In the noncyclic electron pathway of the light reactions, where are photosystems i and ii located?.

The purpose of these short rna molecules was to take the place of part of an mRNA within the ribosome.

In the Nirenberg and Leder experiment, these synthetic RNA triplets were intended to represent the codons that would be present in a genuine mRNA strand. It was discovered that these artificial "codons" may cause precise interaction of amino acid-charged tRNA with ribosomes.

What is Nirenberg and Leder experiment?

In the cell-free systems, Leder and Nirenberg utilized very small synthesized RNA sequences (three nucleotides). These reduced-length fragments were still detectable and long enough for the ribosome to interact with the specific kind of tRNA molecule that is complementary to the one codon. The experiment's crucial step was labeling one kind of amino acid at a time, followed by passing the mixture through a Millipore filter. The ribosomes with the bonded triplet could not pass through this unique filter, but unbound tRNAs could.  After then, the sample's radioactivity was checked. The matching amino acid was added if radioactivity was discovered in the sample that did not pass through the filter.

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A small, nonpolar molecule like oxygen crosses lipid bilayers the fastest.

The cell membrane is made of a lipid bilayer through which the passing of small, nonpolar molecules is easy. This is because the small, nonpolar molecules are soluble in the lipid bilayer.

Molecules like oxygen can easily pass through the cell membrane. However, it is difficult for large, polar molecules to move across the lipid bilayer because polar molecules are not soluble in the lipid bilayer. The smaller, polar molecules that are uncharged can still pass through the cell membrane.

It is due to the hydrophobic nature of the lipid bilayer that polar molecules face difficulty in passing through the cell membrane.

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The bone structure is highlighted  a rounded ridge, located on the posterior side of the femoral head runs aslant from the summit of the greater trochanter.

What are bones?

Bones are defined as a metabolically active connective tissue that serves as structural support, aids in movement, and protects vital organs.

It can also be defined as rigid body tissue made up of cells embedded in a dense intercellular matrix.

There are four types of bone.

Long boneShort boneFlat boneIrregular bone

Thus, the bone structure is highlighted  a rounded ridge, located on the posterior side of the femoral head runs aslant from the summit of the greater trochanter.

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Several medical options are available for managing breast and ovarian cancer risk in women who have BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations, but who have not yet had breast or ovarian cancer themselves. These options have risks and benefits, and you should discuss them with a doctor knowledgeable about medical management for women with BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations.

Answer:

Separating the cells into different parts allows for the formation of specific microenvironments within the cell. This compartmentalization helps the organelles and cell components to function within their own boundary. So, eukaryotic cells evolved to become super-efficient spaces where multiple activities take place.

Answer: fine adjustment

Explanation:

To obtain a clearer image under low power on a compound light microscope, the student should adjust the focus using the coarse focus knob.

The compound light microscope typically has two focusing knobs:

The coarse focus knobThe fine focus knob.

The coarse focus knob is used to make larger adjustments to the focus.

When the student noticed that the specimen was out of focus under high power, they can switch to low power and then use the coarse focus knob to bring the specimen into focus.

By turning the coarse focus knob clockwise or counterclockwise, the student can move the objective lens closer to or farther away from the specimen, which will help them obtain a clear image.

Thus, the learner should use the coarse focus knob on a compound light microscope to change the focus in order to get a crisper image at low power.

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Bormann and Likens compared the output of two river valleys in the hubbard brook forest, one forested and the other clear cut and discovered that deforested valley had higher water flow and increase of nutrient loss.

What is Nutrient?

This is referred to as a substance which is derived from different sources and provides the nourishment which is needed for the growth and survival of organisms.

Two scientists known as  Bormann and Likens compared two river valleys in which one was forested and clear cut and discovered that deforested valley had higher water flow and increase of nutrient loss.

This is because the lack of trees leads to erosion occurring in the area and loss of nutrients due to the layers of the soil being washed away by water or wind.

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1. Energy in the form of Light (Solar energy) is converted into Glucose and Oxygen by photosynthesis.

