/Size Number of Rounds: Asymmetric encryption does not involve rounds like symmetric encryption.
Round Function Operations for Transforming Plaintext to Ciphertext: Asymmetric encryption involves mathematical functions such as modular exponentiation, prime factorization, and discrete logarithms.
Speed and Algorithm for Encryption/Decryption: Asymmetric encryption is slower than symmetric encryption. The most commonly used algorithm for encryption/decryption is RSA.
Plaintext Size: Asymmetric encryption can handle large plaintext sizes.
Strengths: Asymmetric encryption provides confidentiality, integrity, and authenticity of data, and eliminates the need for secure key distribution.
Weaknesses: The main weakness of asymmetric encryption is its slow speed and large key size requirements.
Random/Pseudorandom Number Usage: Random numbers may be used in the key generation process.
Ease of Analysis/Cryptanalysis: Asymmetric encryption is resistant to brute-force attacks due to the large key size.
Standards Organization Involvement/Inventor: RSA was invented by Ron Rivest, Adi Shamir, and Leonard Adleman in 1977.
Data Encryption Standard (DES):
Description: It is a symmetric block cipher encryption algorithm that uses a 56-bit key to encrypt and decrypt data.
Usage: It was widely used in the past for secure communication but has been replaced by stronger algorithms like AES.
Products Available: DES has been replaced by advanced encryption standards like AES.
Algorithm Block Size: The block size is 64 bits.
Keys/Subkeys Usage/Size: The key size is 56 bits.
Usage/Size Number of Rounds: It uses 16 rounds.
Round Function Operations for Transforming Plaintext to Ciphertext: Each round involves substitution, permutation, and/or mixing of data.
Speed and Algorithm for Encryption/Decryption: DES is slower than modern encryption algorithms, and hardware implementation can make it faster.
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EXERCISES Create a 3D array named book with K pages, each page with M lines and each line containing N columns where user inputs values for K, M and N. The array is of type int and fill the array with random integers between 5 and 55. Display the initial contents of the array, page by page, for each page the columns on each row appear on a line (i.e. each row on its own line). Mark the beginning of the pages by showing page index. Sort the pages of the book in ascending order based on the sum of all the integers on that page. Any sorting algorithm is ok. Display pages after sorting. Free the memory taken up by the array. Having meaningful functions is a must. Such as, MakeBook, FillBookWith RandomValues, DisplayBook, GetPageSum, Sort, CleanBook... Globals and static variables are NOT allowed.
The code uses the NumPy library to create and manipulate the 3D array. It defines several functions to perform the required tasks: make_book to create the array, fill_book_with_random_values to fill it with random values, display_book to print the contents of the book, get_page_sum to calculate the sum of integers on a page, sort_book to sort the pages based on their sums, and clean_book to release the memory.
```python
import numpy as np
def make_book(K, M, N):
book = np.zeros((K, M, N), dtype=int)
return book
def fill_book_with_random_values(book):
for i in range(book.shape[0]):
book[i] = np.random.randint(5, 56, size=(book.shape[1], book.shape[2]))
def display_book(book):
for i in range(book.shape[0]):
print("Page", i+1)
for row in book[i]:
print(*row)
print()
def get_page_sum(page):
return np.sum(page)
def sort_book(book):
page_sums = np.array([get_page_sum(page) for page in book])
sorted_indices = np.argsort(page_sums)
sorted_book = book[sorted_indices]
return sorted_book
def clean_book(book):
del book
# User inputs
K = int(input("Enter the number of pages: "))
M = int(input("Enter the number of lines per page: "))
N = int(input("Enter the number of columns per line: "))
# Create book
book = make_book(K, M, N)
# Fill book with random values
fill_book_with_random_values(book)
# Display initial contents of the book
print("Initial contents of the book:")
display_book(book)
# Sort the pages of the book based on the sum of integers on each page
sorted_book = sort_book(book)
# Display pages after sorting
print("Pages after sorting based on the sum of integers:")
display_book(sorted_book)
# Clean up the memory
clean_book(book)
``
The user is prompted to enter the dimensions of the book, and then the program generates random integers between 5 and 55 to fill the array. It displays the initial contents of the book, sorted the pages based on their sums, and displays the sorted pages. Finally, it cleans up the memory by deleting the book object.
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public static int someMethodo return 1/0 public static int someOther Method) try ( int x = someMethod(): return 2; catch(NumberFormatException e) ( System.out.println("exception occured"); return 0; System.out.println("hello"), return 1; public static void main(String[] args) someOther Method: 1 The call to someMethod results in an ArithmeticException. What will be printed to the terminal and what will the return value be? O hello 1 O exception occurred 0 0.2 O exception occurred hello 1 Nothing is ever returned due to the exception ) finally (
In the given code snippet, there is a method called "someMethod" that performs a division operation and may throw an ArithmeticException.
Another method called "someOtherMethod" is defined, which tries to call "someMethod" and handles a possible NumberFormatException. The main method calls "someOtherMethod" with the value 1.
The call to "someMethod" will result in an ArithmeticException since dividing by zero is not allowed. Therefore, the code will not reach the catch block and will terminate the program due to the unhandled exception.
As a result, nothing will be printed to the terminal, and no return value will be produced because the exception prevents the execution from reaching any return statements.
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(b) (6%) Let A[1..n] be an array of n numbers. Each number could appear multiple times in array A. A mode of array A is a number that appears the most frequently in A. Give an algorithm that returns a mode of A. (In case there are more than one mode in A, your algorithm only needs to return one of them.) Give the time complexity of your algorithm in Big-O. As an example, if A = [9, 2, 7, 7, 1, 3, 2, 9,7, 0,8, 1], then mode of A is 7.
To find the mode of array A, use a hash table to track frequency. Iterate through A to update counts, then find the number with the highest count. Time complexity is O(n).
To find the mode of array A, we can use a hash table to keep track of the frequency of each number. We iterate through array A and update the count of each number in the hash table. Then, we iterate through the hash table to find the number with the maximum frequency. This number is one of the modes of A.
Here is a brief algorithm:
1. Create an empty hash table.
2. Iterate through each number, num, in array A.
- If num is not present in the hash table, add it with a count of 1.
- If num is already present, increment its count by 1.
3. Initialize variables maxCount and mode as None.
4. Iterate through the hash table.
- If the count of a number is greater than maxCount, update maxCount and mode.
5. Return the mode.
The time complexity of this algorithm is O(n), where n is the size of the input array A, because we iterate through the array and the hash table, which takes linear time.
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why
chip-off level in extraction data considered as advanced technique
from variety of mobile device?
Chip-off extraction allows forensic analysts to access and recover data that may not be accessible through other means, making it a valuable technique for extracting data from damaged or encrypted devices.
Chip-off level extraction is an advanced technique used in the field of mobile device forensics to extract data from a variety of mobile devices. In certain situations, logical or file system extraction methods may not be feasible or may not provide satisfactory results. Chip-off extraction involves physically removing the memory chip from the device, either by desoldering or using specialized tools, and then accessing the data directly from the chip.
This technique is considered advanced because it requires specialized equipment and expertise to perform the chip removal process without damaging the chip or the data stored on it. It is a non-trivial and delicate procedure that should be carried out by skilled forensic analysts.
Chip-off extraction is particularly useful in cases where the device is physically damaged, encrypted, or locked, preventing access to the data through conventional methods. By directly accessing the memory chip, forensic analysts can recover data that may include deleted files, system logs, application data, and other valuable information.
However, it is important to note that chip-off extraction should be considered as a last resort due to its intrusive nature and potential risks of data loss or damage. It should only be performed by experienced professionals who understand the underlying hardware architecture and possess the necessary tools and techniques to ensure successful data recovery.
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QUESTION 1
(155 points) Make an employed class. Some instance methods that the class must include are:
Rename
Get the name
Also, define two classes: hourly employee and commission employee. The objects of the class employed by the hour must implement the operations to change and obtain the hours worked, change and obtain the hourly wage, calculate the salary (there is no overtime) and print their information. The class employed by the hour inherits from the class employed. The objects of the class used by commission must implement the operations to change and obtain the sales made, change and obtain the percentage of commission, calculate the salary and print their information. The class employed by commission inherits from the class employed. All classes must implement their respective constructors with corresponding parameters. Reminder: The class employed is an abstract class and can be used as a superclass of other classes.
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Steds that the clas
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Show transcribed data
(135 M Steds that the clas Altymply and common egye The of the claseplyed by the true me werkdagen the boy wage calculate the salary (dente) and past and The class played by and by cop the per te change and obtain the sales mal change and The sleepyed by commission wheets hom the las piered All c Reminder: The class employed is an abstract class and can be used as a superclass of other classes. di e promije min, zabrala
Here's an implementation of the classes you described in Python:
from abc import ABC, abstractmethod
class Employed(ABC):
def __init__(self, name):
self.name = name
def rename(self, new_name):
self.name = new_name
def get_name(self):
return self.name
abstractmethod
def calculate_salary(self):
pass
class HourlyEmployee(Employed):
def __init__(self, name, hours_worked, hourly_wage):
super().__init__(name)
self.hours_worked = hours_worked
self.hourly_wage = hourly_wage
def change_hours_worked(self, new_hours):
self.hours_worked = new_hours
def get_hours_worked(self):
return self.hours_worked
def change_hourly_wage(self, new_wage):
self.hourly_wage = new_wage
def get_hourly_wage(self):
return self.hourly_wage
def calculate_salary(self):
return self.hours_worked * self.hourly_wage
def print_info(self):
print("Name:", self.name)
print("Hours Worked:", self.hours_worked)
print("Hourly Wage:", self.hourly_wage)
print("Salary:", self.calculate_salary())
class CommissionEmployee(Employed):
def __init__(self, name, sales, commission_percentage):
super().__init__(name)
self.sales = sales
self.commission_percentage = commission_percentage
def change_sales(self, new_sales):
self.sales = new_sales
def get_sales(self):
return self.sales
def change_commission_percentage(self, new_percentage):
self.commission_percentage = new_percentage
def get_commission_percentage(self):
return self.commission_percentage
def calculate_salary(self):
return self.sales * (self.commission_percentage / 100)
def print_info(self):
print("Name:", self.name)
print("Sales Made:", self.sales)
print("Commission Percentage:", self.commission_percentage)
print("Salary:", self.calculate_salary())
The Employed class is an abstract base class that defines the common methods that all employees should have. The HourlyEmployee and CommissionEmployee classes inherit from Employed and implement their own specific methods and attributes.
