If you forgot to add the primers to your pcr reaction, what would happen and why?.

Answer:

9 for the first one

19 for the second

20 for the third

13 for the fourth

9 for the fifth

CIO- acts as the oxidizing agent from the given redox reaction

What is redox reaction?

What are oxidizing agent?

The oxidation state (number) of one of the element in oxidizing agent decreases.

The oxidation state of O atom = -2.

Oxidation state of Cl in ClO- :

x+(-2) = -1

x = +1

Oxidation state of Cl in Cl- = -1

Thus , the oxidation state of Cl decreases from +1 to -1 in the reaction.

So, the CIO- acts as the oxidizing agent.

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Note: The complete question is

You used NaOCl and Nal to generate I2 in situ. You probably noted this visually by observing the formation of a red-brown color as iodine was produced. The redox equation is:

2H+ (aq)+CIO- (aq)+2I− (aq)→Cl− (aq)+I2 (aq)+H2O(l)

What is acting as the oxidizing agent?

The change in entropy when the divider is removed from the container and all three molecules are allowed to mix together,as a result, the change in Entropy will be positive.

What is entropy?

Entropy is a critical concept that students must properly understand while studying Chemistry and Physics. More crucially, entropy can be defined in numerous ways and hence applied in numerous stages or instances, such as a thermodynamic stage, cosmology, and even economics. Entropy, in its most basic form, refers to the spontaneous changes that occur in everyday events or the universe's inclination toward chaos.

We do not consider the microscopic aspects of a system from the standpoint of entropy in thermodynamics. Entropy, on the other hand, is used to characterise a system's behaviour in terms of thermodynamic variables such as temperature, pressure, entropy, and heat capacity. This thermodynamic description took into account the systems' state of equilibrium.

Entropy is a physical property that is commonly associated with chaos, unpredictability, or uncertainty. Because all three molecules started on the left side of the container, they are mingled together. This suggests that molecules are organised at random.

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Air is composed of approximately 78% N₂, 21% O₂, and 1% percent other gases, the density of He at stp will be 0.1637 g/L

At standard, temperature, and pressure (STP) the values are:

Pressure (P) = 1 atm

Temperature (T) = 25 °C or 298.15 K

Density of helium (He) = ?

To calculate the density of He, we will use the modified form of ideal gas law as:

    PV = nRT

       n = number of moles

    n = m / M

Put the value of n in ideal gas law

    PV = mRT / M

    m / V = PM / RT

Where m = mass

    M = molarity

    V = volume

    P = pressure

    T = absolute temperature

    R = universal constant of gasses (value = 0.082 atm.L / mol.K)

As we know that:

    Density = m / V

Put density in place of m / V, the above equation will be:

   Density = PM / RT

Put the values:

    Density of Helium (He) = (1 atm) × (4.0026 g/mol) ÷ (0.082 atm.L/mol.K)(298.15 K)

    Density of Helium (He) = 0.1637 g/L

A ballon filled with He rises because the density of He is lower than air.

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The number of moles of atoms in each of the following is :

1) 0.5 mol

2) 2.9 mol

3) 1.49 mol

4) 1.9 mol

1) 3.01 × 10²³ atoms of zinc

3.01 × 10²³ atoms of zinc =  (3.01 × 10²³) / (6.022  × 10²³) moles

                                          = 0.5 mol

2) 1.806 × 10²⁴ atoms of Ba

1.806 × 10²⁴ atoms of Ba = (1.806 × 10²⁴ ) / (6.022  × 10²³) moles

                                         = 2.9 mol

3) 9.03 × 10²³ atoms of S

9.03 × 10²³ atoms of S =  9.03 × 10²³ /  (6.022  × 10²³) moles

                                       = 1.49 mol

4) 1.204 × 10²⁴ atoms of Na

1.204 × 10²⁴ atoms of Na =  1.204 × 10²⁴ / (6.022  × 10²³) moles

                                          = 1.9 mol

Thus, The number of moles of atoms in each of the following is :

1) 0.5 mol

2) 2.9 mol

3) 1.49 mol

4) 1.9 mol

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The pertinent hydrolysis reactions of the ions in the salt solutions are as follows:

- For the Na+ ion, the hydrolysis reaction is:

- For the Cl- ion, the hydrolysis reaction is:

- For the SO42- ion, the hydrolysis reaction is:

The measured pH values for the individual salt solutions are as follows:

The pH values measured for the individual salt solutions are reasonable. The measured pH values agree with the prediction.

