How can homeostasis be affected if there is a broken bone?

The functions of bones are mechanical support of soft tissues, leverage for muscle activity, protection of the central nervous system, release of calcium and other ions to maintain a constant ionic environment in the extracellular fluid, and accommodation and support of hematopoiesis. The structure and amount of bone, both at the macroscopic and microscopic levels, are determined by the genetic blueprint and the regulatory factors that help the bones function. Genetic information is responsible for the high conservation of the anatomical shape of the bones and, most likely, for the restoration of this shape after a fracture.

To perform its functions, bone undergoes continuous destruction, called resorption, by osteoclasts and formation by osteoblasts. In the adult skeleton, these two processes are in balance, maintaining a constant, homeostatically controlled amount of bone. This fact, as well as the histological observation that bone resorption by osteoclasts is accompanied by bone formation by osteoblasts, led to the idea that these two processes are mechanistically "linked" and to the search for "linking factors".

It has not been proven that one factor links these two processes. Existing evidence suggests that many factors are likely involved in maintaining bone homeostasis. It has been suggested that growth factors found in bone, such as IGF or TGFβ, are released during resorption and initiate local bone formation. It was assumed that factors deposited on the bone surface by osteoclasts at the end of the resorption phase initiate subsequent bone formation. Humoral factors such as parathyroid hormone and prostaglandin E, which stimulate both bone resorption and bone formation, can simultaneously enhance these two processes. It has been suggested that the effect of these factors and other hormones and cytokines on osteoclasts is mediated by osteoblast cells, which possess cognate receptors that closely link the interaction of osteoblasts and osteoclasts with bone turnover.

Last but not least, the ability of bone to change its structure and adapt to mechanical loading implies that mechanical forces can regulate bone resorption and formation: increased loading should increase formation and decrease resorption, while unloading should have the opposite effect. Indeed, immobilization stimulates resorption and inhibits formation (see reference 8 for a review), providing a clear example of the "decoupling" between the two processes. The mechanism of these effects has not been fully elucidated, but here again it has been proposed that osteoblast cells, osteocytes, and lining cells mediate mechanical signals because their location is best suited for their perception.

The relationship between bone formation and bone resorption was explored in an elegant study by Corral et al. , is reported in this issue of Proceedings, which used a transgenic model to demonstrate a clear separation between the two processes in mice aged 6 to 14 weeks. Using the osteocalcin promoter responsible for the selective expression of this gene in mature osteoblasts, the authors disrupted these cells by expressing thymidylate kinase and treating the animals with ganciclovir, a tk-activated toxin. This study shows that the elimination of bone-forming osteoblasts and the arrest of bone formation does not affect the activity of osteoclasts. The imbalance between the two processes resulted in significant bone loss mimicking the osteoporosis phenotype, which could be completely prevented by treatment with the osteoclast-inhibiting bisphosphonate alendronate. In addition, osteoclasts derived in culture from bone marrow and calvarium cells derived from transgenic animals generally resorb bone in vitro in the presence or absence of ganciclovir, indicating that osteocalcin-expressing cells are not required for differentiation or activity. mouse osteoclasts. in vitro. At first glance, these results seem to defy current dogma and prevailing understanding of bone metabolism and osteoblast/osteoclast interaction, but is it?

The findings raise two important and interrelated questions: what is the nature of the relationship between bone resorption and bone formation, and what osteoblastic cells, if any, influence osteoclast activity? The authors were careful in interpreting the results and only stated that active bone formation and living osteoblasts, at least those that express osteocalcin, are not required for osteoclast activity in these mice. These findings are fully supported by the data.

What is empathy? A. Being able to help someone make a decision about a traumatic event B. Communicating with someone who is going through a tough experience C. Understanding someone else's experiences and feeling his or her emotions D. Being sympathetic to someone else's situation and experiences​

Assignment Summary
For this assignment, you will determine how useful, accessible, and credible health resources are in your
home, school, and community. Then, you will compare these resources by answering several questions
and completing a graphic organizer.
Background Information
Health resources include materials, people, and programs that help you make informed decisions and
learn more about your own health and wellness. Having a good bank of health resources allows you to
make healthy choices and helps you to identify and treat illnesses. Health resources can be all around
you: your parents or guardians, reliable websites, local pharmacists, and your doctor are all possible
resources. The usefulness and accessibility of these resources are important factors in deciding which
ones you should consult.

which of the following is NOT a consequence of too little body fat?

Why is the use of K2 on the rise and what has been the overall effect

Match the stage to the virtue that is obtained at the end of each stage as per Erickson's psychosocial theory. Trust vs. Mistrust Generativity vs. Stagnation Identity vs. Role Confusion Industry vs. Guilt fidelity 1 purpose dare hope​

what are two types of wounds people can get when shot

isnt child abuse a health

What essential nutrients are the building blocks for bones, skin, and blood?

A. carbohydrates

B. proteins

C. produce

D. grains

How are the testes and ovaries different?

The testes are reproductive organs, while the ovaries are sensory organs.
The ovaries are reproductive organs, while the testes are sensory organs.
The testes are found in females, while the ovaries are found in males.
The testes produce sperm, while the ovaries produce eggs.

I NEED HELP!!
Amara is watching a major marathon go through her city. She is really impressed with the runners and wonders if she could ever run a marathon. It also strikes her as a very big goal for someone who has never run before, and she knows that she should have one goal. What is the BEST advice for Amaira?

physiological effects while under the influence of mdma/ecstasy are?

4.3. evaluate the extent to which some communities in south africa have
contributed towards keeping their environment clean.

Aggression is often reduced after alcohol consumption. please select the best answer from the choices provided t f

Undifferentiated schizophrenia differs from other schizophrenic disorders in that symptoms are __________. a. often mostly negative in nature b. entirely positive in nature c. too inconsistent to classify d. too consistent to classify please select the best answer from the choices provided a b c d

How is inappropriate digital communication connected to cyberbullying?

A chemical changes the shape of the active site of an enzyme. What will likely happen as a result of this chemical change? (2 points)
The enzyme will be inhibited because the substrate cannot induce the proper fit.
The enzyme will be inhibited because a coenzyme cannot properly attach to the substrate.
The enzyme will catalyze the reaction but will be altered in the process.
The enzyme will be transformed into a coenzyme, halting the reaction.

What should you do if you are alone and choking?

it is not advised to introduce solid foods to an infant before 4 months of age because

Ten minutes after you stop exercising, your heart rate should be (2 points)

If someone's heart beats 16 times in 15 seconds, what is their resting heart rate?
16
45
64
80

what are the 3 keys to good health?

Rita kid-proofed the family room. She has placed the television and stereo against the wall and ran cords under the carpet to keep them out of the way. She covered the open outlets with safety plugs and covered the radiator with a screen. Is it safe?

he graph shows the percentage of the US population that were obese in 1960 to 2010.

A graph titled U S Obesity Trends over Time shows years on the horizontal axis and percentage of populate obese on the vertical axis. The graph shows an upward trend from 13% in 1960 to 36% in 2010.

Which statement best describes the obesity trend in the United States from 1960 to 2010?

Obesity has almost tripled.
Obesity has doubled.
Obesity has quadrupled.
Obesity has remained the same.

Which issue is related to long-term heroin use?
O pleasure
O depression
O hypoxia
O mood swing

Reinhart goes through the steps and stages of cooking. What are the first three stages
that he discusses? How do these compare to cooking other things from bread?

hey how are you guys on brainly doing?[tex]x^{2} \neq \pi[/tex]

The typical American diet is about 2,200 calories per day with 50% of calories from carbohydrates, 15% protein and 35% fat.


True

False

Select the correct answer. which sport from ancient china is said to be the predecessor of modern soccer? a. wushu b. cuju c. baixi d. jiaodi

All Right So basiclly i got a crush on this girl kylie and i am like 80 percent sure she likes me she keeps on looking at me and twirls her hair im in middle schools
William Diamand Middle School so i want to know on how to ask her out and if i should

thanks

You are employed as a medical technologist. A
blood count and sedimentation rate. The patient
patient comes to the lab and requires a complete
asks you to explain these tests and their purpose.