Answer:
Biosphere, geosphere, hydrosphere
Explanation:
Bacterial disease is caused by the multiplication of bacteria in a patient. How do pathogenic bacteria harm a patient?
Answer:
Host Susceptibility
Resistance to bacterial infections is enhanced by phagocytic cells and an intact immune system. Initial resistance is due to nonspecific mechanisms. Specific immunity develops over time. Susceptibility to some infections is higher in the very young and the very old and in immunosuppressed patients.
Bacterial Infectivity
Bacterial infectivity results from a disturbance in the balance between bacterial virulence and host resistance. The “objective” of bacteria is to multiply rather than to cause disease; it is in the best interest of the bacteria not to kill the host.
Host Resistance
Numerous physical and chemical attributes of the host protect against bacterial infection. These defenses include the antibacterial factors in secretions covering mucosal surfaces and rapid rate of replacement of skin and mucosal epithelial cells. Once the surface of the body is penetrated, bacteria encounter an environment virtually devoid of free iron needed for growth, which requires many of them to scavenge for this essential element. Bacteria invading tissues encounter phagocytic cells that recognize them as foreign, and through a complex signaling mechanism involving interleukins, eicosanoids, and complement, mediate an inflammatory response in which many lymphoid cells participate.
Genetic and Molecular Basis for Virulence
Bacterial virulence factors may be encoded on chromosomal, plasmid, transposon, or temperate bacteriophage DNA; virulence factor genes on transposons or temperate bacteriophage DNA may integrate into the bacterial chromosome.
Host-mediated Pathogenesis
In certain infections (e.g., tuberculosis), tissue damage results from the toxic mediators released by lymphoid cells rather than from bacterial toxins.
Intracellular Growth
Some bacteria (e.g., Rickettsia species) can grow only within eukaryotic cells, whereas others (e.g., Salmonella species) invade cells but do not require them for growth. Most pathogenic bacteria multiply in tissue fluids and not in host cells.
Virulence Factors
Virulence factors help bacteria to (1) invade the host, (2) cause disease, and (3) evade host defenses. The following are types of virulence factors:
Adherence Factors: Many pathogenic bacteria colonize mucosal sites by using pili (fimbriae) to adhere to cells.
Invasion Factors: Surface components that allow the bacterium to invade host cells can be encoded on plasmids, but more often are on the chromosome.
Capsules: Many bacteria are surrounded by capsules that protect them from opsonization and phagocytosis.
Endotoxins: The lipopolysaccharide endotoxins on Gram-negative bacteria cause fever, changes in blood pressure, inflammation, lethal shock, and many other toxic events.
Exotoxins: Exotoxins include several types of protein toxins and enzymes produced and/or secreted from pathogenic bacteria. Major categories include cytotoxins, neurotoxins, and enterotoxins.
Siderophores: Siderophores are iron-binding factors that allow some bacteria to compete with the host for iron, which is bound to hemoglobin, transferrin, and lactoferrin.
Explanation:
4. Discuss the role of necrohormones
Answer:
neurotransmitter is a chemical messenger that carries, boosts, and balances signals between neurons (also known as nerve cells) and target cells throughout the body.
Which best describes why all plants need some sort of leaf or other green, leaf-like surface?
to perform photosynthesis
to stand upright
to be eukaryotic
to transport food
Answer:
A) to perform photosynthesis
Answer:
A
Explanation:
How does the amount of light affect how plants grow?
Answer:
Light is an essential factor in maintaining plants. The rate of growth and length of time a plant remains active is dependent on the amount of light it receives. Light energy is used in photosynthesis, the plant's most basic process.
Explanation:
Hope it helped :)
A rabbit eats some grass. A fox eats that rabbit. A wolf comes along and eats the fox. What is this an example of:
decomposers
food chain
abiotic factor
fossil record
Select the correct answer. A motorcycle is moving at a constant velocity of 15 meters/second. Then it starts to accelerate and reaches a velocity of 24 meters/second in 3 seconds. What's the acceleration of the motorcycle over this time? Use.
Answer:
the answer is 3m/s^2 explain; 15m/s +24m/s times 3
What is the process where water enters
the atmosphere by evaporating from the
leaves of plants?
A. Liquification
B. Transpiration
C. Sublimation
Answer:
B/Transpiration
Explanation:
Transpiration is evap- oration of liquid water from plants and trees into the atmosphere. Nearly all (99%) of all water that enters the roots transpires into the atmosphere. ... Sublimation is the process where ice and snow (a solid) changes into water vapor (a gas) without moving through the liquid phase
What is the part of the nitrogen cycle?
answer The nitrogen cycle involves three major steps: nitrogen fixation, nitrification, and denitrification.
Answer:
Overview: The nitrogen cycle involves three major steps: nitrogen fixation, nitrification, and denitrification. It is a cycle within the biosphere which involves the atmosphere, hydrosphere, and lithosphere. ... Neither plants or animals can obtain nitrogen directly from the atmosphere.
what are the inputs for photosynthesis and where are they used?
Answer:
In terms of inputs, outputs and energy transformations, photosynthesis can be summarized as follows. Inputs - Sunlight as energy source, carbon dioxide and water. Processes - Chlorophyll traps sunlight; the energy is used to split water molecules; hydrogen from water is combined with carbon dioxide to produce glucose.
Explanation:
why insects called successful group of animlas?
Edward is extremely romantic and wants to give Bella an entire bouquet of pink snapdragons, her favorite flower. Unfortunately, Edward only has red snapdragons in his greenhouse. In order to produce the most number of pink snapdragons, what color flower should Edward cross with his red snapdragons?
Can someone help me with this question?
Thanks.
onsider a scenario where a native plant population is growing at it's carrying capacity in a community. The seed of an invasive species is brought in by a squirrel, which then germinates, grows and reproduces resulting in the establishment a population of this invasive plant species. The invasive species has very similar niche as the native plant species. How do you predict the invasive plant population to be affected by the presence of this native species
The given question is incomplete, the complete question is:
Consider a scenario where a native plant population is growing at it's carrying capacity in a community. The seed of an invasive species is brought in by a squirrel, which then germinates, grows and reproduces resulting in the establishment a population of this invasive plant species. The invasive species has very similar niche as the native plant species. How do you predict the native plant population to be affected by the presence of this invasive species?
The invasive species fitness will be limited by the native plant species
The native plant carrying capacity will go down, relative to that prior to the invasive species arrival
There will be no change to the native plant population
The invasive species will grow unchecked and exponentially
No listed answer is correct
Answer:
The correct statement is the fourth one, that is, the invasive species will grow exponentially and unchecked.
Explanation:
The fitness of the invasive species will not get restricted by the native species. Though the opposite takes place as the original niche of the local species does not possess the natural predator for the invasive species. Therefore, invasive species emerge fitter and reproduce exponentially without population control.
The carrying capacity of the native species will not go down before the arrival of the invasive species, however, will go down post its arrival.
As the invasive species has no natural predators, one can witness a substantial reduction in the population of the local plant population. The invasive species will utilize the niche of the local plant, therefore, resulting in the reduction of the native species population, as they have share habitat, food resources, and other natural resources.
It is correct that the invasive species will grow without any control. An outbreak of invasive species generally takes place due to the absence of its natural predators in the ecosystem at the time of its introduction. Hence, the correct statement is the fourth one.
Invasive species establish in a new area, overgrow, and negatively interact with native species. The correct option is 4). The invasive species will grow unchecked and exponentially
-----------------------------------
Let us firts reviw some framework.
When talking about dispersion, we refer to the change in a species' range or distribution area.
When species move and establish in a new area, out of their original distribution range, they might be considered exotic or invasive, according to their
• reproductive rate,
• population growth, and
• interaction with native species.
The introduction of invasive species has ecological, economic, socio-cultural consequences.
Once an invasive species has been established, it overgrows.
In the new areas, these species have less environmental pressure and better conditions than in their origin area -fewer predators, more resources, better nitches-.
These factors favor their establishment because they are adapted to surviving under harder conditions.
They interact with native species by competing for resources such -water, place, radiation, exposure, shelter, food, etcetera-.
They can also become significant predators of native species, consuming a wide diversity of prey items, and in many cases, there are no native species that may prey on them.
They provoke significant damages in the structure of native ecosystems, causing severe damage in endemic species.
They produce ecological imbalances in the trophic chains and the dynamics of communities. Invasive species are uncontrollable.
As they expand, they can also affect human in an economic manner and has socio-cultural effects. Many invasive species might cause crops loss by eating cultures. They attack farm animals. They affect buildings and other structures or ships by eating wood. They might even attack humans and cause health problems.
According to this information, we can answer the question.
We need to predict how NATIVE species are affected by INVASIVE species.
The options are,
1) The invasive species fitness will be limited by the native plant species
When talking about invasive species, this is not an option. Invasive species always affect the fitness of native species. So this option is not correct.
2) The native plant carrying capacity will go down, relative to that prior to the invasive species arrival
The carrying capacity will still be the same. But resources availability will decrease faster because both species have the same requirements. They compete for the same resources. This option is not correct.
3) There will be no change to the native plant population
The will occur changes for the native population for sure. It will be affected by the presence of invasive species. So this option is not correct.
4) The invasive species will grow unchecked and exponentially
Invasive species population will express an uncontrol exponential growth during its establishment phase.
This plant species find the perfect conditions to reproduce and increase its population size.
It finds available space, no predators, water and nutrients availability, proper light exposure, among others.
They can successfully compete with native species, displacing them and getting more space.
THIS IS THE CORRECT OPTION
5) No listed answer is correct
Not correct
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Eukaryotic cells undergo cell reproduction by the process of mitosis. Which of the following accurately describes the importance of mitosis for an organism's survival?
Answer:
mitosis is very important for many organisms"s survival like starfish reform its cuted arm by mitosis and bacterias reproduce by mitosis so that their population increases etc.
Explanation:
Item 3
Which organ is found in the excretory system?
stomach
heart
bladder
large intestine
Answer:
Large intestine
Explanation:
Excretory Organs include- skin, liver, large intstine, lungs, and kidneys
Hope this helps
Answer:
skin, liver, large intestine, lungs, and kidneye
Explanation:
Which phrase best describes the function of the cell membrane?
O sends chemical signals
O allows things to move in + out of the cell
O rigid structure + support
o creates proteins
HELP
Answer:
i dont knowExplanation:
In a population of seals, most of the seals have similar coloring. However, one seal has albinism. This seal is white and is almost completely blind. What is most likely the cause of this difference from the rest of the population?
gene flow
natural selection
gene mutation
genetic drift
Answer:
C (Gene Mutation)
Explanation:
Edge. 2020
Genetic mutation is most likely to cause differences in the population. Therefore, option "C" is correct.
What is a genetic mutation?A prominent change in the sequence of the DNA is known as a genetic mutation. Mutation can be useful and nonsense. Mutation can alter the function of the DNA gene. To understand the genetic mutations, the sequence of the DNA should be known.
The types of genetic mutations are frameshift mutation, insertion and deletion mutation, translocation mutation, and substitution mutation. Albinism can be genetically transferred to the offspring. Both parents should carry the gene responsible for the albinism in oculocutaneous albinism.
Therefore, Albinism occurs when both parents contribute homozygous genes to offspring.
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PLEASE HELP ME❤️ Explain the ways waves interact with other waves
Answer: Waves interact with matter in several ways. The interactions occur when waves pass from one medium to another. The types of interactions are reflection, refraction, and diffraction. Each type of interaction is described in detail below.
Explanation: be me friend on brainlly
Monomers linked together to form a polymer could be described as beads in a multicolored necklace. Which statement about monomers is true with respect to the above analogy?
A. Monomers in a polymer could be linked in various ways.
B. Monomers in a polymer are of different types.
C. Monomers in a polymer look different but are structurally similar.
which is an example of heat being transferred by conduction
a) A furnace heating the air in a school
b) an ice cube melting in a persons hand
c) A pot of water on the stove boiling
d) The sun heating the water in a swimming pool
The is about determining if you are the way you are because of your
genes or because of your upbringing.
A. continuity versus stability debate
B. biology versus environment debate
C. science versus arts debate
D. nature versus nurture debate
There are different forms of energy and one form of energy can be converted into another. When we light a wax candle, the process is highly exothermic and on burning, the chemical energy of the wax gets converted into heat and light. A good source of energy is to be selected for the choice of work to be done. In ancient times, wood was the most common source of heat energy. We, in our daily lives, use various energy sources for doing the work. Nowadays we use diesel and electricity to run trains. We also use fossil fuels in vehicles which has some serious disadvantages, mainly air pollution. The recent example of air pollution was ‘Smog’ in the National Capital Region of Delhi. This pollution was a result of burning ‘Parali’ in northern states of the country, which affected the eyes and also caused serious respiratory problems.
4(a) State the energy conversion that takes place when we light a wax candle. 1
4(b) List two criteria of selecting a source of energy for a specific work. 1
4(c) Write the names of two fossil fuels. 1
4(d) why are we looking at alternate sources of energy? 1
Answer:
shiii tbh thats hard
Explanation:
How do plants obtain carbon?
from animals that feed on the plants
from microorganisms that live in soil
from carbon in the soil
from carbon dioxide in the atmosphere
Answer:
from carbon dioxide in the atmosphere
explanation: when we breath out we are leaving carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and that is how plants get carbon dioxide and give us oxygen
Answer:
from carbon dioxide in the atmosphere
Explanation:
hope it will help you
What does a black watermelon seed mean? How is it different from a white seed?
if the recessive allele for cystic fibrosis is represented as c
cc- recessive has the disorder
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Which system is responsible for breaking down food?
A.endocrine system
B.digestive system
C.excretory system
D.lymphatic system
Answer:
B
Explanation:
Digestive is your stomach, breaks down food.
Answer:
B
Explanation:
The digestive system is where large food particles are broken down into smaller bits for easy absupbtion
What are the Complementary DNA base pairs: GGGCCATATAG. What are the Complementary DNA base pairs: ATTGGCCTAGC
Answer:
CCCGGTATATC
TAACCGGATCG
Explanation:
G and C are complimentary; T and A are complimentary
Just swap each letter following that rule :)
Use the ideas of natural selection to suggest how woolly mammoths may have developed..
Science !!
PICTURE BELOW
Answer:
thats crazyyyy
Explanation:
Woolly mammoths developed thick fur and large ears to survive in cold climates through natural selection.
The cold climate of the Pleistocene epoch favored the survival of animals that were well-adapted to cold weather. Woolly mammoths had thick coats of fur that helped to keep them warm, and they also had large ears that helped to dissipate heat. Woolly mammoths had a long trunk.
The trunk of the woolly mammoth was used for a variety of purposes, including gathering food, drinking water, and communicating with other mammoths. The trunk was also a valuable tool for helping the mammoth to survive in cold weather.
For example, the mammoth could use its trunk to blow snow away from its food or to reach food that was buried under the snow. Woolly mammoths were social animals. Woolly mammoths lived in herds, which helped them to survive in cold weather. The herds provided protection from predators and helped to keep the mammoths warm.
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replicate the following dna strand TAT-TAG-ATT-ACA
The replication of the given DNA strand TAT-TAG-ATT-ACA is ATA-ATC-TAA-TGT.
What is DNA replication?DNA replication may be defined as a type of biological process through which the genomic DNA of an organism gets copied into the cell during the time of cell division. During this process, the two identical replicas of DNA are produced from one original DNA molecule.
According to the context of this question, when it comes to DNA replication, adenine is replaced by thymine and vice-versa while guanine is replaced by cytosine and vice-versa. So, the amount of adenine remains equal to the amount of thymine and the amount of guanine remains equal to cytosine.
Therefore, the replication of the given DNA strand TAT-TAG-ATT-ACA is ATA-ATC-TAA-TGT.
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list three facts about the specific body system for endocrine system
Answer:
The endocrine system is a chemical messaging network. Endocrine glands secrete hormones, which are carried by the circulatory system throughout the body. The primary endocrine glands are the pituitary, hypothalamus, pineal gland, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pancreas, ovary, and testis. Hormones maintain homeostasis in the body.
Explanation:
Hope this helps!
Lisa and Vinay are looking under a microscope at animal cells. They see an organelle
that they think is the endoplasmic reticulum. Which statement would support their
idea?
•the organelle contains DNA
•Othey observed ribosomes on the structure
Answer:
The correct answer is - they observed ribosomes on the structure.
Explanation:
The endoplasmic reticulum is the cellular organ eukaryotic organisms, that is tubular in shape and present in the cytoplasm that plays role in protein folding and part of the transport system of the cell. It has two subunits smooth endoplasmic reticulum and rough endoplasmic reticulum.
Rough endoplasmic reticulum has ribosome molecules present on the surface of the structure that is sending the protein to ER where folding of the protein and transport of the protein.