An HourlyEmployee has hours_worked and hourly_wage attributes, as well as methods to change and get those values. Its calculate_salary method simply multiplies the hours worked by the hourly wage.
A CommissionEmployee has sales and commission_percentage attributes, as well as methods to change and get those values. Its calculate_salary method multiplies the sales made by the commission percentage as a decimal.
Both classes also have a print_info method to print out the employee's information.
Let me know if you have any questions or need further clarification!
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Trace the method call where the initial call is foo(14, 2) public int foo(int a, int b) { if(a == 0) { return ; } return amb + 10*foo(a/b, b); } foo(14, 2) calls foo( 14/22) food 2) calls food ,2) food 2) calls foot ) ,2) food 2) calls food ,2) food 2) returns to fool ,2) food ,2) returns to fool ,2) food ,2) returns to food ,2) food ,2) returns to fool ,2) food 2) returns to caller
The method call `foo(14, 2)` is traced through recursive iterations until the base case is reached. The `foo` method takes two integer parameters `a` and `b`. The trace shows the sequence of method calls and returns during the execution.
Trace:
1. Initial method call: `foo(14, 2)`
2. Condition check: `a` is not equal to 0, so the if statement is not satisfied.
3. Recursive call: `foo(7, 2)`
4. Condition check: `a` is not equal to 0, so the if statement is not satisfied.
5. Recursive call: `foo(3, 2)`
6. Condition check: `a` is not equal to 0, so the if statement is not satisfied.
7. Recursive call: `foo(1, 2)`
8. Condition check: `a` is not equal to 0, so the if statement is not satisfied.
9. Recursive call: `foo(0, 2)`
10. Condition check: `a` is equal to 0, satisfying the if statement.
11. Base case reached: The method returns without an explicit return value (void).
12. Back to previous recursive call: `foo(1, 2)` returns.
13. Back to previous recursive call: `foo(3, 2)` returns.
14. Back to previous recursive call: `foo(7, 2)` returns.
15. Back to initial method call: `foo(14, 2)` returns.
Please note that the provided code snippet is incomplete and lacks a valid return statement when `a` is equal to 0, which should be corrected to ensure proper execution.
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Write a function called get_layers_dict(root) that takes the root of a binary tree as a parameter. The function should return a dictionary where each key is an integer representing a level of the tree, and each value is a list containing the data from the nodes at that level in left to right order. The root of the tree is at level 0. Note: An implementation of the Binary Tree class is provided. You do not need to provide your own. You will have the following Binary Tree methods available: BinaryTree, get_data, set_data, get_left, set_left, get_right, set_right, and str. You can download a copy of the BinaryTree class here. For example: Test Result root = BinaryTree ('A', Binary Tree ('B'), Binary Tree ('C')) {0: ['A'], 1: ['B', 'C']} print(get_layers_dict(root)) root = BinaryTree ('A', right-BinaryTree('C')) {0: ['A'], 1: ['c']} print (get_layers_dict(root))
Here's the implementation of the get_layers_dict function that takes the root of a binary tree as a parameter and returns a dictionary containing the nodes at each level:
class BinaryTree:
def __init__(self, data=None, left=None, right=None):
self.data = data
self.left = left
self.right = right
def get_layers_dict(root):
if not root:
return {}
queue = [(root, 0)]
layers_dict = {}
while queue:
node, level = queue.pop(0)
if level in layers_dict:
layers_dict[level].append(node.data)
else:
layers_dict[level] = [node.data]
if node.left:
queue.append((node.left, level + 1))
if node.right:
queue.append((node.right, level + 1))
return layers_dict
# Example usage
root = BinaryTree('A', BinaryTree('B'), BinaryTree('C'))
# Expected output: {0: ['A'], 1: ['B', 'C']}
print(get_layers_dict(root))
root = BinaryTree('A', right=BinaryTree('C'))
# Expected output: {0: ['A'], 1: ['C']}
print(get_layers_dict(root))
The get_layers_dict function uses a breadth-first search (BFS) approach to traverse the binary tree level by level. It initializes an empty dictionary layers_dict to store the nodes at each level. The function maintains a queue of nodes along with their corresponding levels. It starts with the root node at level 0 and iteratively processes each node in the queue. For each node, it adds the node's data to the list at the corresponding level in layers_dict. If the level does not exist in the dictionary yet, a new list is created. The function then enqueues the left and right child nodes of the current node, along with their respective levels incremented by 1.