The measured pH values agree with the predictions because the measured pH values are within the range of the expected pH values for each salt.

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The amount of heat to absorb is 6261 J

The heat capacity is the amount of heat expressed usually in Joules or calories needed to change the system by 1 degree Celsius

Here the calculation for heat is

Heat required to raise the temprature of ice form -20°C to 0°C

Then the formula for specific heat is used to calculate the amount of heat

Q = c×m×ΔT

Where Q = heat exchanged by a body

m = mass of the body

c = specific heat

ΔT = change in temprature

Then the given data is

m = 10g

Specific heat of the ice = 2.1

ΔT =  0°C - (-20°C) = 20°C

Then substituting the value

Q = 10g× 2.1× 20°C

Q = 420 J

Heat required to convert 0°C ice to 0°C water

The heat Q necessary to melt a substances depend on its mass m and this called latent heat of fusion of each substances

Q = m×ΔH fusion

Heat required to raise the temprature of water from 0°C to 60°C

m = 10g

Specific heat of water = 4.18

ΔT = 60°C -(- 0°C) = 60°C

Then substituting

Q = 10g×4.18×60°C

Q = 2508 J

Then Q total = 420J+3333J+2508J

Q total = 6261 J

The amount of heat to absorb is  6261 J

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Explanation:

2Al(OH)3 + 3H2SO4 --> Al2 (SO4)3 + 6H2O

According to the rule of conservation of mass, no atoms are created or destroyed during a chemical process. Instead, the atoms combine in a variety of ways to create goods.

According to the law of conservation of mass or principle of mass conservation, any system that is closed to all transfers of matter and energy must maintain a constant mass over time since the system's mass cannot vary and neither more nor less amount can be added or subtracted.

The law of conservation of mass, no atoms are created or destroyed during a chemical process. Instead, the atoms combine in a variety of ways to create goods. This is why each element has the same amount of atoms on both sides of an equation with balanced symbols.

Thus, According to the law of conservation of mass, mass is neither generated nor destroyed during a chemical process.

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CH2 is  the empirical formula.

The simplest whole number ratio of each kind of atom in the compound serves as its empirical formula. It may be calculated using information on the mass of each component in a compound or the composition's percentage.

The number of atoms that make up a single molecule of a substance is specified by both the empirical formula and the molecular formula. Even if it doesn't usually happen, the empirical formula and molecular formula of a molecule may one day match. You must first ascertain the relative masses of the individual components in order to construct the empirical formula. Either mass data given in grams or composition% can be used.

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Elasticity  is the property of a material to not change shape when squeezed.

Elasticity of the material is the property of a material that regain its shape after the material is stretched or compressed. This is an elastic force. whenever the material is compressed or we stretched it then the force called elastic force act on it. when the material is more stretched or more compressed than the more elastic force act on it. when we stretched the material its shape changes and when we leave it it will regain its shape.

Thus, Elasticity  is the property of a material to not change shape when squeezed.

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From the given SN1 reaction (picture attached), the major organic product will be 3-ethylpentan-3-ol, the nucleophile, substrate, leaving group, and the rate-limiting step is identified in the attachment.

In the given reaction an alkyl halide 3-bromo-3-ethylpentane is used as a substrate. In the first step of the reaction, alkyl halide dissociates and a carbocation with a Bromide ion generates. The first step of the reaction mechanism is the slow and rate-determining step. In the first step, 3-bromo-3-ethylpentane is the substrate and bromide is the leaving group. In the second step, the water molecule acts as a nucleophile and attacks carbocation. In the final step, bromide removes hydrogen from the water molecule, and the product results.

The complete question and reaction mechanism are attached as a picture.

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A 4.0 m solution of kno3 has a volume of 1.8 l. if the solution is diluted to 9.0 l, then the new concentration is  0.8 m

The concentration of solution of the amount of solute that has been dissolved in a given amount of solvent or solution

Here given data is

C₁ = 4.0 m

V₁ = 1.8 l

C₂ = ?

V₂ = 9.0 l

So the formula is

C₁V₁ = C₂V₂

4.0 m×1.8 l = C₂× 9.0 l

C₂ = 7.2/9.0 l

C₂ = 0.8 m

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Option (b)  233m3 volume of gas would the laboratory try to expand in order to make up for the large pressure difference outside.

Boyle's Law states that the volume of a given mass  of a gas is inversely proportional to pressure at constant temperature. V  is inversely proportional to P. both V and P are constant.

                    V1 P1  = V2 P2

         Where, p1=initial pressure

                      V1= initial volume

                       P2 =final pressure

                       V2= final volume

Here, p1 is 1.1atm  p2 is 0.85 atm  v1 is  180m3 .

Putting these values in the expression  

                        1.1atm * 180m3  =  0.85atm *V2

                       V2=  (1.1atm . 180m3) /0.85atm

                           = 233m3

Hence, 233m3 of gas is needed to expand in order to make up for the large pressure difference outside.

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The concentration of a solution expressed in moles of solute per 1 l of the solution is called Molarity.

Concentration is the abundance of a constituent divided by way of the overall volume of an aggregate. several sorts of mathematical descriptions may be outstanding: mass concentration, molar concentration, variety concentration, and extent awareness.

The concentration of a substance is the quantity of solute found in a given amount of solution. Concentrations are normally expressed in terms of molarity, defined because of the variety of moles of solute in 1 L of answer.

The Concentration of a solution is a measure of the quantity of solute that has been dissolved in a given amount of solvent or answer. A concentrated answer is one that has a rather huge quantity of dissolved solute

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The method for making pure crystals of magnesium chloride from magnesium and dilute hydrochloric acid is given below:

According to the reaction, magnesium and weak hydrochloric acid react to create magnesium chloride and release hydrogen gas.

MgCl2 (aq) + H2 from Mg (s) + 2HCl (g)

Following is the process for extracting pure magnesium chloride from the reaction.

First: Reaction

Second step: filtering

To create solid crystals from the filtrate, go to:

Step three, crystallization.

Lastly, Precautions:

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We can conclude that each carbon atom in acetylene shares one pair of electrons with the hydrogen atom and three pairs with the other carbon atom.

A chemical bond is a long-lasting attraction between atoms or ions that allows molecules and crystals to form. Ionic bonds are formed by the electrostatic force between oppositely charged ions, whereas covalent bonds are formed by the sharing of electrons.

Each carbon atom in acetylene shares one pair of electrons with the hydrogen atom and three pairs with the other carbon atom.

The carbon atom contains four electrons. It requires four electrons to become stable in its outermost shell. Two carbon atoms covalently bond three pairs of electrons with each other in acetylene, and the remaining pair covalently bonds with two hydrogen atoms.

As a result of the carbon and hydrogen atoms becoming more stable, we can conclude that in acetylene, each carbon atom shares one pair of electrons with the hydrogen atom and three pairs with the other carbon atom.

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The NO3 is zero atm (atmospheric pressure at sea level).

What is partial pressure?

The pressure that one gas in a gas mixture will exert if it fills the same volume by itself is referred to as partial pressure.

What is spontaneous?

A spontaneous process is one that takes place without the use of external energy. For instance, a ball will roll down an incline, water will flow downward, ice will melt into water, radioactive elements will decay, and iron will rust.

N2O(g)+NO2(g)⇌3NO(g)

dG = G products-  G reactants

dG = 3*86.56696 - (104.1816 + 51.29584) = 104.22344 kJ/mol

since dG > 0, this must not favor produces, i.e. it is nonspontaneous

dG = -RT*ln(Kp)

Kp = exp(-dG/(RT))

Kp = exp(-104223.44/(8.314*298)) = 5.37818739*10^-19

Kp = NO^3 / (N2O)(NO2)

initially

NO= 0

N2O = 1

NO2 = 1

in equilibrium

NO= 0 + 3x

N2O = 1  -  x

NO2 = 1 - x

substitute

5.378 *10^-19 = (3x)^3 / (1-x)(1-x)

(5.378 *10^-19)(1 -2x +x^2)  = 27x^3

x = partially 0 atm

therefore

Almost no NO3 will be zero

Not possible, since

dG = dG º + RT*ln(Q)

therefore, even though we can decrease T, it will never be negative, meaning than this will be never spontaneous

Therefore, Almost no NO3 will be zero.

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The following are :

(a) compound

(b) compound

(c) mixture

(d) mixture

In first one is red atom is bonded with one white atom and all the given are the same so this is an compound. in the second one the one red atom bonded with two white atom and all are the same this means this is also compound. the third one is one is bonded with same atom but it also have another atom bonded with same atom so this is a mixture. this kis exact same case in the  fourth one there mixture.

Thus, The following are :

(a) compound

(b) compound

(c) mixture

(d) mixture

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Gram of CO₂ and g of H₂O are produced when 64.0g C₂H₂ burn in oxygen is CO₂ is 216 g and H₂O is 44.28 g

Gram is the unit of mass or weight that is used especially in the centimeter gram-second system of measurement

Here reaction is

2C₂H₂ + 5O₂ → 4CO₂ + 2H₂O

So, 1 mole of C₂H₂ = 2(12) + 2(1) = 26 g

1 mole of CO₂ = 12 + 2(16) = 44 g

1 mole of H₂O = 2(1) + 16 = 18 g

So, 64.0 g C₂H₂ × 1 mol/26g = 2.46 mol C₂H₂

2.46 mol C₂H₂ × 4CO₂/2C₂H₂ = 4.92 mole of CO₂

4.92 mole CO₂ × 44 g/mol = 216 g CO₂

64.0g C₂H₂×1 mol/26 g = 2.46 mol C₂H₂

2.46 mol C₂H₂×2H₂O/2 C₂H₂ = 2.46 mol H₂O

2.46 mol H₂O×18 g/mol = 44.28 g H₂O

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Answer:

2.09 atm

Explanation:

Given: Temperature of system. volume of system, and masses of component gasses.

In order to get the mole fraction which we will use later, convert the 60.0 g CO2 and 82.1 g H20 into moles and add the number of moles you got yo 7.30.

(60.0g CO2 / 44.01 g/mole) + (82.1g H20/18.02) + 7.30 moles unknown fuel

This should work out to about 13.22 moles total. Then, plug in your numbers to the ideal gas law (PV=nRT or P=nRT/V). This will result in the total pressure of the system. p=(13.22 moles)x(0.08206 l*ATM/moles *K)x(468.2)/25.0L. This equation results in a total of 20.3 atm. According to Daltons law of partial pressure, the mole fraction (moles of a gas over total moles) of a given gas times the total pressure of the container gives the partial pressure.

(1.36/13.22) * 20.3 atm=2.09 atm

Glycerol (molar mass= 92.09g/mol) has an enthalpy of combustion of -1654 kJ/mol. The mass of glycerol is needed  is

Q water = mc ΔT

             = 500 × 4.184 × ( 100 - 20)

             = 167.36 kJ

Q glycerol = 167360 J = n ΔH

167360 = n × ( 1654)

n = 0.101 mol

mass = moles × molar mass

        = 0.101 × 92.09

        = 9.3 g

Thus, Glycerol (molar mass= 92.09g/mol) has an enthalpy of combustion of -1654 kJ/mol.  mass of glycerol is needed to raise the temp of 500 g water from 20 °C to 100 °C is 9.3 g.

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Evidence did you see that indicated the liquid from copper II sulfate pentahydrate was water is color change to adding water to anhydrous copper II sulfate

Copper II sulphate also known as copper sulphate is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula CuSO₄ and when liquid from copper II sulfate pentahydrate was water then the color change from pale blue to white and change back to blue when water is added and the color change on adding water to anhydrous copper II sulphate has been used as test for the presence of water in a liquid

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A precipitate can be produced by the combination of lithium sulfide and nickel II chloride.

The term precipitate has to do with a solid product that is obtained from an aqueous phase reaction. It is important to know that in this kind of reaction, we have two aqueous phase reactants but they combine to give an insoluble product.

In this case we have to look at the possible products of each of the reactants as we have them in the question. The question that we must ask ourselves is; which of these aqueous reactants can produce a solid product?

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The transition n 2=∞ to n 1=2 emits radiation of the lowest wavelength. This transition corresponds to the maximum energy of emitted radiation.

What is emitted radiation?

When the excited electron transitions back to a lower electron orbital, emission takes place. The radiation that is emitted is known as luminescence. At energies equal to or lower than the energy corresponding to the absorbed radiation, luminescence can be seen. Following initial absorption, one of two pathways can lead to emission.

It is equal to the ionization energy and corresponds to the energy required when an electron is completely removed from the ground state of the hydrogen atom.

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Two atoms of Hydrogen should be on the product side of the balanced equation.

Balancing the chemical equation is the branch of chemistry which helps us in balancing the atoms that are present on both the reactants and on the product sides.

Once all the individual elements are balanced, the total number of atoms of each element on the reactant and product side are compared once again. To make sure that there are no inequalities, then the  chemical equation is said to be balanced.

In the above given reactions we can see that in the reactant side there are 2 atoms of hydrogen in water molecule and in the product .

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One cubic centimeter of 7.15 g/cm³ will contain 9.2 x 10²² Cr atoms.

The density of Cr is 7.15 g/cm³.

It means, one cm³ contains 7.15 grams of Cr.

We know moles are given by,

n = mass/molar mass

n = number of atom/Avogadro number

Molar mass of Cr is 51 g/mol.

So, the number of atoms per cubic centimeter can be found as,

7.15/51 = Number of atom/6.603 x 10²³

Number of atoms = 9.2 x 10²²

So, one cubic centimeter will contain 9.2 x 10²² atoms of Cr.

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Answer: bread baking in a oven and water evaporating in a puddle

Explanation:

If 17.4 kg of al2o3(s), 51.4 kg of NaOH(l), and 51.4 kg of HF (g) react completely. 89.95 kg of cryolite will be produced.

It is synthesized by fusion of sodium fluoride and aluminum fluoride as a electrolyte in the reduction of alumina to aluminum metal

Given data:

mass of Al = 17.4 kg = 17.4 × 10³

mass of NaOH = 51.4kg = 51.4 × 10³

mass of HF = 51.4kg = 51.4 × 10³

Molar mass of Al₂O₃ = 102 g/mol,

Molar mass of NaOH = 40g/mol

Molar mass of HF = 20g/mol

Reaction:

Al₂O₃ + 6 NaOH + 12 HF → 2 Na₂AlF₆ + 9H₂P

Moles of:

Mole/ stoichiometry of:

Al₂O₃ : 0.17 × 10³ / 1 = 0.17 × 10³

NaOH : 0.214 × 10³ / 6 = 0.035 × 10³

HF : 0.214× 10³ /12 = 0.017 × 10³

As the mole/ stoichiometric ratio is smallest for HF, it is the limiting reagent.

Molar mass of cryolite is 210gmol and HF is 20g/mol

12 mol of HF = 2 mol of Na₃AlF₆

240 g of HF = 420 g of Na₃AlF₆

51.4 × 10³g of HF    = (51.4 × 10³ × 420) / 240

                               = 89.95 × 10³ g or 89.95 kg of Na₃AlF₆

Hence, 89.95 kg of cryolite is produced.

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Answer: The Answer is Steel

Explanation: