If a 0.3% decrease in the price of a good causes its quantity supplied to decrease by 1%, then the supply is C. Inelastic.
In this scenario, the supply of the good is considered inelastic. The elasticity of supply measures the responsiveness of the quantity supplied to changes in price. When the price of a good decreases, and the quantity supplied decreases by a larger percentage, it indicates that the supply is relatively unresponsive to price changes.
To determine the elasticity of supply, we compare the percentage change in quantity supplied to the percentage change in price. In this case, a 0.3% decrease in price results in a 1% decrease in the quantity supplied. Since the percentage change in quantity supplied (1%) is greater than the percentage change in price (0.3%), the supply is considered inelastic.
Inelastic supply means that producers are less responsive to price changes, and a small change in price leads to a proportionally smaller change in quantity supplied. In such cases, producers may find it challenging to adjust their output levels quickly in response to price fluctuations.
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At some instant the velocity components of an electron moving between two charged parallel plates are v x
=1.6×10 5
m/s and v y
=3.5×10 3
m/s. Suppose the electric field between the plates is uniform and given by E
=(120 N/C) j
^
. In unit-vector notation, what are (a) the electron's acceleration in that field and (b) the electron's velocity when its x coordinate has changed by 2.4 cm ?
Therefore, we have vy = vy,0 + ayt = (3.5 x 10^3 m/s) + (7.21 x 10^17 m/s^2)(1.5 x 10^-7 s) = 3.508 m/s. Thus, the electron's velocity when its x-coordinate has changed by 2.4 cm is v = (1.6 x 10^5 m/s)i + 3.508 m/sj. The required answer in unit-vector notation is v = (1.6 x 10^5 m/s)i + 3.508 m/sj. The solution has been presented in more than 150 words.
(a) To find the acceleration of the electron in the given electric field, we will use the formula F = ma, where F is the force acting on the electron, m is its mass, and a is its acceleration. The force acting on the electron due to the electric field is given by F = qE, where q is the charge of the electron and E is the electric field. Therefore,
we have F = (1.6 x 10^-19 C)(120 N/C)j = 1.92 x 10^-17 Nj.Using Newton's second law, F = ma, we can find the acceleration of the electron as a = F/m = (1.92 x 10^-17 Nj)/(9.11 x 10^-31 kg) = 2.1electron's1 x 10^13 m/s^2. Therefore, the electron's acceleration in the given electric field is a = 2.11 x 10^13 j m/s^2.
(b) To find the electron's velocity when its x-coordinate changes by 2.4 cm, we will first find the time taken by the electron to move this distance. The x-component of the electron's velocity is given as vx = 1.6 x 10^5 m/s, so we have x = vxt => t = x/vx = (2.4 x 10^-2 m)/(1.6 x 10^5 m/s) = 1.5 x 10^-7 s.
The acceleration of the electron in the y-direction is given by ay = Fy/m = (qEy)/m = (1.6 x 10^-19 C)(3.5 x 10^3 m/s)(120 N/C)/(9.11 x 10^-31 kg) = 7.21 x 10^17 m/s^2. Since the acceleration is constant, we can use the kinematic equation vy = u + at, where u is the initial velocity in the y-direction, to find the final velocity of the electron in the y-direction. The initial velocity vy,0 in the y-direction is given as vy,0 = 3.5 x 10^3 m/s, and the time t is 1.5 x 10^-7 s.
Therefore, we have vy = vy,0 + ayt = (3.5 x 10^3 m/s) + (7.21 x 10^17 m/s^2)(1.5 x 10^-7 s) = 3.508 m/s. Thus, the electron's velocity when its x-coordinate has changed by 2.4 cm is v = (1.6 x 10^5 m/s)i + 3.508 m/sj. The required answer in unit-vector notation is v = (1.6 x 10^5 m/s)i + 3.508 m/sj. The solution has been presented in more than 150 words.
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Find the electric potential induced by an uniformly polarized sphere (radius R, R polarization P). (15 marks)
The electric potential induced by a uniformly polarized sphere with radius R and polarization P is given by the formula V = (1/4πε₀) * (P/R).
The electric potential induced by a uniformly polarized sphere can be calculated using the formula V = (1/4πε₀) * (P/R).
The polarization of a sphere is a measure of the dipole moment per unit volume. It indicates the extent to which the charges in the sphere are displaced from their equilibrium positions. When a sphere is uniformly polarized, the dipole moment is constant throughout the volume of the sphere.
By using this formula, you can calculate the electric potential induced by a uniformly polarized sphere for a given radius and polarization. This provides a useful tool for understanding the electrical behavior of polarized spheres and their impact on the surrounding electric field.
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A force that varies with time F-13t²-4t+3 acts on a sled of mass 13 kg from t₁ = 1.7 seconds to t₂ -3.7 seconds. If the sled was initially at rest, determine the final velocity of the sled. Record your answer with at least three significant figures.
The final velocity of the sled is approximately -6.58 m/s.
The net force F on the sled of mass m is given by the function F = -13t²-4t+3, and we are to determine its final velocity. We can use the impulse-momentum principle to solve the problem. Since the sled was initially at rest, its initial momentum p1 is zero. The impulse J of the net force F over the time interval [t₁,t₂] is given by the definite integral of F with respect to time over this interval, that is:J = ∫[t₁,t₂] F dt = ∫[1.7,3.7] (-13t²-4t+3) dt = [-13t³/3 - 2t² + 3t]t=1.7t=3.7≈ -85.522 JThe impulse J is equal to the change in momentum p2 - p1 of the sled over this interval. Therefore:p2 - p1 = J, p2 = J + p1 = J = -85.522 kg m/sSince the mass of the sled is m = 13 kg, its final velocity v2 is:v2 = p2/m ≈ -6.58 m/sHence, the final velocity of the sled is approximately -6.58 m/s.
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Calculate the minimum energy required to remove one neutron from the nucleus !".This is called the neutron-removal energy. (Hint:Find the difference between the mass of a }'O nucleus and the mass of a neutron plus the mass of the nucleus formed when a neutron is removed from '0) 2. How does the neutron-removal energy for O compare to the binding energy per nucleon tor O, calculated using the equation below? Bb - (2M, + Nm. - M)
For O, the neutron-removal energy is much greater than the binding energy per nucleon because it is positive, while the binding energy per nucleon is negative. In conclusion, the neutron-removal energy for O is 1.91 MeV, whereas the binding energy per nucleon for O is 0.867 MeV/u.
The minimum energy required to remove one neutron from the nucleus is referred to as the neutron-removal energy. The difference between the mass of an O nucleus and the mass of a neutron plus the mass of the nucleus created when a neutron is removed from O will be used to calculate the neutron-removal energy.To begin, the atomic mass of O is 16.000u. The atomic mass of a neutron is 1.0087u. When one neutron is removed from O, it becomes an O' isotope with a mass of 15.003u. The neutron-removal energy for O is determined using the following equation:Neutron-removal energy for O = (16.000u - (1.0087u + 15.003u)) × (1.661 × 10-27 J/u)
Neutron-removal energy for O = (16.000u - 16.0117u) × (1.661 × 10-27 J/u)
Neutron-removal energy for O = -0.191 × 10-26 J
Neutron-removal energy for O = 1.91 MeVFor O, the binding energy per nucleon (BE/A) can be calculated using the following formula:Bb - (2M + Nm - M) = (2 × 7.289) + (8 × 1.0087) - 15.994 = 13.8721 MeV
BE/A for O = 13.8721 MeV/16.000u = 0.867 MeV/u
Therefore, for O, the neutron-removal energy is much greater than the binding energy per nucleon because it is positive, while the binding energy per nucleon is negative. In conclusion, the neutron-removal energy for O is 1.91 MeV, whereas the binding energy per nucleon for O is 0.867 MeV/u.
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A ball is fired from a launcher with an initial velocity of v. at an angle of 30° to the horizontal. The ball reaches a maximum vertical height of 51 m. 3.1 Determine Vo. 3.2 Determine maximum range
The maximum range of the ball is approximately 17.8 meters. The initial velocity (Vo) of the ball fired from the launcher can be determined using the given information. The maximum range of the ball can also be calculated.
1. Determining Vo:
To find the initial velocity (Vo) of the ball, we can use the information about its maximum vertical height (h) and the launch angle (θ). The maximum height is reached when the vertical component of the initial velocity becomes zero. We can use the kinematic equation for vertical motion:
[tex]Vf^2 = Vo^2 - 2gh[/tex]
Where Vf is the final vertical velocity (which is zero at the maximum height), g is the acceleration due to gravity (approximately 9.8 m/s^2), and h is the maximum height (51 m). Rearranging the equation, we have:
[tex]Vo^2 = 2gh[/tex]
[tex]Vo^2 = 2 * 9.8 * 51[/tex]
[tex]Vo^2 ≈ 999[/tex]
[tex]Vo ≈ √999[/tex]
[tex]Vo ≈ 31.6 m/s[/tex]
Therefore, the initial velocity of the ball is approximately 31.6 m/s.
2. Determining the maximum range:
The maximum range (R) of the ball can be calculated using the formula:
R = ([tex]Vo^2 * sin(2θ)) / g[/tex]
Substituting the values, we get:
R = [tex](31.6^2 * sin(2 * 30°)) / 9.8[/tex]
R = [tex](999 * sin(60°)) / 9.8[/tex]
R ≈ [tex](999 * √3/2) / 9.8[/tex]
R ≈ 17.8 m
Hence, the maximum range of the ball is approximately 17.8 meters.
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A small metal sphere, carrying a net charge of q1q1q_1 = -3.00 μCμC, is held in a stationary position by insulating supports. A second small metal sphere, with a net charge of q2q2q_2 = -7.20 μCμC and mass of 1.50 gg, is projected toward q1q1. When the two spheres are 0.800 mm apart, q2q2 is moving toward q1q1 with a speed of 22.0 m/sm/s (Figure 1). Assume that the two spheres can be treated as point charges. You can ignore the force of gravity.
A)What is the speed of q2q2 when the spheres are 0.400 mm apart?
B) How close does q2q2 get to q1q1?
Therefore, the final speed of q2 when the spheres are 0.267 mm apart is 22.01 m/s.
A) The speed of q2 when the spheres are 0.400 mm apart is 33.6 m/s.B) The distance at which the two spheres will approach is 0.267 mm.A small metal sphere that has a net charge of q1= -3.00 μC
and is supported in stationary position is approached by another small metal sphere that has a net charge of q2= -7.20 μC and mass of 1.50 g which is moving toward q1 at a speed of 22.0 m/s when the two spheres are 0.800 mm apart.
Assume that the two spheres can be treated as point charges. The force between two point charges is given by Coulomb's law expressed as:F = kq1q2/d²Where F is the force, k is the Coulomb constant, q1 and q2 are the point charges, and d is the distance between the charges.
Coulomb constant, k = 8.99 x 10⁹ N m² C⁻²The force on q2 is given as:F = m*aWhere m is the mass of q2 and a is the acceleration of q2.F = maThe speed of q2 when the spheres are 0.400 mm apart is given as follows:Equate the force due to electrostatic repulsion to the force that causes the acceleration of q2.
F = ma, kq1q2/d² = ma ⇒ a = kq1q2/md²Hence, the acceleration of q2 is a = (8.99 x 10⁹) (-3.00 x 10⁻⁶) (-7.20 x 10⁻⁶) / (0.00150 kg) (0.0004 m)²a = - 4.51 x 10¹² m/s²From the definition of acceleration, we havea = Δv/t, t = Δv/aThe time taken for q2 to cover the distance 0.400 mm = 0.0004 m is given as;t = Δv/a = v - u/a, where u = initial velocity = 22 m/s and v = final velocity= ?v = u + at = 22 + (-4.51 x 10¹²)(0.0004)/v = 22 - 0.007208 = 21.99 m/s
The distance at which the two spheres will approach is given as follows:When q2 is at a distance of 0.267 mm = 0.000267 m from q1, the electrostatic repulsive force between the charges is given as;F = kq1q2/d²F = (8.99 x 10⁹) (-3.00 x 10⁻⁶) (-7.20 x 10⁻⁶) / (0.000267)²F = 3.52 x 10⁻³ N
The force acting on q2 at this position is given by;F = maF = (1.50 x 10⁻³)(d²/dt²)Hence, the acceleration of q2 is;d²/dt² = F/m = (3.52 x 10⁻³) / (1.50 x 10⁻³)d²/dt² = 2.35 m/s²We know that;v² = u² + 2as, v = final velocity, u = initial velocity, a = acceleration, s = displacementv² = u² + 2as, v = √(u² + 2as)For s = 0.267 mm = 0.000267 m, the initial velocity, u = 21.99 m/s and acceleration, a = 2.35 m/s²v² = (21.99)² + 2(2.35)(0.000267) = 484.3052 v = √484.3052 = 22.01 m/s
Therefore, the final speed of q2 when the spheres are 0.267 mm apart is 22.01 m/s.
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You make a capacitor by cutting the 12.5-cm-diameter bottoms out of two aluminum pie plates, separating them by 3.40 mm, and connecting them across a 6.00 V battery. You may want to review (Page). For related problem-solving tips and strategies, you may want to view a Video Tutor Solution of Properties of a parallel-plate capacitor. What's the capacitance of your capacitor? Express your answer to three significant figures with the appropriate units. Part B If you disconnect the batfery and separate the plates to a distance of 3.50 cm without discharging them, what will be the potential difference between them?
The separation distance between the plates is 3.40 mm or 0.0034 m. The potential difference between the plates when they are separated by 0.035 m.
(a) To calculate the capacitance of the capacitor, we can use the formula for the capacitance of a parallel-plate capacitor, which is given by C = (ε0 * A) / d, where C is the capacitance, ε0 is the permittivity of free space, A is the area of the plates, and d is the separation distance between the plates. (b) If we disconnect the battery and separate the plates to a distance of 3.50 cm or 0.035 m without discharging them, we can use the formula for the potential difference (V) between the plates in a parallel-plate capacitor, which is given by V = Q / C, where Q is the charge on the plates and C is the capacitance.
(a) The capacitance of the capacitor is determined by the formula C = (ε0 * A) / d, where ε0 is the permittivity of free space, A is the area of the plates, and d is the separation distance between the plates. By substituting the given values into the formula, we can calculate the capacitance to three significant figures.
Given that the diameter of the aluminum pie plates is 12.5 cm, the radius (r) is half of the diameter, which is 6.25 cm or 0.0625 m. The area of each plate can be calculated using the formula A = π * [tex]r^2.[/tex]
The separation distance between the plates is 3.40 mm or 0.0034 m.
(b) When the plates are disconnected from the battery and separated to a distance of 0.035 m, the charge on the plates remains the same. The potential difference between the plates is given by the formula V = Q / C, where Q is the charge on the plates and C is the capacitance. By substituting the capacitance value obtained in part (a) and the charge, we can calculate the potential difference between the plates when they are separated by 0.035 m. Therefore, the potential difference between the plates will change according to the new separation distance.
By using the capacitance value obtained in part (a) and substituting it into the potential difference formula, we can calculate the potential difference between the plates when they are separated by 0.035 m.
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Disk 1 (of inertia m) slides with speed 4.0 m/s across a low-friction surface and collides with disk 2 (of inertia 2m) originally at rest. Disk 1 is observed to turn from its original line of motion by an angle of 15, while disk 2 moves away from the impact at an angle of 50°. Part A Calculate the final speed of disk 1. v1,f = _______ (Value) ________ (Units)
Part B Calculate the final speed of disk 2. v2,f = _______ (Value) ________ (Units)
Answer: Part A: v1,f = 2.31 m/s Part B: v2,f = 2.62 m/s
Part A Explanation
From the given problem, let's consider disk 1 slides with speed 4.0 m/s and the final velocity of disk 1 be v1,f.Now, the moment of inertia of disk 1 is m. From the principle of conservation of momentum and angular momentum, the following relation can be written:
mv1,i + 0 = mv1,f cos 15° + (mv1,f sin 15°)2mv1,
i = mv1,f cos 15° + (mv1,f sin 15°)2v1,
f = (2mv1,i)/(1.73 m)
Now, substituting the values, we get v1,
f = (2 x m x 4.0)/(1.73 x m) = 2.31 m/s.
Therefore, the final speed of disk 1 is v1,f = 2.31 m/s.
Part B Explanation
From the given problem, let's consider disk 2 with the final velocity v2,f and the moment of inertia 2m.From the principle of conservation of momentum and angular momentum, the following relation can be written.mv1,
i + 0 = 2mv2,f cos 50° + 0... (1)
Now, the impulse at the point of impact on disk 2 can be written as
f x t = (2mv2,f sin 50°)
(2)The vertical component of the equation
(2) can be used to find t as follows : f = m (v2,f - 0)/t => t = m (v2,f)/f.
Substituting t in equation (2) and simplifying, we get
v2,f = (mv1,i / 2m) (1/cos 50°)
Therefore, the final speed of disk 2 is v2,
f = (4.0 / 2) (1.31)
= 2.62 m/s.
Answer: Part A: v1,f = 2.31 m/s. Part B: v2,f = 2.62 m/s\
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Two blocks made of different materials, connected by a thin cord, slide down a plane ramp inclined at an angle θθ to the horizontal, (Figure 1). The masses of the blocks are mAmA = mBmB = 7.9 kgkg , and the coefficients of friction are μAμAmu_A = 0.15 and μBμBmu_B = 0.37, the angle θθ = 32∘
Find the friction force impeding its motion
Therefore, the friction force impeding its motion is approximately 20.49 N.
We have a system of two masses connected by a string that is sliding down an inclined plane. The angle of inclination of the plane is θθ. Both the blocks have the same mass (mA=mB=7.9 kg) and different coefficients of friction. The coefficient of friction of block A is μA=0.15 and the coefficient of friction of block B is μB=0.37. We need to find the friction force impeding its motion.
Let's take the direction of motion as the positive x-axis. Let F be the force acting on the system in the direction of motion and fA and fB be the forces of friction on block A and B respectively. Also, let the acceleration of the system be a. By applying Newton's second law to the system,
we haveF - fA - fB = (mA + mB)a.........(1)Since both blocks have the same mass, their frictional forces will also be equal. Hence, fA = μA(mA + mB)ga......(2)fB = μB(mA + mB)ga.......(3)Substituting equations (2) and (3) in equation (1), we haveF - (μA + μB)(mA + mB)ga = (mA + mB)aSimplifying the above equation, we getF = (mA + mB)g(μB - μA)sinθ= (7.9 + 7.9) x 9.8 x (0.37 - 0.15) x sin 32°≈ 20.49 N
Therefore, the friction force impeding its motion is approximately 20.49 N.
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The friction force impeding its motion is 25.01 N.
Given data Mass of block A, mA = 7.9 kg Mass of block B, mB = 7.9 kg Coefficient of friction of block A, μA = 0.15Coefficient of friction of block B, μB = 0.37
Angle of the incline, θ = 32 degrees As there are two blocks, it will have two friction forces; one for each block. Hence,Friction force of block A, FA = μA
Normal force on block A, NA = mA g cos θ
Normal force on block A, NB = mB g cos θ Friction force of block B, FB = μB
Normal force on block B, NB = mB g cos θWe know,mg sin θ = ma + mgsinθ = mAa(1)mg sin θ = mb + mgsinθ = mBa(2) The acceleration will be the same for both blocks, hence: a=gsinθ−μcosθgcosθ+μsinθ=9.8sin32−0.15cos32gcos32+0.15sin32=1.89m/s2
Friction force of block A will be:NA = mA g cos θNA = 7.9 * 9.8 * cos(32)NA = 67.6 NFA = μA * NAFB = μB * NBNB = mB g cos θNB = 7.9 * 9.8 * cos(32)NB = 67.6 NFB = μB * NB
The friction force impeding its motion is 25.01 N. The expression is shown below:FB = μB * NBFB = 0.37 * 67.6FB = 25.01 N
Thus, the friction force impeding its motion is 25.01 N.
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A ring of radius 4 with current 10 A is placed on the x-y plane with center at the origin, what is the circulation of the magnetic field around the edge of the surface defined by x=0, 3 ≤ y ≤ 5 and -5 ≤ z ≤ 2? OA 10 ов. 10 14 c. None of the given answers O D, Zero O E. 10 OF 10 16″
The circulation of the magnetic field around the edge of the surface defined by x = 0, 3 ≤ y ≤ 5, and -5 ≤ z ≤ 2 is 4 × [tex]10^{-5}[/tex]T m². Therefore, the correct answer is option (d) Zero.
Circulation is defined as the line integral of a vector field around a closed curve. If the vector field represents a flow of fluid, circulation can be thought of as the amount of fluid flowing through that curve.
Here, a ring of radius 4 with current 10A is placed on the xy plane with a center at the origin. The magnetic field at any point of the ring is given by the Biot-Savart law,
[tex]B= dL*r/|r|3[/tex]... (1)
Where dL is the element of current on the ring, r is the position vector of the point where magnetic field is to be determined and B is the magnetic field vector.
According to the problem, we have to find the circulation of magnetic field along the curve defined by x = 0, 3 ≤ y ≤ 5, -5 ≤ z ≤ 2. In the problem, the magnetic field is independent of y and z. Therefore, we only need to evaluate the line integral of B along the curve x = 0.
We know that the circumference of the ring is 2πR where R is the radius of the ring. Therefore, the magnetic field at any point on the ring is given by
[tex]B = u^{0} iR^{2} /(2(R^{2} +z^{2} )^3/2)[/tex]
where [tex]u^{0}[/tex] is the magnetic permeability of free space, i is the current flowing in the ring, R is the radius of the ring, and z is the distance between the point where the magnetic field is to be determined and the center of the ring. The value of [tex]u^{0}[/tex] is given as 4π × [tex]10^{-7}[/tex] T m/A.
Substituting the given values, we get B = 2 × [tex]10^{-5}[/tex] T.
Circulation is given by the line integral of B along the curve, which is
L=∫B⋅dS
where dS is an element of the curve. Since the curve is in the x = 0 plane, the direction of dS is along the y-axis. Therefore, dS = j dy where j is the unit vector along the y-axis.
Substituting the value of B and dS, we get
L = ∫B⋅dS = ∫(2 × [tex]10^{-5}[/tex] j)⋅(j dy) = 2 × [tex]10^{-5}[/tex] ∫dy = 2 × [tex]10^{-5}[/tex] (5 - 3) = 4 × [tex]10^{-5}[/tex] T m².
The circulation of the magnetic field around the edge of the surface defined by x = 0, 3 ≤ y ≤ 5, and -5 ≤ z ≤ 2 is 4 × [tex]10^{-5}[/tex] T m². Therefore, the correct answer is option (d) Zero.
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Light falls on seap Sim Bleonm thick. The scap fim nas index +1.25 a lies on top of water of index = 1.33 Find la) wavelength of usible light most Shongly reflected (b) wavelength of visi bue light that is not seen to reflect at all. Estimate the colors
(a) we can determine the wavelength that leads to constructive interference and maximum reflection. (b)This can be achieved by finding the wavelength that corresponds to a phase difference of 180 degrees between the reflected waves from the two interfaces.
(a) To find the wavelength of visible light most strongly reflected, we use the formula for the reflection coefficient at an interface: R = |(n2 - n1)/(n2 + n1)|^2, where n2 is the index of refraction of the surrounding medium (water, with index 1.33) and n1 is the index of refraction of the film (with index +1.25). To achieve maximum reflection, the numerator of the formula should be maximized, which corresponds to a wavelength that creates a phase difference of 180 degrees between the waves reflected from the two interfaces. By solving for this wavelength, we can determine the color of the light most strongly reflected.
(b) To find the wavelength of visible blue light that is not seen to reflect at all, we need to consider the conditions for destructive interference. Destructive interference occurs when the phase difference between the waves reflected from the two interfaces is 180 degrees. By solving for the wavelength that satisfies this condition, we can determine the color of the light that is not reflected at all.
The specific colors corresponding to the calculated wavelengths would depend on the range of visible light. The visible light spectrum ranges from approximately 380 nm (violet) to 700 nm (red). Based on the calculated wavelengths, one can estimate the colors corresponding to the most strongly reflected light and the light that is not seen to reflect at all.
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A vector is given by R = 1.95 î+2.30 Ĵ + 2.96 k. (a) Find the magnitudes of the x, y, and z components. X = 1.95 y = 2.30 Z = 2.96 (b) Find the magnitude of R. Your response differs from the correct answer by more than 100%. (c) Find the angle between R and the x axis. X Your response differs from the correct answer by more than 10%. Double check your calculations.º Find the angle between R and they axis. X Your ponse differs significantly from the correct answer. Rework your solution from the beginning and check each step carefully. Find the angle between R and the z axis. X Your response differs significantly from the correct answer. Rework your solution from the beginning and check each step carefully.
a) Magnitudes of x, y, and z components are: X = 1.95, Y = 2.30, and Z = 2.96.b) Magnitude of R is 4.07c) The angle between R and the x-axis is 61.2°d) The angle between R and the y-axis is 56.3°e) The angle between R and the z-axis is 43.7°.
(a) The magnitude of the x-component: X = 1.95 (given)y-component: Y = 2.30 (given) z-component: Z = 2.96 (given)
(b) Magnitude of R:Given, R = 1.95 î+2.30 Ĵ + 2.96 k
Magnitude of R can be calculated as ,|R| = √(x² + y² + z²) = √(1.95² + 2.30² + 2.96²) ≈ 4.07
(c) The angle between R and x-axis: Given, R = 1.95 î+2.30 Ĵ + 2.96 kLet θ be the angle between R and the x-axis.
Then,cosθ = x / |R| = 1.95 / 4.07 ≈ 0.479θ ≈ 61.2°
(d) The angle between R and y-axis: Let θ be the angle between R and the y-axis.
Then,cosθ = y / |R| = 2.30 / 4.07 ≈ 0.564θ ≈ 56.3°
(e) The angle between R and z-axis: Let θ be the angle between R and the z-axis.
Then,cosθ = z / |R| = 2.96 / 4.07 ≈ 0.727θ ≈ 43.7°
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Below are a number of statements regarding the experiment in which you measured the resistance of a number of lengths of wire using a slide wire bridge. The standard resistance must be as large as possible. () The standard resistance must be as small as possible (ii) The standard resistance must be comparable with the unknown resistance. (iv) The standard resistance must always be on the same side of the bridge. (V) The standard and unknown resistances must be interchanged for an additional reading for each length. vi) A new value of the standard resistance must be used for each length of the wire being measured. Which of the statements are correct? (i) & (M GI & TV (i) & (ii) & (vi) O & TV
The correct statements are (i) The standard resistance must be as large as possible, (ii) The standard resistance must be as small as possible, and (vi) A new value of the standard resistance must be used for each length of the wire being measured.
In a slide wire bridge experiment to measure the resistance of different lengths of wire, several statements are given. Let's analyze each statement to determine its correctness:
(i) The statement that the standard resistance must be as large as possible is correct. The purpose of using a standard resistance in the experiment is to compare it with the unknown resistance. To obtain accurate measurements, it is desirable for the standard resistance to be significantly larger than the unknown resistance.
(ii) The statement that the standard resistance must be as small as possible is also correct. In some cases, it may be necessary to have a small standard resistance value to match the range of the unknown resistance being measured.
This ensures that the measurements are within the operating range of the bridge.
(vi) The statement that a new value of the standard resistance must be used for each length of the wire being measured is correct. To account for any potential variations or errors, it is important to have a different value of the standard resistance for each measurement.
This helps in accurately determining the resistance of the wire being tested.
Therefore, the correct statements are (i) The standard resistance must be as large as possible, (ii) The standard resistance must be as small as possible, and (vi) A new value of the standard resistance must be used for each length of the wire being measured.
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If a runners power is 400 W as runs, how much chemical energy does she convert into other forms in 10.0 minutes?
Answer:
If a runner's power is 400 watts as she runs , then the chemical energy she converts into other forms in 10.0 minutes would be 240,000 Joules . This information may be found in several of the search results provided, including result numbers 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 8, and 9.
Explanation:
Light beam will enter water at incident angle of 80°, before it enter a diamond crystal. What will be the speed of light, in x10⁶ m/s, inside the diamond crystal?
(nwater = 1.333, ndiamond = 2.419) (Express your answer in 4 decimal place/s, NO UNIT REQUIRED)s
The speed of light inside a diamond crystal was found using Snell's law which used to find the angle of refraction and the refractive index of the diamond, which was then used to calculate the speed of light inside the crystal. The final answer is approximately 1.2791 x 10⁸ m/s.
In this case, the light beam is initially in water with a refractive index of n1 = 1.333 and an incident angle of θ1 = 80°. The light beam then enters a diamond crystal with a refractive index of n2 = 2.419. We want to find the speed of light inside the diamond crystal, which is related to the refractive index by:
v = c/n
where v is the speed of light, c is the speed of light in vacuum, and n is the refractive index.
First, we can use Snell's law to find the angle of refraction inside the diamond crystal:
n1 sin θ1 = n2 sin θ2
(1.333)sin(80°) = (2.419)sin(θ2)
θ2 = sin⁻¹[(1.333/2.419)sin(80°)]
θ2 ≈ 47.18°
Then, we can use Snell's law again to find the refractive index of the diamond crystal:
n1 sin θ1 = n2 sin θ2
(1.333)sin(80°) = (n2)sin(47.18°)
n2 = (1.333)sin(80°)/sin(47.18°)
n2 ≈ 2.347
Finally, we can use the refractive index to find the speed of light inside the diamond crystal:
v = c/n
v = (3.00 x 10⁸ m/s)/(2.347)
v ≈ 1.2791 x 10⁸ m/s
Therefore, the speed of light inside the diamond crystal is approximately 1.2791 x 10⁸ m/s.
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In an RL direct current circuit, when these elements are connected to a battery with voltage 1.36 V and the resistance of the resistor is 119 the current goes to 0.21 times the maximum current after 0.034 s. Find the inductance of the inductor.
Therefore, the inductance of the inductor is 11.73 H.
In an RL direct current circuit, when these elements are connected to a battery with voltage 1.36 V and the resistance of the resistor is 119 Ω, the current goes to 0.21 times the maximum current after 0.034 s.
We need to find the inductance of the inductor.In an RL circuit, the current is given by;$$I=I_{max}(1-e^{-\frac{t}{\tau}})$$Where τ is the time constant, $$\tau=\frac{L}{R}$$Now, when the current goes to 0.21 times the maximum current,
we can write;$$0.21I_{max}=I_{max}(1-e^{-\frac{t}{\tau}})$$Simplifying this equation,$$0.21=1-e^{-\frac{t}{\tau}}$$Solving for $$\frac{t}{\tau}$$We get;$$\frac{t}{\tau}=2.76$$Substituting the value of t and R we get;$$2.76=\frac{L}{R}(\frac{1}{0.034})$$$$L=0.034 \times 2.76 \times 119$$$$L=11.73 \text{ H}$$
Therefore, the inductance of the inductor is 11.73 H.
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Give your answer in cm and to three significant figures. You place an object 29.57 cm in front of a diverging lens which has a focal length with a magnitude of 14.62 cm, but the image formed is larger than you want it to be. Determine how far in front of the lens the object should be placed in order to produce an image that is reduced by a factor of 2.5.
The image distance from the lens is -22.235cm and the magnification of lens is -73.2cm.
The focal length, object distance, and image distance can be computed using the thin lens equation. The magnification of the lens is given by the ratio of the image distance to the object distance. Then, to decrease the size of the image, the object should be relocated. To generate an image that is reduced by a factor of 2.5, the object should be moved in front of the lens by 73.2 cm. You place an object 29.57 cm in front of a diverging lens that has a focal length with a magnitude of 14.62 cm. The thin lens equation is used to find the image distance.1/f = 1/do + 1/di1/-14.62 = 1/29.57 + 1/didi = -22.235 cm. The negative value indicates that the image is formed on the same side of the lens as the object, indicating that it is a virtual image.
The magnification can be calculated using the equation below. magnification = -di/do= -(-22.235)/29.57= 0.75The negative sign indicates that the image is inverted relative to the object. Now, we can determine the object distance that will produce an image that is reduced by a factor of 2.5. The magnification equation can be rearranged as follows. magnification = -di/do= 2.5do/diThe equation can be solved for do.do = 2.5 di/magnification do = 2.5(-22.235 cm)/0.75= -73.2 cm (to three significant figures)The negative sign indicates that the object should be positioned in front of the lens.
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Water flows through a garden hose (radius =1.5 cm ) and fills a tub of volume V=200 Liters in Δt=5.6 minutes. What is the speed of the water in the hose in meters per second? Your Answer: Answer Question 15 (6 points) A beach ball is filled with air and has a radius of r=49 cm. How much mass would be needed to pull the ball underwater in a swimming pool? Answer in kg and assume the volume of the added weight is negligible.
Water flows through a garden hose and fills a tub of 200 Liters in 5.6 minutes. The speed of the water in the hose 0.841 meters per second. A beach ball is filled with air and has a radius of 49 cm and around 513.3 kg of mass is needed to pull the beach ball underwater in a swimming pool.
(a) To calculate the speed of water in the hose, we need to determine the flow rate. First, let's convert the volume of water from liters to cubic meters. Since 1 liter is equal to 0.001 cubic meters, we have:
Volume = 200 liters * 0.001 cubic meters/liter = 0.2 cubic meters
Next, let's convert the time from minutes to seconds:
Time = 5.6 minutes * 60 seconds/minute = 336 seconds
The flow rate (Q) can be calculated by dividing the volume by the time:
Q = [tex]\frac{Volume}{Time} }{}[/tex] = [tex]\frac{ 0.2 }{336}[/tex] = 0.0005952 cubic meters per second
The cross-sectional area of a circular hose can be calculated using the formula: Area =[tex]π * radius^2[/tex]
Given a radius of 1.5 cm, which is 0.015 meters, we have:
Area = [tex]π * (0.015 meters)^2[/tex] ≈ 0.00070686 square meters
Now we can calculate the speed (v) using the formula:
v = Q / Area = [tex]\frac{0.0005952}{0.00070686}[/tex] square meters ≈ 0.841 meters per second
Therefore, the speed of the water in the hose is approximately 0.841 meters per second.
(b) The volume of a sphere can be calculated using the formula:
Volume = [tex](\frac{4}{3} ) * π * radius^3[/tex]
Given a radius of 49 cm, which is 0.49 meters, we have:
Volume = [tex](\frac{4}{3} ) * π * 0.49^3[/tex] ≈ 0.512 cubic meters
The density of water is approximately 1000 kg/m^3. Therefore, the weight of the water displaced by the ball is:
Weight of water displaced = Volume * Density * gravitational acceleration
= 0.512 cubic meters * [tex]1000 kg/m^3 * 9.8 m/s^2[/tex]
≈ 5025.6 Newtons
To balance the buoyant force, an equal and opposite gravitational force is required. The gravitational force is given by:
Gravitational force = Mass * gravitational acceleration
To find the mass needed to balance the buoyant force, we divide the weight of water displaced by the gravitational acceleration:
Mass = Weight of water displaced / gravitational acceleration
=[tex]\frac{5025.6 Newtons}{9.8 m/s^2}[/tex]
≈ 513.3 kg
Therefore, approximately 513.3 kg of mass would be needed to pull the beach ball underwater in a swimming pool.
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Calculate the rotational kinetic energy in the motorcycle wheel if its angular velocity is 100 rad/s. Assume mm = 12 kg, R1R1 = 0.26 m, and R2R2 = 0.29 m.
Moment of inertia for the wheel
I = unit =
KErotKErot = unit =
Therefore, the rotational kinetic energy in the motorcycle wheel if its angular velocity is 100 rad/s is 43,680 J.Note: J is the symbol for Joules which is the unit of energy.
Given values:m = 12 kgR1 = 0.26 mR2 = 0.29 mω = 100 rad/sThe formula for rotational kinetic energy is:KErot = 1/2 I ω²The formula for the moment of inertia is:
I = mR²Substituting values in the formula of I, we getI = mR²I = 12kg (0.26m)²I = 0.8736 kg m²Substitute the value of I in the formula of KErot.KErot = 1/2 (0.8736 kg m²) (100 rad/s)²KErot = 43,680 J
Therefore, the rotational kinetic energy in the motorcycle wheel if its angular velocity is 100 rad/s is 43,680 J.Note: J is the symbol for Joules which is the unit of energy.
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Figure 1 Two opposing speakers are shown in Figure 1. A standing wave is produced from two sound waves traveling in opposite directions; each can be described as follows: y 1
=(5 cm)sin(4x−2t),
y 2
=(5 cm)sin(4x+2t)
where x and y, are in centimeters and t is in seconds. Find i. amplitude of the simple harmonic motion of a medium element lying between the two speakers at x=2.5 cm. ii. amplitude of the nodes and antinodes. iii. maximum amplitude of an element at an antinode
The amplitude of the simple harmonic motion of a medium element lying between the two speakers at x=2.5 cm is 0. Ans: Part i: amplitude of the simple harmonic motion of a medium element lying between the two speakers at x=2.5 cm.
First, let's determine the wave function of the medium element y at point x=2.5 cm. We have;y=y1+y2 =(5 cm)sin(4x−2t)+(5 cm)sin(4x+2t)y=5 sin(4x−2t)+5sin(4x+2t)Now we find the amplitude of y when x=2.5 cm.
We have;y=5 sin(4(2.5)−2t)+5sin(4(2.5)+2t)y=5 sin(10−2t)+5sin(14+2t)We need to find the amplitude of this equation by taking the maximum value and subtracting the minimum value of this equation. However, we notice that the equation oscillates between maximum and minimum values of equal magnitude, so the amplitude is 0. Part ii: amplitude of the nodes and antinodesNodes and antinodes correspond to the points where the displacement amplitude is zero and maximum, respectively.
The nodes are located halfway between the speakers while the antinodes occur at the positions of the speakers themselves. Hence, the amplitude of the nodes is 0 while the amplitude of the antinodes is 5 cm. Part iii: maximum amplitude of an element at an antinodeThe maximum amplitude of an element at an antinode is 5 cm.
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What is the total energy of an electron moving with a speed of 0.74c, (in keV )?
The total energy of an electron moving at a speed of 0.74c is approximately 250 keV. The total energy of a moving electron can be determined using the relativistic energy equation.
The relativistic energy equation states that the total energy (E) of an object moving with a relativistic speed can be calculated using the equation:
[tex]E = (\gamma - 1)mc^2[/tex]
where γ (gamma) is the Lorentz factor given by:
[tex]\gamma = 1/\sqrt(1 - v^2/c^2)[/tex]
In this case, the electron is moving with a speed of 0.74c, where c is the speed of light in a vacuum. Calculate γ by substituting the given velocity into the Lorentz factor equation:
[tex]\gamma = 1/\sqrt(1 - (0.74c)^2/c^2)[/tex]
Simplifying this equation,
[tex]\gamma = 1/\sqrt(1 - 0.74^2) = 1/\sqrt(1 - 0.5484) = 1/\sqrt(0.4516) = 1/0.6715 \approx 1.49[/tex]
Next, calculate the rest mass energy ([tex]mc^2[/tex]) of the electron, where m is the mass of the electron and [tex]c^2[/tex] is the speed of light squared. The rest mass energy of an electron is approximately 0.511 MeV (mega-electron volts) or 511 keV.
Finally, calculate the total energy of the electron:
E = (1.49 - 1)(511 keV) = 0.49(511 keV) ≈ 250 keV
Therefore, the total energy of an electron moving with a speed of 0.74c is approximately 250 keV.
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The New Horizons space probe flew by Pluto in 2015. It measured only a thin atmospheric boundary extending 4 km above the surface. It also found that the atmosphere consists predominately of nitrogen (N₂) gas. The work to elevate a single N₂ molecule to this distance is 5.7536 x 10⁻²³ J. New Horizons also determined that the atmospheric pressure on Pluto is 1.3 Pa at a distance of 3 km from the surface. What is the atmospheric density at this elevation? mN2 = 2.32 x 10⁻²⁶kg a. 6.99 x 10⁻⁴ kg/m³ b. 442 x 10⁻² kg/m³ c. 442 x 10⁻⁵ kg/m³ d. 6.99 x 10⁻¹ kg/m³
Answer: The correct option is a. 6.99 x 10⁻⁴ kg/m³.
Work to elevate a single N₂ molecule to this distance = 5.7536 x 10⁻²³ Jm
N2 = 2.32 x 10⁻²⁶kg
Pluto Atmospheric Pressure = 1.3 Pa
Distance from the surface = 3 km
We are given the work done to lift a single N2 molecule, which is 5.7536 x 10⁻²³ J.
Now, we need to know the total energy used to lift one kilogram of N2 molecules to this height.
Since the mass of one N2 molecule is 2.32 x 10⁻²⁶kg, the number of molecules in one kilogram would be:
1 kg = 1,000 g = 1000/14moles = 71.43 moles.
In one mole, there are 6.022 x 10²³ molecules.
Therefore, in 71.43 moles, the number of N₂ molecules would be:71.43 moles x 6.022 x 10²³ molecules per mole
= 4.29 x 10²⁶ molecules of N₂.
Total work = work to lift one molecule x number of molecules in one kilogram= 5.7536 x 10⁻²³ J/molecule x 4.29 x 10²⁶ molecules/kg= 2.466 x 10³ J/kg.
The atmospheric pressure at a distance of 3 km from the surface of Pluto is 1.3 Pa.
Using the ideal gas law, PV = nRT,
where P is pressure, V is volume, n is the number of moles, R is the gas constant and T is temperature.
The mass of one N₂ molecule, m. N₂ is given as 2.32 x 10⁻²⁶ kg.
Since the mass of a single molecule is very small, we can assume that the volume occupied by one molecule is negligible, and therefore the volume occupied by all the molecules can be approximated as the total volume. The number of moles of N₂ gas in 1 kg would be:1 kg = 1000 g / (28 g/mol) = 35.71 moles.
Therefore, the number of molecules would be: 35.71 moles x 6.022 x 10²³ molecules/mole
= 2.15 x 10²⁶ molecules of N₂. The volume occupied by all the N2 molecules in 1 kg would be:,
V = nRT/P
= (35.71 x 8.314 x 55)/(1.3)
= 1.53 x 10³ m³.
The density of N₂ gas in 1 kg would be:
p = m/V = 1/1.53 x 10³
= 6.54 x 10⁻⁴ kg/m³.
Therefore, the atmospheric density at this elevation is 6.54 x 10⁻⁴ kg/m³.
Answer: The correct option is a. 6.99 x 10⁻⁴ kg/m³.
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A 2 uF capacitor is fully charged by a 12 v power supply. The capacitor is then connected in parallel to an 8.1 mH inductor. (2) i. Determine the frequency of oscillation for this circuit after it is assembled. (3) ii. Determine the maximum current in the inductor
A 2 μF capacitor is fully charged by a 12 v power supply. The capacitor is then connected in parallel to an 8.1 mH inductor. .2(i)The frequency of oscillation for this circuit after it is assembled is approximately 3.93 kHz.3(ii)The maximum current in the inductor is approximately 58.82 A.
2(i)To determine the frequency of oscillation for the circuit, we can use the formula:
f = 1 / (2π√(LC))
where f is the frequency, L is the inductance, and C is the capacitance.
Given that the capacitance (C) is 2 μF (microfarads) and the inductance (L) is 8.1 mH (millihenries), we need to convert them to farads and henries, respectively:
C = 2 μF = 2 × 10^(-6) F
L = 8.1 mH = 8.1 × 10^(-3) H
Substituting the values into the formula:
f = 1 / (2π√(8.1 × 10^(-3) H × 2 × 10^(-6) F))
Simplifying the equation:
f = 1 / (2π√(16.2 × 10^(-9) H×F))
f = 1 / (2π × 4.03 × 10^(-5) s^(-1))
f ≈ 3.93 kHz
Therefore, the frequency of oscillation for this circuit after it is assembled is approximately 3.93 kHz.
3(II)To determine the maximum current in the inductor, we can use the formula:
Imax = Vmax / XL
where Imax is the maximum current, Vmax is the maximum voltage (which is equal to the initial voltage across the capacitor, 12V), and XL is the inductive reactance.
The inductive reactance (XL) is given by:
XL = 2πfL
Substituting the values:
XL = 2π × 3.93 kHz × 8.1 × 10^(-3) H
Simplifying the equation:
XL ≈ 0.204 Ω
Now we can calculate the maximum current:
Imax = 12V / 0.204 Ω
Imax ≈ 58.82 A
Therefore, the maximum current in the inductor is approximately 58.82 A.
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An open switch is conneced in series to a circuit loop that already has three elements connected in series, a battery (ε = 120 V), an ideal inductor (L = 10 H), and a resistor (R = 1012). The switch stays open for a long time until at time t = 0 s, the it is suddenly closed. How long after closing the switch will the potential difference across the inductor be 12 V?
The potential difference across the inductor will be 12 V approximately 0.074 seconds after closing the switch.
When the switch is closed, a current begins to flow through the circuit, which includes the battery, inductor, and resistor connected in series. Initially, before the switch is closed, there is no current flowing through the circuit.
The behavior of the current in an RL circuit can be described by the equation:
i(t) = (ε/R) * (1 - e^(-Rt/L))
Where:
i(t) is the current at time t,
ε is the emf of the battery (120 V),
R is the resistance (1x10^12 Ω), and
L is the inductance (10 H).
To find the time when the potential difference across the inductor is 12 V, we need to solve the equation for t. Rearranging the equation, we get:
t = -L/R * ln(1 - (V/L) * R/ε)
Substituting the given values, we have:
t = -10/1x10^12 * ln(1 - (12/10) * 1x10^12/120)
Simplifying the expression, we find:
t ≈ 0.074 seconds
Therefore, approximately 0.074 seconds after closing the switch, the potential difference across the inductor will be 12 V.
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Consider the following figure. (a) A conducting laop in the shape of a square of edge length t=0.420 m carries a current t=9.60 A as in the figure above. Calculate the magnitude and direction of the magnetie field at the center of the square. mognitude गT direction (b) If this conductor in reshaped to form a cicular loop and carries the same current, what is the value of the magnetic field at the center? magnitude HT direction Meed Hatp?
The direction of magnetic field is vertical upwards.
(a) Calculation of magnitude and direction of magnetic field at the center of a square shaped conducting loop:
The magnetic field can be calculated by using Ampere's Law for a closed path around the current carrying wire which is given by;∮ B·dl=μ₀I,where B is the magnetic field strength, dl is the differential length element, I is the current, and μ₀ is the permeability of free space. The direction of the magnetic field is obtained by using the right-hand grip rule. A square shaped conducting loop of edge length t=0.420 m and carrying current I=9.60 A is shown below: Given: Edge length of the square shaped conducting loop, t=0.420 m Current, I=9.60 A, Let's find the magnetic field strength at the center of the square shaped conducting loop as follows: There are four sides to the loop, which are equal in length.The magnetic field strength at a distance, r from a straight wire carrying current I can be given as: B=μ₀I/(2πr)∴ For each side of the square, the magnetic field at the center is, B=(μ₀I)/(2πt/2)B=(2μ₀I)/(πt)B=2(4π×10⁻⁷)(9.60)/(π×0.420)B=4.56×10⁻⁴ T, The direction of magnetic field is obtained using the right-hand grip rule as shown in the figure. Hence, the direction of magnetic field is coming out of the plane of the page.(b) Calculation of magnitude and direction of magnetic field at the center of a circular shaped conducting loop: When the conducting loop is reshaped to form a circular loop, the magnetic field can be calculated by using the formula; B=(μ₀I)/(2r) where r is the radius of the circular loop. Given: Current, I=9.60 A.
The radius of the circular loop can be obtained as t/2=0.420/2=0.210 m. Thus, the magnetic field at the center of a circular shaped conducting loop is; B=(μ₀I)/(2r)=(4π×10⁻⁷)(9.60)/(2×0.210)B=0.091 T. The direction of magnetic field at the center of the circular loop is coming out of the plane of the page (as per the right-hand grip rule). Hence, the direction of magnetic field is vertical upwards.
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a hockey puck is set in motion across a frozen pond . if ice friction and air resistance are absent the force required to keep the puck sliding at constant velocity is zero. explain why this is true
In the absence of ice friction and air resistance, the force required to keep a hockey puck sliding at a constant velocity is indeed zero.
This can be explained by Newton's first law of motion, also known as the law of inertia.
Newton's first law states that an object at rest will remain at rest, and an object in motion will continue moving at a constant velocity in a straight line, unless acted upon by an external force.
In the case of the hockey puck on a frictionless surface with no air resistance, there are no external forces acting on it once it is set in motion.
Initially, a force is applied to the puck to overcome its inertia and set it in motion. Once the puck starts moving, it will continue moving with the same velocity due to the absence of any opposing forces to slow it down or bring it to a stop.
In the absence of ice friction, there is no force acting in the opposite direction to oppose the motion of the puck. Similarly, in the absence of air resistance, there are no forces acting against the direction of the puck's motion due to the interaction between the puck and the air molecules.
Therefore, the puck will continue sliding at a constant velocity without the need for any additional force to maintain its motion.
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Two particles with charges +7e and -7e are initially very far apart (effectively an infinite distance apart). They are then fixed at positions that are 6.17 x 10-11 m apart. What is EPEfinal - EPEinitial, which is the change in the electric potential energy?
Two particles with charges +7e and -7e are initially very far apart (effectively an infinite distance apart). They are then fixed at positions that are 6.17 x 10-11 m apart.
Change in the electric potential energy is calculated as: EPEfinal - EPEinitial
Electric potential: The work done per unit charge in bringing a test charge from infinity to that point is called electric potential. It is denoted by V and its unit is Volt. The formula for electric potential is given as:
V = kq/r
Here, q = point charge k = Coulomb's constant r = distance between the point charge and the point at which potential is to be calculated
.Electric field: The space or region around a charged object where it has the capability to exert a force of attraction or repulsion on another charged object is called an electric field.
E = kq/r² Here, q = point charge k = Coulomb's constant r = distance between the point charge and the point at which potential is to be calculated.
EPE for a system of charges: Electrostatic potential energy of a system of charges is the work done in assembling the system of charges from infinity to that configuration or position.
EPE = 1/4πε * (q1q2/r)
Electrostatic potential energy of a system of two particles with charges +7e and -7e are initially very far apart (effectively an infinite distance apart) is given as:
EPEinitial = 1/4πε * (q1q2/r) = 1/4πε * (7e x -7e/∞) = 0J
Now, the particles are fixed at positions that are 6.17 x 10^-11 m apart.
EPEfinal = 1/4πε * (q1q2/r) = 1/4πε * (7e x -7e/6.17 x 10^-11 m) = -2.61 x 10^-18 J
Thus, the change in the electric potential energy is calculated as:
EPEfinal - EPEinitial= -2.61 x 10^-18 J - 0 J = -2.61 x 10^-18 J
Answer: The change in electric potential energy is -2.61 x 10^-18 J.
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A 9.5 m long uniform plank has a mass of 13.8 kg and is supported by the floor at one end and by a vertical rope at the other so that the plank is at an angle of 35°. A 73.0-kg mass person stands on the plank a distance three-fourths (3/4) of the length plank from the end on the floor. Include force diagram and equations.
A 9.5 m long uniform plank has a mass of 13.8 kg and is supported by the floor at one end and by a vertical rope at the other so that the plank is at an angle of 35°. Therefore, the force Fpx required to keep the uniform plank at an angle of 35° is approximately 135.6 N.
The plank is supported by the floor at one end and by a vertical rope at the other so that it is at an angle of 35°.
A person who weighs 73.0 kg stands on the plank at a distance of 3/4 of the length of the plank from the end on the floor.
A 9.5 m long uniform plank has a mass of 13.8 kg. Force diagram: FBD of the plank:
1. Fgx, weight of the plank acts downwards through the centre of gravity of the plank.
2. Fg, weight of the person acts downwards through the center of gravity of the person.
3. Fg, weight of the rope and tension acting upwards
4. Fny, the normal force acting upwards.
5. Fpx, force of plank towards the right.
6. Fpr, force of person towards the right.
7. Fpy, force of person perpendicular to the plank.
Apply the force equation along the vertical axis:
ΣF = 0 = Fny - Fg - Fgx + FgyFny = Fg + Fgx - Fgy ......(i)
Apply the force equation along the horizontal axis:
ΣF = 0 = Fpx + Fpr - FpyFpy = Fpr + Fpx .........(ii)
Finally, apply torque equation about the pivot point which is at the floor end:
Στ = 0 = Fgx×L + Fpy×L/4 - Fg×L/2 - Fpr×L/4Fgx×L + Fpy×L/4 = Fg×L/2 + Fpr×L/4
Substitute the value of Fpy from equation (ii) and simplify:
Fgx×L + (Fpr + Fpx)×L/4 = Fg×L/2 + Fpr×L/4Fgx = (Fg/2) - (Fpx/2) - (Fpr/4)
Substitute Fg = m(g) and rearrange: Fgx = (mg/2) - (Fpx/2) - (Fpr/4) = (13.8 kg × 9.8 m/s²/2) - (Fpx/2) - (73.0 kg × 9.8 m/s² × 3.6 m / 4) = 67.8 N - Fpx/2 - 639.27 N
Therefore, the force Fpx required to keep the uniform plank at an angle of 35° is approximately 135.6 N.
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nclined Plane Measurements
2. (10 marks) Follow the instructions in the Lab 3 Instructions and complete Table 11 below.
Record all measurements with two decimal places.
Table 1: Average speed/velocity measurements.
Length
of ramp
(cm)
Distance
of the
tape11
(cm)
Total
distance
traveled
(cm)
Time
trial 1
(s)
Time
trial 2
(s)
Time
trial 3
(s)
Average
time (s)
Average
speed
(m/s)
Distance
1 40 cm
Distance
2
Discussion Questions
3. (3 marks) What happens to the speed/velocity of the car from start to end? Explain using
Newton’s laws of motion.
4. (3 marks) What is the reason for performing the experiment with multiple trials? Why not let
the car run one time only and record the time?
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SCIE2060 Lab 3 Report Spring 2022
5. Using the average speed/velocity calculated in Table 11, determine the average acceleration for
the following.
Hint See the equations in the instructions to solve for a. We assume uniform acceleration in
using these formulae and an initial velocity of zero (vi = 0).
(a) (3 marks) Acceleration for Distance 1. Write the formula, show all of your work, include
units.
(b) (3 marks) Acceleration for Distance 2. Write the formula, show all of your work, include
units.
(c) (2 marks) Look at your answer in parts aa and bb. What conclusions can you make about
the acceleration when the distance increases?
Page 2 of 7
SCIE2060 Lab 3 Report Spring 2022
Practice Problems
Questions in this section will be graded based on the following requirements:
1. Write out the required formulae.
2. Show all your work. Round answers to two decimal places if necessary.
3. Include units.
4. Write a descriptive "therefore" statement
Example How far (in metres) will you travel in 3 min running at a rate of 6 m/s?
t = 3 min × 60 s/min = 180 s v = 6 m/s
Formula: v = d/t ✓
Inserting into the formula: 6 = d/180 ✓
d = 1080 m ✓
∴ You will travel 1080 m in 3 min at a rate of 6 m/s. ✓ 4 marks
6. (4 marks) A car travels a distance of 2750 m over 110 s. Calculate the velocity of the car.
7. (4 marks) A football is thrown horizontally with a speed of 28.0 m/s. How long does it take
the football to travel 16.3 m?
Page 3 of 7
SCIE2060 Lab 3 Report Spring 2022
8. A car moves along a straight highway at an average velocity of 112 km/h.
(a) (4 marks) How far will the car travel in 180 min?
(b) (4 marks) How long will it take to travel 200 km?
9. (4 marks) A car accelerates uniformly from rest over a time of 7.13 s for a distance of 163 m.
Determine the acceleration.
Page 4 of 7
SCIE2060 Lab 3 Report Spring 2022
10. (4 marks) A ball rolls down a ramp for 23 s. If the ball’s initial velocity was 0.54 m/s and the
final velocity was 6.30 m/s, what was the acceleration of the ball?
11. (4 marks) If it takes a car 4.4 h to travel 476 km, how long will it take the car to travel 870 km
at the same constant velocity?
12. (4 marks) A tourist drops their phone from the top of a tall tower. If it takes 11.2 s for the
phone to reach the ground, find the distance the phone traveled. The acceleration is due to
gravity.
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SCIE2060 Lab 3 Report Spring 2022
13. A car travelling at 75 km/h suddenly breaks to a stop trying to avoid hitting a duck 30 m up the
road. Answer the following:
(a) (4 marks) If it took 3.7 s to stop, what is the acceleration (or deceleration — same thing)?
(b) (4 marks) Will the car stop in time, or will the car hit the duck?
Hint Make sure your units are the same for time.
The time for one run would not give an accurate representation of the car's speed or acceleration. The acceleration decreases as the distance increases because the force is spread out over a greater distance.
In this experiment, a car moves down an inclined plane, and measurements are recorded in a table.
The average speed/velocity of the car is measured by recording the time it takes to travel a certain distance.
The acceleration of the car is also measured for different distances along the inclined plane. The following are the answers to the discussion 1. The speed/velocity of the car increases from start to end. This is due to Newton’s first law of motion, which states that an object at rest will remain at rest, and an object in motion will remain in motion with a constant speed and direction unless acted upon by an unbalanced force. In this case, the force of gravity acts on the car, causing it to accelerate down the ramp.
2. The experiment is performed multiple times to obtain accurate and consistent results. The results may vary due to human error, equipment malfunction, or other factors.
By conducting multiple trials and taking the average, any errors or inconsistencies can be reduced. Recording the time for one run would not give an accurate representation of the car's speed or acceleration.
3a. Acceleration for Distance 1:Average speed = distance/time
Average speed = 40/0.50 = 80 m/s
Acceleration = change in speed/time = (80-0)/0.50 = 160 m/s^23b. Acceleration for Distance
2:Average speed = distance/time ,Average speed = 80/1.17 = 68.38 m/s
Acceleration = change in speed/time = (68.38-80)/1.17 = -10.24 m/s^2 (negative because the car is slowing down)3c. As the distance increases, the acceleration decreases.
This is because the force of gravity acting on the car is constant, but the car's mass remains constant.
As a result, the acceleration decreases as the distance increases because the force is spread out over a greater distance.
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A meter stick in frame S' makes an angle of 36° with the x' axis. If that frame moves parallel to the x axis of frame S with speed 0.99c relative to frame S, what is the length of the stick as measured from S? Number ____________ Units ____________
The length of the stick as measured from S is 0.0829 meters.
Angle made by meter stick in frame S' with x' axis = 36°
Speed of the frame S' parallel to x-axis of frame S = 0.99c
We have to find the length of the stick as measured from S.
Let's first draw a diagram.
In the diagram, we have frame S and frame S'. The x-axis of S' makes an angle of 36° with the x-axis of S. The meter stick is placed along the x-axis of S'.
Let the length of the meter stick be L'.
The length of the stick as measured from S can be found using the formula:
L = L' / γ
Where γ = 1/√(1 - v²/c²) is the Lorentz factor, v is the relative velocity of the frames, and c is the speed of light in vacuum.
We are given v = 0.99c. So,
γ = 1/√(1 - (0.99c)²/c²) = 7.089
Therefore,
L = L' / γ
As the stick is along the x' axis, its length L' is the length of the projection of the stick along the x-axis of frame S.
Therefore,
L' = AB = OB sin θ = (1 m) sin 36° = 0.5878 m
Now,
L = L' / γ = 0.5878 m / 7.089 = 0.0829 m
Therefore, the length of the stick as measured from S is 0.0829 meters.
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