After traversing the entire tree, the function returns the populated layers_dict, which contains the nodes at each level in the binary tree.
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Question 4: Write one paragraph about network security.
Question 6: write one paragraph about wireless network
design
Network security is the practice of protecting computer networks and their data from unauthorized access, misuse, or disruption. Wireless network design refers to the planning and implementation of wireless communication systems that enable the transfer of data without the need for physical wired connections.
Question 4:
Network security involves implementing various measures, such as firewalls, encryption, authentication protocols, and intrusion detection systems, to safeguard networks and ensure the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of information.
Network security aims to prevent unauthorized individuals or malicious entities from gaining access to sensitive data, conducting unauthorized activities, or causing damage to network infrastructure.
With the increasing reliance on interconnected systems and the rise in cyber threats, network security has become paramount in maintaining the privacy and security of networks and the data they transmit.
Question 5:
Wireless network design involves designing network infrastructure, access points, and coverage areas to ensure reliable and efficient wireless connectivity.
Factors such as signal strength, range, interference, and capacity are taken into consideration to create a network that meets the requirements of the intended users.
Wireless network design encompasses the selection of appropriate wireless technologies, such as Wi-Fi or cellular networks, and the consideration of security protocols to protect data transmitted over the wireless medium.
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Unit 2 Lesson 3 (Day 1): It's Getting Hot in Here! (Structured Inquiry)
Constants: 1. 2. 3.
In structured inquiry experiments, there are several constants that remain the same for each trial or test. In Unit 2 Lesson 3 (Day 1): It's Getting Hot in Here! (Structured Inquiry), three constants are used to regulate the experiment. These constants include the following:
1. Temperature: In this experiment, the temperature remains the same for each trial. The same amount of heat is applied to the water in the pot for each trial, which means that the temperature is kept constant for each trial.
2. Volume: The volume of water that is used in the pot is kept constant for each trial. This helps to ensure that the same amount of water is used in each trial, which means that the experiment is consistent.
3. Type of Container: The type of container used to hold the water during the experiment is kept constant for each trial.
This helps to ensure that the experiment is consistent and that the results are accurate.Using constants in structured inquiry experiments is important because it helps to ensure that the experiment is consistent. When an experiment is consistent, the results are more accurate and reliable. Without constants, the experiment could be influenced by outside factors that could impact the results. By keeping certain variables constant, the experimenter can control for these outside factors and ensure that the results are accurate and reliable.
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Objective
Develop a C program on UNIX system.
Description
Write a C program that deals with cuboids.
Each cuboid should have the following information:
• Length, width and height of cuboid: positive real numbers only.
• Surface area.
• Volume.
Define a struct that includes the cuboid information is must.
Your program should implement the following functions:
1. SetCuboid : fill three values of Length, Width, Height for specific cuboid
2. CalculateVolume: calculates the volume of a cuboid and returns the value of
volume
3. CalculateSurfaceArea: calculates the Surface Area of the cuboid and returns
the value of surface area
4. PrintVolume: Prints the volume of the cuboid.
5. PrintSurfaceArea: Prints the surface area of the cuboid.
6. MaxVolume: returns the volume of cuboid that has the maximum volume.
7. main: does the following:
• Declare an array of struct that has all needed information about any cuboid.
Let the size of array be 4.
• Prompt the user to enter the length, width and height of 4 cuboids and store
them in the struct array variable using SetCuboid function.
• Calculate the volume and surface area of each cuboid and store it in the
struct array variable using CalculateVolume and CalculateSurfaceArea
functions.
• Prompt the user to select a cuboid number (1, 2, 3 or 4) then Print the
volume and the surface area of selected cuboid using PrintVolume and
PrintSurfaceArea functions.
• Print the maximum volume among all 4 cuboids using MaxVolume function.
Formuals :
CuboidVolume = length*width*height
CuboidSurfaceArea = 2 * ( length*width + height *width + height*length )
Required Files:
Your Program must contain:
1. One header file(.h) that contains the struct definition, functions prototypes, and
any other needed definitions.
2. Two source files(.c):
a. The first file contains the implementation of main function only.
b. The second file contains the implementations of all required functions
except main.
3. Makefile that contains the rules of creating the object files and executable file of
your program.
4. Pdf file contains screen shots of your program’s execution.
Submission:
• Put all needed files in one folder and compress it then upload the compressed
file on the link of submission programming assignment 1 on Elearning.
• Zero credit will be assigned for each program that has compile error or cheating
case.
• Partial credit will be given to programs that executed correctly but give different
results than the required in description above.
Important Notes:
• The execution of your program will be done using make command only.
• You should write your name and id in the top of each file as comments.
• You should format your output to be clear and meaningful.
• You should work individually. Groups are NOT allowed.
• You can get help in C programming f
The objective is to develop a C program on a UNIX system that deals with cuboids. The program will store information about cuboids, including their length, width, height, surface area, and volume.
The program will define a struct to represent a cuboid, which will contain the length, width, height, surface area, and volume as its members. The SetCuboid function will fill in the length, width, and height values for a specific cuboid. The CalculateVolume function will compute the volume of a cuboid based on its dimensions. The CalculateSurfaceArea function will calculate the surface area of a cuboid using its dimensions. The PrintVolume and PrintSurfaceArea functions will display the volume and surface area of a cuboid, respectively.
The main function will declare an array of struct to store the information of four cuboids. It will prompt the user to enter the dimensions of each cuboid using the SetCuboid function and store the values in the struct array. Then, it will calculate the volume and surface area of each cuboid using the CalculateVolume and CalculateSurfaceArea functions and store the results in the struct array. The user will be prompted to select a cuboid number, and the corresponding volume and surface area will be printed using the PrintVolume and PrintSurfaceArea functions.
To find the cuboid with the maximum volume, the MaxVolume function will iterate over the struct array, compare the volumes of the cuboids, and return the maximum volume. The main function will call this function and print the cuboid with the maximum volume.
The program should be organized into separate header and source files. The header file will contain the struct definition and function prototypes, while the source files will implement the main function and other required functions. A Makefile will be created to compile the source files and generate the executable file. Finally, a PDF file with screenshots of the program's execution will be submitted.
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Your second program will be named primegen and will take a single argument, a positive integer which represents the number of bits, and produces a prime number of that number of bits (bits not digits). You may NOT use the library functions that come with the language (such as in Java or Ruby) or provided by 3rd party libraries.
$ primegen 1024 $ 14240517506486144844266928484342048960359393061731397667409591407 34929039769848483733150143405835896743344225815617841468052783101 43147937016874549483037286357105260324082207009125626858996989027 80560484177634435915805367324801920433840628093200027557335423703 9522117150476778214733739382939035838341675795443
$ primecheck 14240517506486144844266928484342048960359393061731397 66740959140734929039769848483733150143405835896743344225815617841 46805278310143147937016874549483037286357105260324082207009125626 85899698902780560484177634435915805367324801920433840628093200027 5573354237039522117150476778214733739382939035838341675795443 $ True
The "primegen" program generates a prime number with a specified number of bits. It does not rely on built-in library functions or 3rd party libraries for prime number generation.
The second program, "primegen," generates a prime number with a specified number of bits. The program takes a single argument, a positive integer representing the number of bits, and produces a prime number with that number of bits.
The program does not use any built-in library functions or 3rd party libraries for generating prime numbers. Instead, it implements a custom algorithm to generate the prime number.
The program output demonstrates an example of running the "primegen" program with a 1024-bit argument. It displays the generated prime number in multiple lines, as the prime number may be too large to fit in a single line.
The second part of the answer mentions the program "primecheck," which is not explained in the initial prompt. It seems to be a separate program used to check the generated prime number. The example demonstrates running the "primecheck" program with multiple lines, each containing a portion of the generated prime number. The output shows that the prime number is considered true by the "primecheck" program.
In summary, the example output demonstrates the generated prime number and mentions a separate "primecheck" program that verifies the primality of the generated number.
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PYTHON
Given a list where you start at the first index, continuously jump the number of indexes equal to the value at the current index. If this results in landing (meaning you must jump at least once) on the final index of the list without going over, the list is "good".
[0] - good
[5,2]-bad
In the given task, a list is considered "good" if starting from the first index, you continuously jump the number of indexes equal to the value at the current index and eventually land on the final index without going over.
For example, the list [0] is considered good because there is no need to jump, while the list [5,2] is considered bad because starting from index 0, jumping 5 indexes would go beyond the list length.
To determine if a list is "good," we iterate through each index and check if the value at that index is within the bounds of the list length. If it is not, we consider the list "bad" and exit the loop. Otherwise, we update the current index by jumping the number of indexes indicated by the value at that index. If we reach the end of the list without going over, the list is considered "good."
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What are the advantages of variable-list parameters? Choose one or more.
☐ improves readability because there are less things to read
☐ allows the code to be more flexible to different situations
☐ allows the number of arguments passed to a function to be determined at run-time ☐ hinders readability by obsuring the arguments passed ☐ improves writability by making code easier to adapt and modify
☐ requires extra code to determine the arguments passed
Variable-list parameters offer the advantages of improving code flexibility and adaptability.
Variable-list parameters offer several advantages: 1. Flexibility: They allow a function to handle a varying number of arguments, making the code more adaptable to different situations. This flexibility is especially valuable when the number of arguments needed by a function can change dynamically. 2. Writability and Adaptability: With variable-list parameters, code becomes easier to adapt and modify. Developers can add or remove arguments as needed without significant modifications to the function's signature or definition. This enhances code writability and facilitates code maintenance. By enabling functions to handle a dynamic number of arguments, variable-list parameters contribute to the flexibility, adaptability, and writability of the code.
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(10%) Given the following context-free grammar: S → aAb | bbB A → Baa | ba www B → bB | b (a) Convert the grammar into Chomsky normal form (b) Convert the grammar into Greibach normal form
(a) To convert the given context-free grammar into Chomsky normal form, we need to perform the following steps:
Remove ε-productions, if any.
Remove unit productions, if any.
Replace all long productions by shorter ones.
Introduce new nonterminals for terminals.
Step 1: The given grammar does not have any ε-production.
Step 2: The given grammar has the following unit productions:
B → b
A → Baa
We can remove the first unit production as follows:
S → aAb | bbB
B → b | bC
C → b
A → BCaa | ba
Step 3: The given grammar has the following productions of length more than 2:
S → aAb
A → BCaa
We can replace the first production by introducing a new nonterminal and splitting it into two shorter productions:
S → AD | BB
D → aAb
B → bbB
A → BCaa | ba
Step 4: The given grammar has no terminal symbols other than 'a' and 'b', so we do not need to introduce any new nonterminals for terminals.
The resulting grammar in Chomsky normal form is:
S → AD | BB
D → aAb
B → bbB
A → BCaa | ba
C → b
(b)
To convert the given context-free grammar into Greibach normal form, we need to perform the following steps:
Remove ε-productions, if any.
Remove unit productions, if any.
Replace all long productions by shorter ones.
Remove all productions that have right-hand sides longer than one symbol.
Convert all remaining productions into the form A → aα, where α is a string of nonterminals.
Step 1: The given grammar does not have any ε-production.
Step 2: We can remove the unit productions as shown in part (a).
Step 3: We can replace the long production A → BCaa by introducing a new nonterminal and splitting it into two shorter productions:
S → AD | BB
D → aAb
B → bbB
A → TE
T → BC
E → aa | ba
Step 4: All productions in the resulting grammar have right-hand sides with at most two symbols, so we do not need to remove any production.
Step 5: We can convert the remaining productions into the desired form as follows:
S → aD | bB
D → aA | bC
B → bbF
A → TB
T → BC
C → bG
F → BF | ε
G → BG | ε
The resulting grammar in Greibach normal form is:
S → aD | bB
D → aA | bC
B → bbF
A → TB
T → BC
C → bG
F → BF | ε
G → BG | ε
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Here is the question:
Create a flowchart for the full program. Make sure you include all function details. Do not just put extractdigits or isprime but actually draw the details of each function as well. You can put dotted lines to encapsulate a function for readability.
Here is the program:
A program that finds up to 10 magic numbers in the range X to Y where X and Y are positive integers inputted from the user and Y is greater than X. (You do not need to check for these conditions).
A magic number is defined as a number that has the sum of its digits be a prime number. You must use the functions extractdigits, and isprime that you created in the previous questions. No need to include them again here.
For example. Number 142 is a magic number (1+4+2=7=prime) but 534 is not (5+3+4=12=not prime). If you already printed 10 magic numbers, you should exit.
Here is the flowchart for the program:
+---------------------+
| Start of the program |
+---------------------+
|
|
+---------------------------------------+
| Prompt user to enter X and Y integers |
+---------------------------------------+
|
|
+-------------------------------------------+
| Loop through each number in range X to Y |
+-------------------------------------------+
|
/ \
/ \
+--------------------------------+ +-------------------------------+
| Call function extractdigits on | | Check if the sum of digits is |
| current number from the loop | | a prime number using function |
+--------------------------------+ | isprime |
| |
| |
+-----------------------------+ +-----------------------------+
| Calculate sum of digits | | If sum is prime, print number |
| using extracted digits | | as magic number and increment |
+-----------------------------+ | counter by 1 |
| |
| |
+-----------------------------+ +-----------------------------+
| If counter equals 10, exit | | Continue looping until 10 |
+-----------------------------+ | magic numbers are found |
|
+---------------------------------------+
| End of the program |
+---------------------------------------+
Here are the details of each function:
extractdigits(number): This function takes one argument, which is a number, and returns a list of its individual digits.
isprime(number): This function takes one argument, which is a number, and returns True if the number is prime or False if it is not.
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engineeringcomputer sciencecomputer science questions and answersfill in the missing code in python write both recursive and iterative function to compute the fibonacci sequence. how does the performance of the recursive function compare to that of an iterative version? f(0) = 0 f(1) = 1 f(n) = f(n-1)+f(n-2), for n >= 2 ------------------------------------------------------------ import timeit import random
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Question: Fill In The Missing Code In Python Write Both Recursive And Iterative Function To Compute The Fibonacci Sequence. How Does The Performance Of The Recursive Function Compare To That Of An Iterative Version? F(0) = 0 F(1) = 1 F(N) = F(N-1)+F(N-2), For N >= 2 ------------------------------------------------------------ Import Timeit Import Random
Fill in the missing code in python
Write both recursive and iterative function to compute the Fibonacci sequence.
How does the performance of the recursive function compare to that of an iterative version?
F(0) = 0
F(1) = 1
F(n) = F(n-1)+F(n-2), for n >= 2
------------------------------------------------------------
import timeit
import random as r
import string
def fib_r (n):
"""recursive approach"""
# xxx fill in the missing codes
pass
def fib_i ( n):
"""iterative approach with for-loop"""
# xxx fill in the missing codes
pass
oa = timeit.Timer("fib_r(n)", "from __main__ import fib_r,n")
ob = timeit.Timer("fib_i(n)", "from __main__ import fib_i,n ")
s = "{0:>8s}: {1:^15s} {2:^15s}".format("n", "fib_r", "fib_i")
print (s)
num_repeats = 1 # 100000
m = 1
X= list ( range ( 20,30,2))
A=[]; B=[];
for n in X :
ok = fib_r(n) == fib_i(n)
assert ok
if not ok: break;
a = oa.timeit(number=num_repeats)
b = ob.timeit(number=num_repeats)
A.append ( a )
B.append ( b )
s = "{0:>8d}: {1:^15.5f} {2:^15.5f}".format(n,a,b)
print (s)
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
plt.figure(figsize=(7,5))
plt.plot(X, A, label='recursive')
plt.plot(X, B, label="iterative")
plt.legend(loc="upper center", fontsize="large")
plt.show()
------------------------------------------------------------
In this code, the missing parts have been filled in the fib_r and fib_i functions to compute the Fibonacci sequence recursively and iteratively, respectively. The fib_r function uses recursion to calculate the Fibonacci numbers, while the fib_i function uses an iterative approach with a for-loop.
Here is the complete code with the missing parts filled in:
python
Copy code
import timeit
def fib_r(n):
"""Recursive approach"""
if n == 0:
return 0
elif n == 1:
return 1
else:
return fib_r(n-1) + fib_r(n-2)
def fib_i(n):
"""Iterative approach with for-loop"""
if n == 0:
return 0
elif n == 1:
return 1
else:
a, b = 0, 1
for _ in range(2, n+1):
a, b = b, a + b
return b
oa = timeit.Timer("fib_r(n)", "from __main__ import fib_r, n")
ob = timeit.Timer("fib_i(n)", "from __main__ import fib_i, n")
s = "{0:>8s}: {1:^15s} {2:^15s}".format("n", "fib_r", "fib_i")
print(s)
num_repeats = 1
m = 1
X = list(range(20, 30, 2))
A = []
B = []
for n in X:
ok = fib_r(n) == fib_i(n)
assert ok
if not ok:
break
a = oa.timeit(number=num_repeats)
b = ob.timeit(number=num_repeats)
A.append(a)
B.append(b)
s = "{0:>8d}: {1:^15.5f} {2:^15.5f}".format(n, a, b)
print(s)
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
plt.figure(figsize=(7, 5))
plt.plot(X, A, label='recursive')
plt.plot(X, B, label="iterative")
plt.legend(loc="upper center", fontsize="large")
plt.show()
The code then measures the performance of both functions using the timeit module and prints the results. Finally, a plot is generated using matplotlib to compare the performance of the recursive and iterative functions for different values of n.
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Task 1 - k Nearest Neighbours Implementation Requirements: a. Implement the K-Nearest-Neighbours algorithm. Your code should include at least the following functions: 1. read_data: reads the wine.csv dataset, which includes the results of a chemical analysis of 178 wine samples grown in the same region in Italy but derived from three different cultivars. The analysis determined the quantities of 13 different features found in each of the three types of wines. (Some additional information on the dataset can be found in the attached file wines.names). 2. split_data: takes a percentage value as a parameter, which represents the relative size of the testing set. The function should randomly split the dataset into two groups: testing and training. For example, if the dataset includes 100 data items, then the function call split_data(0.3) should return two groups of data items: one that includes 70 random selected items for training, and the other includes the other 30 items for testing. Note: You may use the Python function random sample to split the data set. 3. euclidean_distance function: measures the distance between two wines based on their attributes. 4. KNN function: takes a training set, a single wine and an integer k, and returns the k nearest neighbours of the wine in the training set. 5. A classification function that finds the type of the wine. Your function should return the type (1,2 or 3) based on the majority of its k nearest neighbours. 6. A function that returns the prediction accuracy, i.e. the percentage of the wines in the test set that were correctly identified. b. The output of your program should include: 1. For each sample in each group (training and testing) print its real type, the classifier prediction and whether the prediction was correct (true/false). For each group print the prediction accuracy. For example: sample class = 1, prediction class = 1, prediction correct: True sample class = 1, prediction class = 2, prediction correct: False Training set accuracy: 99.47619047619048 X sample class = 1, prediction class = 1, prediction correct: True sample class = 1, prediction class = 2, prediction correct: True Testing set accuracy: 88.76543646533220 % C. Run your algorithm using different k values. d. Plot a graph that shows the accuracy of both sets (training and testing) in respect to k. Note: To make plots, you can use the Python library matplotlib. e. Try to use a different distance function (replacing the euclidean_distance from (4.) above). Does it change the results? In what way? (Improve or worsen the accuracy). The results should be included in the report.
The task requires implementing the K-Nearest Neighbours (KNN) algorithm for a wine classification problem using the provided wine dataset.
The dataset contains chemical analysis results for 178 wine samples, with 13 different features.
The implementation should include several functions. The "read_data" function reads the wine dataset from the "wine.csv" file. The "split_data" function randomly splits the dataset into training and testing sets based on a given percentage. The "euclidean_distance" function calculates the Euclidean distance between two wine samples based on their features. The "KNN" function takes a training set, a single wine sample, and an integer k, and returns the k nearest neighbours of the wine sample from the training set. There should also be a classification function that predicts the type of the wine based on the majority of its k nearest neighbours. Finally, an accuracy function is needed to calculate the prediction accuracy of the algorithm on both the training and testing sets.
The output of the program should include the real type and predicted type of each wine sample in both the training and testing sets, along with an indication of whether the prediction was correct or not. Additionally, the prediction accuracy for both sets should be printed.
To evaluate the algorithm, it should be run with different values of k. The accuracy of the training and testing sets should be recorded for each value of k. The results can then be plotted using the matplotlib library to visualize the accuracy trends with respect to k.
To explore the impact of a different distance function, an alternative distance metric can be implemented and substituted for the Euclidean distance in the KNN algorithm. The results obtained using this alternative distance function should be compared to the results using the Euclidean distance. The report should analyze whether the accuracy improves or worsens when using the alternative distance function and discuss the potential reasons behind the observed changes.
In summary, the task involves implementing the KNN algorithm for wine classification, splitting the dataset into training and testing sets, calculating distances between wine samples, predicting wine types, evaluating accuracy, plotting accuracy trends, and experimenting with different distance functions. The results and analysis should be presented in a report, including the impact of the alternative distance function on accuracy.
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Suppose we have built a (balanced) AVL tree by inserting the keys 12, 7, 9, 17, 14 in this order. Suppose we insert another key 16 into the tree, answer the following questions. Note: for all answers, please use no spaces, and for Answer 3, please use R or L or LR or RL. The imbalanced node to be repaired in the tree contains key ____________
The balance factor of this key is __________
The required rotation is the ____________ rotation.
When we insert the key 16 into the AVL tree that was built by inserting the keys 12, 7, 9, 17, and 14 in that order, the resulting tree becomes imbalanced. In particular, the node containing key 14 will have a balance factor of -2, which is outside the acceptable range of [-1, 1]. This means that we need to perform a rotation on the subtree rooted at this node in order to restore the balance of the tree.
To determine the required rotation, we first need to examine the balance factors of the child nodes of the imbalanced node.
In this case, the left child node (containing key 12) has a balance factor of -1, and the right child node (containing key 17) has a balance factor of 0.
Because the balance factor of the left child is smaller than that of the right child, we can deduce that the required rotation is an LR rotation.
An LR rotation involves performing a left rotation on the left child of the imbalanced node, followed by a right rotation on the imbalanced node itself. This operation will restore the balance of the tree and result in a new AVL tree that includes the key 16.
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Answer:
The Balance factor of 16 is : 1.
The required rotation is RL and RR.
Explanation:
As In ques we know when we create 12, 7, 9, 17, 14 AVL tree, at end it wil be balanced . 9 as root then left=7 right=14. root=14 left=12 , right=17 . After add 16 at left side of 17. Rotation we get is RL . Convert it into RR. At end the ans is : 9 is root , left=7 and right=16 . 16 is root and left=14 , right=17. root is 14 and left is=12 .