2. Glucose

3. Oxygen

4. Energy in the form of ATP molecules drives cellular functions.

5. Carbon Dioxide

6. Water

Green plants and certain other species employ a process called photosynthesis to create nutrition from carbon dioxide and water. In most cases, the green pigment chlorophyll is used in photosynthesis in plants, and oxygen is produced as a byproduct.

What is Cellular Respiration?Cellular respiration is the method by which biological fuels are converted into a form that can be oxidized in the presence of an inorganic electron acceptor, such as oxygen, to provide a significant quantity of energy that powers the large-scale synthesis of ATP. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is created by cellular respiration, a series of metabolic reactions and events that take place in an organism's cells in order to remove waste products after converting chemical energy from foods into ATP. As a result of the catabolic events that occur during respiration, energy is released when big molecules are broken down into smaller ones. One of the main processes a cell uses to release chemical energy to power cellular activity is respiration. Many biochemical stages, some of which are redox reactions, contribute to the overall reaction.The delayed, controlled release of energy from the succession of reactions makes cellular respiration a peculiar combustion reaction, despite the fact that it is strictly one.

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Answer:

Photosynthesis uses energy from sunlight, and chemosynthesis uses chemical energy.

Explanation:

Two ways that primary producers produce high-energy compounds are Photosynthesis and chemosynthesis.

Primary producers, additionally called autotrophs, are unit creatures that acquire their ingredients from dead sources and their energy from daylight.

Plants and different living things use a method known as chemical action to remodel lightweight energy into energy which will then be free through respiration to power the organism's activities.

By mistreatment chemicals as their energy supply instead of daylight, bacterium turns out food (glucose) through a method called synthesis. Around hydrothermal vents, synthesis takes place, and gas seeps into the deep ocean wherever daylight isn't a gift.

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Answer: B! Celebrating our country's independence on the 4th of July

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All babies breathe when they're born, unless there was a birth problem, just like the rest of the living people.

Celebrating out country's independence on the 4th of July can be taught by parents, schools, and anyone.

Gull Chicka pecking a red spot on parent's bill to get food is only to get fed. Think of it sort of like a mother's instinct.

A disability caused by a genetic defect- come on this one is obvious.

Volcanoes affect people because it produces toxic volcanic ashes and problems to the respiratory system, eyes, and skin. It also causes injuries and affects transport and communication problems.

How volcano affects the local population?

Volcanoes emit hot, dangerous gases, ash, lava, and rock that are powerfully devastating. People have died from volcanic blasts. Volcanic discharge can result in additional threats to health, such as floods, rockslides, power outages, drinking water contamination, and wildfires. When volcanoes erupt they can spew hot, dangerous gases, ash, lava, and rock that can cause tragic loss of life of people and property, especially in heavily populated areas.

Volcanic activities and wildfires greatly affected 6.2 million people and caused about 2400 deaths between 1998-2017. During volcanic eruptions and their instant aftermath, increased respiratory system morbidity has been observed as well as humanity among those affected by volcanic eruptions.

So we can conclude that Although several factors activate a volcanic eruption, three predominate

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Diffusion of solutes through transport proteins in the plasma membrane is referred to as facilitated diffusion. Passive transport is a subset of facilitated diffusion. Because the solution is traveling down the concentration gradient, assisted diffusion is still passive transport even when it incorporates transport proteins.

We employ assisted diffusion because...

Therefore, polar and charged molecules including ions, amino acids, nucleosides, and carbohydrates can traverse the plasma membrane due to facilitated diffusion. Carrier proteins and channel proteins are the two main groups of proteins that mediate assisted diffusion.

Even though ions are small molecules, the charge they carry prevents them from diffusing through the lipid bilayer of biological membranes. As a result, assisted diffusion is used to transfer them along their gradient of concentration.

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1. Tobacco smoke is an indoor pollution I’ve been exposed to in my home, the most surprising pollutant in my home is the cooking stoves, the gases from the stove makes it a pollutant. Maybe using crockpots, air cookers, or eating more “ready to eat” foods like fruits or veggies, deli meats, etc. No one is responsible for the pollution, I need to eat.

Each part of the cell is essential to survival because they perform the necessary functions which help keep us alive.

What is a Cell?

This is referred to as the simplest unit of life and becomes aggregated to for tissues which have similar structures and functions. Cells undergo different forms of aggregation which results in the formation of organ system and the organism itself as a whole.

Let's take the part of the body such as the nose for example, if the cells are damaged then it will lead to the reduction in its function which in this scenario is trouble smelling correctly. This in turn leads to not being able to detect or move away from hazardous substances and may cause unpleasant circumstances or death in serious cases which is why each part of the cell is essential to survival.

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That 61% of the 617 nucleotide positions are the same in both species.

 Comamonas testosteroni  :

     

          In clinical practise, Comamonas testosteroni has rarely been observed as an infectious agent. The organism has a low virulence potential and causes human disease only infrequently. Comamonas species have a wide environmental distribution and can survive for long periods of time in hospital environments. We present a previously healthy adolescent with peritonitis as a complication of perforated appendicitis caused by a polymicrobial aetiology that included C. testosteroni.    

        Aerobic, Gram-negative, motile, pink-pigmented, oxidase-positive bacilli, Comamonas species grow well on standard bacteriological media. This group includes four species: Comamonas terrigena, C. testosteroni, C. denitrificans, and C. nitrativorans. The organisms have low virulence and rarely cause human disease. The most common pathogen in the genus is C. testosteroni. This organism is known as a 'testosteroni' because it can grow solely on testosterone-containing media. E. coli is a Gram-negative, facultative anaerobic, rod-shaped coliform bacterium of the genus Escherichia that is commonly found in the lower intestine of warm-blooded organisms.Most strains of E. coli are harmless and even beneficial to your digestive tract. However, some strains can cause diarrhoea if you consume contaminated food or drink contaminated water.

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Saltatory propagation occurs in myelinated axons, in which action potentials from one Ranvier node to another.

What is saltatory propagartion?

In neuroscience, saltatory conduction ( Latin meaning - jump') is the propagation of action potentials along myelinated axons from one node of Ranvier to the next node, increasing the conduction velocity of the action potential.

How does saltatory conduction increase the speed of the action potential?

By causing the depolarization process to leap from one node to the next, saltatory conduction not only accelerates the transmission of impulses but also conserves energy for the axon by limiting depolarization to the nodes rather than the entire length of the nerve fiber, as in unmyelinated fibers.

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The cell membrane is what protects the cell

Larger molecules are unable to cross the membrane without the assistance of the purple channel protein. Their movement across the membrane requires no energy input; passive transport requires no energy. Thus option 4 is correct.

What is passive transport?

Passive transport is defined as the movement of ions and molecules along a concentration gradient in the absence of external energy.

It is also defined as a type of membrane transport in which substances are moved across cell membranes without the use of energy.

Active transport is defined as a process in which molecules move from a lower concentration region to a higher concentration region.

It can also be defined as the process of transporting molecules across a cellular membrane using cellular energy.

Thus, larger molecules are unable to cross the membrane without the assistance of the purple channel protein. Their movement across the membrane requires no energy input; passive transport requires no energy. Thus option 4 is correct.

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Answer:

In eukaryotic cells, the cell cycle phases are split into two significant phases – interphase and the mitotic phase. While in interphase, the cell significantly grows and replicates a DNA copy, in the mitotic phase or the M phase, the cell splits its DNA into two sets and hence the division of the cytoplasm to form two daughter cells.

Explanation:

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Oceans

Composed of salt water, oceans cover 70% of the Earth’s surface, and, in reality, are one “World Ocean” that we’ve broken up into five smaller divisions. They are, in descending order by size, the Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Southern (or Antarctic), and Arctic. These are what we might term political or horizontal divisions, rather than physical or biological vertical divisions. Since the 1700s, there have been many mentions of some sort of southern ocean and recently, attempts have been made to formalize the Southern Ocean, given the importance of ocean currents. The Southern Ocean has the strongest and longest current in the world which circumvents Antarctica.

Seas

Next up in size are seas. A sea is also made up of salt water, and is a large body of water entirely or partially surrounded by land. This isn’t to be confused with “the sea” which is generally how people refer to the collection of oceans. It’s a matter of specificity: if you’re not being specific, you might take a holiday by the sea. If you are being specific, you might sail across the Mediterranean Sea or the Pacific Ocean. But you wouldn’t go to the Pacific Sea.

A few seas would be the Mediterranean, Bering, Norwegian, Arabian, and so on. You’ll notice that these are often just bits of the ocean that are mostly surrounded by land that we’ve named. The Caspian Sea is sometimes classified as a salt lake, although it’s quite large.

Wetlands and Deltas

Now before we move inland to talk about lakes, let’s first discuss wetlands and deltas. A delta is where a river meets the ocean, or sometimes a lake. Usually, the river fans out as it approaches sea level. They’re formed when a river carries a certain amount of sediment at a higher rate and when it reaches a stagnant body of water, it forms a delta.

small streams of water flow from inland toward the ocean

A wetland is different from a delta, although wetlands often form near the shore. Wetlands form unique ecosystems that are inundated by water and contain an especially high degree of aquatic plants. Wetlands have been considered the most biologically diverse ecosystem.

Lakes

Okay, back to more traditional bodies of water. Lakes are the next largest after seas. A lake is always landlocked, meaning it’s completely surrounded by land, except for a river that feeds or drains the lake. Apparently, scientists can’t decide on a specific differentiation between lakes and ponds, so generally, we go by size: lakes are bigger. It depends on who you ask, but some people will say that a lake is a body of water that’s 5+ acres in surface area, or up to 99+ acres in surface area. Almost exclusively, lakes are freshwater, unlike seas, bays, harbors, or anything that’s made up of sea water.

Lakes are formed for different reasons. Most often, lakes were formed (we think) by retreating glaciers that carved up the land. Sometimes they’re formed by the movements of tectonic plates. If you want to learn more about tectonic plates, check out our video on them!

A fun type of lake is the oxbow lake. This is formed when a meandering river (which usually occurs in a low-lying plain) bends back on itself forming a U or horseshoe. The edges continue to erode, and eventually, the stream meets itself again, and the running water bypasses the loop and continues on the shorter route. This leaves the water in the loop to form a lake. In Australia, they call them billabongs.

Ponds

Still going down the list in size we have ponds next. These are freshwater and are often manmade. They’re formed in a variety of different ways and include koi ponds and other aesthetic purposes, as well as uses for farming.

Of course, there are many other types of bodies of water, such as fjords, wadis, runs, subglacial lakes, reservoirs, lagoons, kills, etc. But sadly, we don’t have time to talk about all of those right now so you’ll have to go research them on your own!

The Boiling River

But I promised you I’d talk to you about the boiling river! Legend has it that when the Spanish conquistadors went into the Amazon rainforest in search of gold, few returned. Those that did told horror stories of man-eating snakes, diseases, dangerous creatures, and a river that boiled. Hundreds of years later, a young Peruvian named Andrés Ruzo grew up hearing these tales and was determined to find this river. He eventually worked for National Geographic and would spend years researching and talking to locals about the boiling river. Mostly, he was laughed at for chasing old legends. But eventually, deep in the rainforest, he finally found the boiling river, with the help of the local guardian shaman. So yes, it does exist, although “boiling” is a bit hyperbolic. It is, however, huge, extremely hot, quite long, and non-volcanic. It’s classified as a “thermal river” and isn’t actually any hotter than other thermal bodies of water.

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A concept that asserts fundamental principles of justice and implies the administration of laws that do not violate the sacredness of private rights exists comprehended Due Process of Law.

What is meant by Due Process of Law?

To ensure that all of the person's legal rights are honored, the state must apply all relevant legal laws and principles to the case. This is known as due process of law. Due process safeguards a person's rights and balances the power of the law.

The U.S. Supreme Court gives these provisions a broad interpretation and comes to the conclusion that they offer three types of protection: procedural due process (in civil and criminal proceedings); substantive due process, which forbids the use of vague laws; and they serve as the means of incorporating the Bill of Rights.

The Fifth Amendment is divided into five rights or protections: the right to a jury trial when you are accused of a crime; the right to be innocent unless proven guilty; the right to an impartial jury; the right not to be forced to testify against your will; and the right to a fair trial.

Therefore, the correct answer is option a) Due Process of Law.

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Answer:

d and b are the correct answers

Answer: they protect the proteins from damage.

Explanation: they are way too large to pass directly through membrane

The vesicles are used to transport proteins out of a cell as they protects the protein from the damage due to external environmental conditions. Thus, the correct option is B.

What are protein vesicles?

Proteins are synthesized in the ribosomes of rough endoplasmic reticulum. These proteins are then transported to their destination covered inside the vesicles.

Vesicles are the small structures within a cell which consist of the fluid enclosed by a lipid bilayer that is involved in transport of proteins and other molecules, controlling buoyancy, and the enzyme storage.

Proteins which are transported within the vesicles is based upon the selective packaging of the intended cargo proteins into the vesicles that are recognized and fused with the appropriate target membrane only such as cell membrane.

Therefore, the correct option is B.

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If an enzyme has an optimal pH of 6 when it is exposed to a pH of 9 the enzyme's function would be altered because the conditions of the media would trigger its denaturation.

What is enzyme denaturation?

Enzyme denaturation is the biochemical process in which the tridimensional shape if the enzyme is irreversibly altered as a consequence of abnormal environmental conditions such as the pH of the media, which is associated with the loss of its function.

Therefore, we can conclude that enzyme denaturation would lead to the loss of activity or the enzyme.

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The Punnett square that shows Ben Parents is option (B) since Tt (heterozygous dominant)  is for Ben's mom and tt (homozygous recessive) is for his dad.

What is Punnett Square?

The Punnett square is a square diagram used to predict the genotypes resulting from a specific cross or breeding experiment. It was created by Reginald C. Punnett in 1905 and bears his name. Biologists use the diagram to determine the likelihood that an offspring will have a particular genotype.

A Punnett Square is a useful tool for predicting the variations and probabilities resulting from cross breeding. This includes predicting the hybridization of plants, animals, and even humans.

Therefore, option (B) Punnett square shows heterozygous dominant as well as homozygous recessive genes for Ben's parent respectively.

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The QDMA spatial map depicting deer density (deer per square mile) was digitized across the eastern United States

Answer:

For plants to take up mineral ions, ions are moved into root hairs, where they are in a higher concentration than in the dilute solutions in the soil. Active transport then occurs across the root so that the plant takes in the ions it needs from the soil around it. Active transport in animals

Explanation:

With normal inheritance, the half (1/2) of the world’s human population receives an "x" chromosome from their mother and all of the world’s human population receives a "y" chromosome from their father.

What is inheritance linked to sex chrmosomes?

Inheritance linked to sex chromosomes refers to the genes located on the X chromosome and Y chromosomes. Men receive one Y chromosome from the father, while women have two X chromosomes (one from the mother and the other from the father).

Therefore, with this data, we can see that sex chromosomes are distributed for the mother and father to the offspring.

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The step required after biological processes have broken down organic material in wastewater is: (C) Filtration removes rocks and pebbles from the water.

Biological process of waste water treatment is the method that makes the use of microorganisms to break down the organic waste present in the water. It is also called the conventional method and is the most commonly used one.

Filtration is the second last step of biological process where the suspended solids like tiny rocks and pebbles are removed before the purified water is sent for disinfection. It is an optional step because if there are no suspended particles than the water is subjected to direct disinfection.

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Answer:The Great Oxidation of Earth’s atmosphere about 2.3 billion years ago began a series of geochemical events leading to elevated oxygen levels for the next 200 million years, with a collapse to much lower levels as these events played their course. This sequence of events is represented in rocks from the Republic of Gabon. We show oxygenation of the deep oceans when oxygen levels were likely their highest. By 2.08 billion years ago, however, oxygen dropped to levels possibly as low as any time in the last 2.3 billion years. These fluctuations can be explained as a direct consequence of the initial oxygenation of the atmosphere during the Great Oxidation Event.

Explanation: