Halley's comet, which passes around the Sun every 76 years, has an elliptical orbit. When closest to the Sun (perihelion) it is at a distance of 8.823 x 100 m and moves with a speed of 54.6 km/s. When farthest from the Sun (aphelion) it is at a distance of 6.152 x 10¹2 m and moves with a speed of 783 m/s. Part A Find the angular momentum of Halley's comet at perihelion. (Take the mass of Halley's comet to be 9.8 x 10¹4 kg.)

I. The resistivity of copper being 0.0185 mm²/m. II. The appropriate breaker to be used for the circuit should have a maximum current rating of 80 A and a breaking capacity of 50 kA. III. The thermal overload relay to be selected from the given list of relays for the following motor is LRD1508.

I. Data (10 points). A 22kW motor is connected to a 1600kVA transformer rated at 0.38kV and a line to line voltage of 380V. The cos ø = 0.85, and cable length is 200 m with a copper wire of 10 mm² with the resistivity of copper being 0.0185 mm²/m.

II. Circuit Breaker (10 points)The first step in circuit breaker selection is to determine the short-circuit current at the supply point. Then, the breaking capacity of the circuit breaker required to interrupt the short-circuit current is determined. The short-circuit current is calculated as follows: Isc = (3 × Un × k) / (Ud × √3)where Un = 0.38 kVk = 6% (0.06)Ud = 410 V (Voltage drop). Isc = (3 × 0.38 × 1000 × 0.06) / (410 × √3)Isc = 2.8 kA. The short-circuit current is 2.8 kA. The selection of the circuit breaker should be made in such a way that it should be able to interrupt the short-circuit current and also capable of handling the maximum load current.

III. Thermal Relay (10 points): The thermal overload relay to be selected from the given list of relays for the following motor is LRD1508.

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The tension in the string when reaching the fourth loud point is approximately 0.725 Newtons. The fundamental frequency is 61.97 Hz. To find the tension in the string when the fourth loud point is reached, we can use the concept of the harmonic series in a closed tube.

The fundamental frequency of a closed tube is given by:

f = v / (4L),

where f is the fundamental frequency, v is the speed of sound, and L is the length of the tube.

In this case, the length of the tube is given as 1.39 m, so we can calculate the fundamental frequency:

f = 343 m/s / (4 * 1.39 m)

≈ 61.97 Hz

The fundamental frequency corresponds to the first loud point. Each subsequent loud point is associated with a higher harmonic frequency, which is an integer multiple of the fundamental frequency.

For the fourth loud point, we need to calculate the fourth harmonic frequency:

f4 = 4 * f

≈ 4 * 61.97 Hz

≈ 247.88 Hz

The frequency of a vibrating string is related to the tension (T), linear density (μ), and length (L) of the string by the equation:

f = (1 / 2L) * √(T / μ)

Rearranging the equation to solve for tension:

T = ([tex]4L^2[/tex]* μ *[tex]f^2)[/tex]

Given that the linear density (μ) of the string is 7.11 × [tex]10^(-4)[/tex] kg/m, the length (L) of the string is 1.14 m, and the frequency (f) is 247.88 Hz (fourth harmonic frequency), we can calculate the tension (T):

T = (4 * ([tex]1.14 m)^2 * 7.11 * 10^(-4)[/tex]kg/m * (247.88 [tex]Hz)^2)[/tex]

≈ 0.725 N

Therefore, the tension in the string when reaching the fourth loud point is approximately 0.725 Newtons.

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The new speed of the electron as a fraction of c is 0.9655.

Mass of electron = m = 9 x 10⁻³¹ kg

Speed of electron = u = 0.91c

Electric force = F = 1.6 x 10 N

Crossing distance = s = 2 m

Electric force = F = ma

where, F = Electric force, m = Mass of the electron, a = Acceleration of the electron.

Using above equation, we get, a = F/ma = F/m = 1.6 x 10 / 9 x 10⁻³¹ a = 1.78 x 10⁴ m/s²

Now, we can calculate the time taken by electron to travel a distance of 2m using s = ut + ½ at²

where, u = Initial speed of electron, t = Time taken by electron to travel distance s, a = Acceleration of electron, s = Distance travelled by electron.

So, t = s / (u/2 + ½ a)

We get, t = 2 / [0.91c/2 + 1/2 * 1.78 x 10⁴]

= 5.71 x 10⁻¹⁰ s

Kinetic energy = [m / √(1- (v/c)²)] c² - mc²

where, Kinetic energy = Final kinetic energy of electron, m = Mass of the electron, v = Final speed of the electron.

So, K.E = [9 x 10⁻³¹ / √(1-(v/c)²)] c² - (9 x 10⁻³¹) c²

Now, calculate the net work done on the electron. Wnet = K.E - K.Eo

where, Wnet = Net work done on electron, K.E = Final kinetic energy of electron, K.Eo = Initial kinetic energy of electron.

K.Eo = [9 x 10⁻³¹ / √(1-(u/c)²)] c² - (9 x 10⁻³¹) c²

we get, Wnet = [9 x 10⁻³¹ / √(1-(v/c)²)] c² - [9 x 10⁻³¹ / √(1-(u/c)²)] c²

Simplify this expression, Wnet = 0.5 x 9 x 10⁻³¹ [(1/√(1-(v/c)²)] c² - [(1/√(1-(u/c)²)] c²

= 0.5 x m [(1/√(1-(v/c)²)] c² - [(1/√(1-(u/c)²)] c²

Finally, use the work-energy principle. We know that, Wnet = ΔK.E

Wnet = Work done on the particle, ΔK.E = Change in kinetic energy of the particle.

Since the electron is being accelerated, the force acting on it is in the same direction as the direction of motion and hence, the work done is positive. So, we can write Wnet = K.E - K.Eo.

Now, put the values of Wnet, ΔK.E, K.E and K.Eo, we get,0.5 x m [(1/√(1-(v/c)²)] c² - [(1/√(1-(u/c)²)] c²

= [(9 x 10⁻³¹ / √(1-(v/c)²)] c² - [(9 x 10⁻³¹ / √(1-(u/c)²)] c² - [(9 x 10⁻³¹ / √(1-(u/c)²)] c²

Now, we can calculate the final kinetic energy of the electron, Kinetic energy = (Wnet + K.Eo)K.E = 0.5 x m [(1/√(1-(v/c)²)] c² + [(9 x 10⁻³¹ / √(1-(u/c)²)] c²K.E

= [9 x 10⁻³¹ / √(1-(v/c)²)] c²v/c

= √[1 - ((m/m+1)(c/u²t²))]v/c

= √[1 - ((9 x 10⁻³¹/10⁻³¹ + 1)(3 x 10⁸/(0.91 x 3 x 10⁸)² x (5.71 x 10⁻¹⁰)²))]v/c = 0.9655

Therefore, the new speed of the electron as a fraction of c is 0.9655.

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The Lagrange's equation for a system described by a Lagrangian function L(x, ẋ, y, ỹ, t) is given by d/dt (∂L/∂ẋ) - (∂L/∂x) = f(x, y), where x and y are the generalized coordinates, ẋ and ỹ are their respective velocities, t is time, and f(x, y) represents the constraint force. The total energy of the system is conserved if the Lagrangian is not explicitly dependent on time (i.e., ∂L/∂t = 0).

Lagrange's equation is a fundamental principle in classical mechanics that describes the dynamics of a system in terms of its Lagrangian function. It states that the time derivative of the momentum (∂L/∂ẋ) minus the derivative of the Lagrangian with respect to the generalized coordinate (x) is equal to the external forces acting on the system, represented by the constraint force f(x, y).

Regarding the conservation of total energy, it depends on the properties of the Lagrangian. If the Lagrangian does not explicitly depend on time (i.e., ∂L/∂t = 0), then the total energy of the system, which is the sum of the kinetic and potential energies, is conserved. This is a consequence of Noether's theorem, which states that if a Lagrangian has a continuous symmetry, such as time translation symmetry, there is a conserved quantity associated with it.

However, if the Lagrangian explicitly depends on time, the total energy may not be conserved, and energy can be transferred into or out of the system. In such cases, the Lagrangian represents a system with time-dependent external forces or dissipative effects.

In summary, the Lagrange's equation describes the dynamics of a system using the Lagrangian function and constraint forces. The conservation of total energy depends on whether the Lagrangian is explicitly dependent on time or not. If it is not, the total energy is conserved; otherwise, energy may be transferred in or out of the system.

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Earth's mass is 5.98 x 10^24 kg.2.Answer 7. The acceleration due to gravity on the surface of the Sun is 274 m/s². Answer 8. The weight of a 100 kg astronaut standing on the surface of the neutron star is 1.32 x 10^14 N.

1. Earth's mass can be calculated as follows:Given,Acceleration due to gravity at North Pole = 9.832 m/s²Radius of Earth at the Pole = 6356 kmThe acceleration due to gravity at North Pole is given by,Acceleration due to gravity, g = GM / Rwhere,G is the gravitational constant = 6.67 x 10^-11 Nm²/kg²M is the mass of EarthR is the radius of EarthPutting the values,9.832 = (6.67 x 10^-11)M / (6,356,000)Therefore,M = (9.832 x 6,356,000²) / (6.67 x 10^-11) = 5.98 x 10^24 kgHence, Earth's mass is 5.98 x 10^24 kg.2.

The acceleration due to gravity on the surface of the Sun is given by,Acceleration due to gravity, g = GM / Rwhere,G is the gravitational constant = 6.67 x 10^-11 Nm²/kg²M is the mass of Sun = 1.989 x 10^30 kgR is the radius of Sun = 6.96 x 10^8 mPutting the values, g = [(6.67 x 10^-11) x (1.989 x 10^30)] / (6.96 x 10^8)²Therefore, g = 274 m/s²3.

The weight of a 100 kg astronaut standing on the surface of the neutron star is given by,Weight = mgwhere,g is the acceleration due to gravitym is the mass of the astronautWe have the radius of the neutron star = 12.0 km = 12.0 x 10^3 mg = (G(M / R²)) x mwhere,G is the gravitational constant = 6.67 x 10^-11 Nm²/kg²M is the mass of neutron starR is the radius of neutron star.

Putting the values,g = (6.67 x 10^-11) x [(2 x 1.989 x 10^30) / (12.0 x 10^3)²]g = 1.32 x 10^12 m/s²Therefore, Weight = mg = 100 x 1.32 x 10^12 = 1.32 x 10^14 NAns: Earth's mass is 5.98 x 10^24 kg. The acceleration due to gravity on the surface of the Sun is 274 m/s². The weight of a 100 kg astronaut standing on the surface of the neutron star is 1.32 x 10^14 N.

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At the surface of the copper wire, the magnetic field strength is approximately 0.0031 Tesla. The magnetic field strength inside the copper wire, at a depth of 0.50 mm below its surface, is approximately 0.0041 Tesla.

Diameter of copper wire = 2.5 mm

Radius of copper wire, r = 1.25 mm

Current flowing through the wire, I = 39 A

Cross-sectional area of the wire, A = πr² = 4.9087 × 10⁻⁶ m²

Part A: The magnetic field at the surface of the wire is given by the formula,

B = μ₀I / 2r, where μ₀ is the magnetic permeability of free space.

μ₀ = 4π × 10⁻⁷ Tm/A

B = (4π × 10⁻⁷ Tm/A)(39 A) / (2 × 1.25 × 10⁻³ m)

B = 3.1 × 10⁻³ T

B = 0.0031 T

Therefore, at the surface of the copper wire, the magnetic field strength is approximately 0.0031 Tesla.

Part B: The magnetic field inside the wire is given by the formula,

B = μ₀I / 2r, where r is the distance from the center of the wire.

Let's substitute the given values in the formula and r = 1.25 × 10⁻³ m - 0.50 × 10⁻³ m = 0.75 × 10⁻³ m.

B = (4π × 10⁻⁷ Tm/A)(39 A) / (2 × 0.75 × 10⁻³ m)

B = 4.1 × 10⁻³ T

B = 0.0041 T

Therefore, the magnetic field strength inside the copper wire, at a depth of 0.50 mm below its surface, is approximately 0.0041 Tesla.

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The angle θ between the two charged point charges is approximately 89.97 degrees.

To find the angle θ between the two charged point charges, we can use the concept of electrostatic forces and trigonometry.

Given:

- Mass of each point charge: m = 4.0 g = 0.004 kg

- Length of the threads: l = 1.0 m

- Charge of each point charge: q = 110 nC = 110 × 10^(-9) C

The electrostatic force between the two point charges can be calculated using Coulomb's Law:

F = k * (|q1| * |q2|) / r^2

Where:

- k is the electrostatic constant (k = 9 × 10^9 Nm^2/C^2)

- |q1| and |q2| are the magnitudes of the charges

- r is the distance between the charges

Since the masses are given, we can assume that the gravitational force on each charge is negligible compared to the electrostatic force.

At equilibrium, the electrostatic force will be balanced by the tension in the threads. The tension in each thread is equal to the weight of the mass attached to it.

T = m * g

Where:

- T is the tension in the thread

- g is the acceleration due to gravity (g = 9.8 m/s^2)

Since the angle θ is assumed to be small, we can approximate the tension as the component of the tension in the vertical direction.

T_vertical = T * sin(θ)

Equating the electrostatic force and the vertical component of the tension:

k * (|q|^2) / r^2 = T * sin(θ)

Substituting the values:

9 × 10^9 * (110 × 10^(-9))^2 / (1.0)^2 = (0.004 kg * 9.8 m/s^2) * sin(θ)

Simplifying the equation:

99 = 0.0392 * sin(θ)

Now, we can solve for the angle θ:

sin(θ) = 99 / 0.0392

θ = arcsin(99 / 0.0392)

Using a calculator, we find:

θ ≈ 89.97 degrees

Therefore, the angle θ between the two charged point charges is approximately 89.97 degrees.

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To find the angle θ between the two point charges, use the equation tan(θ) = (F×r)/(k×q²), where F is the force, r is the length of the thread, k is Coulomb's constant, and q is the charge.

To find the angle between the two point charges, we can use trigonometry. The electrical force between the charges causes the wire to twist until the torsion balances the force. As the wire twists, the angle between the wire and the x-axis increases.

We can use the equation tan(θ) = (F×r)/(k×q²) to find the angle θ, where F is the force, r is the length of the thread, k is Coulomb's constant, and q is the charge. Plugging in the values from the problem, we can calculate the value of θ.

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Sue is on planet X which is a distance 6.6x109 km from a certain star which has a radius 7000 km. the correct option is (a) [tex]6.1 * 10^5 K.[/tex]

To calculate the temperature of the star, we can use the Stefan-Boltzmann Law, which states that the power radiated by a black body is proportional to the fourth power of its temperature (T):

Power = σ * A * T^4

Where:

Power is the total power radiated by the star

σ is the Stefan-Boltzmann constant (approximately 5.67 × 10^-8 W/(m^2·K^4))

A is the surface area of the star

First, we need to calculate the surface area of the star. Since it is a sphere, the surface area (A) is given by:

A = 4πr^2

Where r is the radius of the star (7000 km = 7 × 10^6 m).

A = 4π * (7 × 10^6)^2

A = 4π * 4.9 × 10^13

A ≈ 2.46 × 10^14 m^2

Now, we can rearrange the Stefan-Boltzmann Law to solve for T:

T^4 = Power / (σ * A)

Substituting the known values, including the power intensity (9000 W/m^2) measured by Sue on the planet's surface, we have:

T^4 = [tex]9000 W/m^2 / (5.67 * 10^{-8} W/(m^2.K^4) * 2.46 * 10^{14} m^2)[/tex]

T^4 ≈ [tex]6.48 * 10^{11} K^4[/tex]

Taking the fourth root of both sides:

T ≈ (6.48 × 10^11)^(1/4)

T ≈ 611,626 K

Rounding to the nearest hundredth, the temperature of the star is approximately [tex]6.1 * 10^5 K.[/tex]

Therefore, the correct option is (a)[tex]6.1 * 10^5 K.[/tex]

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To find the intensity of an electromagnetic wave, we need to know the electric and magnetic field strengths as they are interdependent. The correct option is 1) Both the electric and magnetic field strengths.

The intensity of an electromagnetic wave is given by the energy transferred per unit area per unit time and is proportional to the square of the electric and magnetic field strengths. Therefore, if either the electric or magnetic field strength is missing, it will be impossible to determine the intensity accurately. The electric and magnetic fields oscillate perpendicular to each other and the direction of propagation of the wave. They have the same amplitude, frequency, and wavelength, but they differ in phase.

The intensity of an electromagnetic wave can also be determined by measuring the average power per unit area over a period. In summary, both electric and magnetic field strengths are required to calculate the intensity of an electromagnetic wave accurately. It is important to note that these fields are interdependent on each other, and a change in one can affect the other. Therefore, accurate measurements are crucial in the determination of the intensity of electromagnetic waves.

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The magnetic field at point A is 2.552 µT, the magnetic field at point B is 0.617 µT, and the magnetic field at point C is 1.211 µT.

a) Magnetic field at point A:

The magnetic field at point A due to wire 1 will be:

(µ_0/4π) × 2.04 / 0.0117N/Atm × 2π = 2.19 µT (out of the page)

The magnetic field at point A due to wire 2 will be:(µ_0/4π) × 2.04 / 0.0351N/Atm × 2π = 0.902 µT (into the page)

The magnetic field at point A due to wire 3 will be:(µ_0/4π) × 2.04 / 0.0585N/Atm × 2π = 0.54 µT (out of the page)

Therefore, the magnitude of the magnetic field at point A is (2.19 + 0.902 – 0.54) µT = 2.552 µT (out of the page)

(b) The magnetic field at point B:

The magnetic field at point B due to wire 1 will be:(µ_0/4π) × 2.04 / 0.0585N/Atm × 2π = 1.08 µT (into the page)

The magnetic field at point B due to wire 2 will be:(µ_0/4π) × 2.04 / 0.0351N/Atm × 2π = 0.902 µT (out of the page)

The magnetic field at point B due to wire 3 will be:(µ_0/4π) × 2.04 / 0.117N/Atm × 2π = 0.439 µT (out of the page)

Therefore, the magnitude of the magnetic field at point B is (1.08 – 0.902 + 0.439) µT = 0.617 µT (into the page)

c)  The magnetic field at point C:

The magnetic field at point C due to wire 1 will be:(µ_0/4π) × 2.04 / 0.0117N/Atm × 2π = 2.19 µT (into the page)

The magnetic field at point C due to wire 2 will be:(µ_0/4π) × 2.04 / 0.117N/Atm × 2π = 0.439 µT (into the page)

The magnetic field at point C due to wire 3 will be:(µ_0/4π) × 2.04 / 0.0585N/Atm × 2π = 0.54 µT (into the page)

Therefore, the magnitude of the magnetic field at point C is:(2.19 – 0.439 – 0.54) µT = 1.211 µT (into the page)

The magnetic field at point A is 2.552 µT, the magnetic field at point B is 0.617 µT, and the magnetic field at point C is 1.211 µT.

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The major axis is drawn to the longest dimension of an elliptical orbit.The minor axis, on the other hand, is drawn perpendicular to the major axis and represents the shortest dimension of the ellipse.

In an elliptical orbit, the major axis is the line segment that connects the two farthest points of the ellipse. It is also referred to as the longest dimension of the ellipse. The major axis passes through the center of the ellipse and is perpendicular to the minor axis.

The major axis determines the overall size and shape of the elliptical orbit. It represents the maximum distance between the two foci of the ellipse. The foci are the two fixed points within the ellipse, and the sum of their distances to any point on the ellipse remains constant.

By drawing the major axis, we can define the major axis length, which helps determine the size and scale of the elliptical orbit.

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i) The cooling constant (k) is approximately 0.6667.

ii) After exactly 13 minutes, the temperature of the coffee will be around 19.3°C.

iii) It will take approximately 43.7 minutes for the coffee to reach a temperature of 25°C.

i) To calculate the cooling constant (k):

k = (T(0) - Ta - T(t)) / (T(t) - Ta)

= (80 - 15 - 65) / (65 - 15)

= 0.6667

ii) To find the temperature of the coffee after exactly 13 minutes, we can substitute t = 13, T(0) = 80, Ta = 15, and k = 0.6667 into the Newton's Law of cooling equation:

T(13) = 15 + (80 - 15 - 15)e(-0.6667*13) ≈ 19.3°C

iii) To determine the time required for the coffee to reach 25°C:

t = ln((T(0) - Ta) / (T(0) - T)) / k

= ln((80 - 15) / (80 - 25)) / 0.6667

≈ 43.7 minutes

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The displacement of a particle moving towards the origin in the positive direction of the x-axis is negative.

A frame of reference is a coordinate system in which motion is observed. In the case of a particle moving towards the origin in the positive direction of the x-axis, the displacement is negative.The displacement of a particle moving towards the origin in the positive direction of the x-axis is negative.

A frame of reference is a coordinate system in which motion is observed. In the case of a particle moving towards the origin in the positive direction of the x-axis, the displacement is negative.If we assume that the particle is moving with a uniform speed, the displacement is negative in all reference frames.

If the particle moves faster or slower with respect to the reference frame, its displacement may be positive or negative.

However, the speed is constant in all reference frames. In the case of a particle moving towards the origin along the positive direction of the x-axis, the displacement is always negative regardless of the reference frame. It is the direction of motion that determines the sign of the displacement.

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The change in energy of the capacitor (final energy minus initial energy) is 2.11 mJ.

When the dielectric material is removed from the capacitor, the capacitance decreases, and the voltage across the plates increases to keep the charge constant. Let's calculate the initial energy stored in the capacitor as well as the final energy stored in the capacitor.Energy stored by a capacitor is given by:U = 1/2 CV²Initial energy,U1 = 1/2 × 6.2 × (5.9)² U1 = 102.43 mJWhen the dielectric material is removed from the capacitor, the capacitance changes.

Capacitance without the dielectric material,C2 = C / k C2 = 6.2 μF / 10.1 C2 = 0.613 μFThe voltage across the plates increases.V2 = V × k V2 = 5.9 V × 10.1 V2 = 59.59 VFinal energy,U2 = 1/2 × 0.613 × (59.59)² U2 = 104.54 mJChange in energy,ΔU = U2 - U1 ΔU = 104.54 - 102.43 ΔU = 2.11 mJTherefore, the change in energy of the capacitor (final energy minus initial energy) is 2.11 mJ.

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To calculate the force the crash mat must provide, the principle of conservation of energy is used. The crash mat must provide a force of  4,410 N to bring the stuntman to a stop.

The potential energy lost by the stuntman as he falls is converted into work done by the crash mat to bring him to a stop.

The potential energy lost by the stuntman is given by the formula:

Potential Energy (PE) = mass (m) * acceleration due to gravity (g) * height (h)

It is given that Mass of the stuntman (m) = 75 kg, Acceleration due to gravity (g) = 9.8 m/s², Height fallen (h1) = 15 m, Additional height to stop (h2) = 3.0 m

The total potential energy lost by the stuntman is the sum of the potential energy lost while falling and the potential energy lost while coming to a stop:

Total Potential Energy Lost = m * g * h1 + m * g * h2

Substituting the given values:

Total Potential Energy Lost = 75 kg * 9.8 m/s² * 15 m + 75 kg * 9.8 m/s² * 3.0 m

Total Potential Energy Lost = 11,025 J + 2,205 J

Total Potential Energy Lost = 13,230 J

Since the crash mat brings the stuntman to a stop, the work done by the crash mat must be equal to the total potential energy lost.

Work done by the crash mat = Total Potential Energy Lost = 13,230 J

The work done by a force is equal to the force multiplied by the distance over which the force acts. In this case, the distance is the additional 3.0 m the stuntman comes to a stop:

Force * 3.0 m = 13,230 J

Force = 13,230 J / 3.0 m

Force ≈ 4,410 N

Therefore, the crash mat must provide a force of approximately 4,410 N to bring the stuntman to a stop.

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The case of light reflected from the upper surface of the film, we found that the minimum value of the refractive index of the glass sheet that produces the gaps in the visible spectrum at 547 nm and 615.00 nm is 1.466. Therefore, we can conclude that this is the answer.

Given data:Thickness of glass sheet (t) = 1.30 μmGaps in the visible spectrum at 547 nm and 615.00 nmWe know that when light is reflected from a thin film, we see colored fringes due to interference of light waves.

The conditions for minimum reflection from a thin film are:When the thickness of the film is odd multiples of λ/4 i.e. t = (2n+1)(λ/4)when there is no phase change at the reflection i.e. when the reflected wave is in phase with the incoming wave.

Assuming the light is reflecting from the upper surface of the film, we can find the refractive index (n) of the glass sheet using the formula: t = [(2n + 1) λ1]/4where λ1 is the wavelength of light in air.The gaps are seen at λ = 547 nm and λ = 615 nm

Therefore, applying above formulae for both wavelengths and taking the difference of the refractive indices: t = [(2n + 1) λ1]/4When λ = 547 nm ⇒ λ1 = λ/n = 547/nTherefore, t = [(2n + 1) λ]/4⇒ 1.3 × 10⁻⁶ = [(2n + 1) × 547 × 10⁻⁹]/4⇒ 2n + 1 = 4 × 1.3/547 ⇒ 2n + 1 = 0.0095n = 2⇒ Refractive index (n) = λ/λ1 = 547/λ1t = [(2n + 1) λ1]/4When λ = 615 nm ⇒ λ1 = λ/n = 615/n

Therefore, t = [(2n + 1) λ]/4⇒ 1.3 × 10⁻⁶ = [(2n + 1) × 615 × 10⁻⁹]/4⇒ 2n + 1 = 4 × 1.3/615 ⇒ 2n + 1 = 0.0085n = 2⇒ Refractive index (n) = λ/λ1 = 615/nDifference in refractive indices (Δn) = n(λ=547) - n(λ=615)= 547/n - 615/n = 547/2 - 615/2= -34To produce the effect of minimum reflection, the minimum value of the refractive index of the glass sheet is 1.5 - 0.034 = 1.466.

For the case of light reflected from the upper surface of the film, we found that the minimum value of the refractive index of the glass sheet that produces the gaps in the visible spectrum at 547 nm and 615.00 nm is 1.466. Therefore, we can conclude that this is the answer.

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Hence, the magnitude of the magnetic force acting on the electron is 5.12 × 10^-14 N and its direction is in the right-hand direction.

When a current-carrying wire is placed in a magnetic field, it experiences a force. The right-hand rule for magnetic force can be used to determine the direction of the force. When a current-carrying wire is placed in a magnetic field, it experiences a force. The right-hand rule for magnetic force can be used to determine the direction of the force. The direction of the force is perpendicular to both the magnetic field and the current in the wire.

Given:
The current in the wire is 18.0 A flowing upwards.
The electron is traveling parallel to the wire, in the same direction as the current, and at a speed of 125,000 m/s.
The electron is 15.0 cm from the wire.

Force experienced by the electron moving with velocity v and charge q in a magnetic field B is given by the formula:F = q(v×B)
Here, q = -1.6 × 10^-19 C, v = 125,000 m/s, and B is given by B = μ₀I/2πr
μ₀ = 4π×10^-7 Tm/A

The magnitude of magnetic force on the electron is given as:F = (1.6 × 10^-19 C) × (125,000 m/s) × [4π×10^-7 Tm/A × 18.0 A/(2π × 0.15 m)]
F = 5.12 × 10^-14 N

As the direction of the current in the wire is upwards and the electron is traveling parallel to the wire, in the same direction as the current, so the direction of the magnetic force on the electron will be in the right-hand direction.

Hence, the magnitude of the magnetic force acting on the electron is 5.12 × 10^-14 N and its direction is in the right-hand direction.

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To find the sinusoidal equation for a 40kW/m wave energy in the sea, we need to use the formula; y = A sin (ωt + Φ)where; A is the amplitude of the wave,ω is the angular frequency of the wave,t is time, andΦ is the phase angle.

The given value is 40kW/m wave energy in the sea. This represents the amplitude (A) of the wave. Therefore, A = 40.We also know that the period of the wave, T = 150m since it takes 150m for the wave to complete one cycle.To find the angular frequency (ω) of the wave, we use the formula;ω = 2π/T= 2π/150 = π/75Therefore, ω = π/75Putting these values in the formula;y = 40 sin (π/75 t + Φ)Where Φ is the phase angle, which is not given in the question.

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The instructor was moving at a speed of approximately 76 m/s.

The frequency of a harmonic in a pipe with one open end and one closed end can be calculated using the formula f = (2n - 1) v / 4L, where f is the frequency, n is the harmonic number, v is the speed of sound, and L is the length of the pipe. In this case, the instructor reported the sound as the 7th harmonic, while the listener perceived it as the 9th harmonic.

Let's set up two equations based on the given information. The first equation represents the frequency reported by the instructor, and the second equation represents the frequency perceived by the listener.

For the instructor: f₁ = (2 × 7 - 1) v / 4L

For the listener: f₂ = (2 × 9 - 1) v / 4L

By dividing the second equation by the first equation, we can eliminate the variables v and L:

f₂ / f₁ = [(2 × 9 - 1) / (2 × 7 - 1)]

Simplifying the equation, we find:

f₂ / f₁ = 17 / 13

Since the speed of sound (v) is given as 343 m/s, we can solve for the ratio of frequencies and find:

f₂ / f₁ = v₂ / v₁ = 17 / 13

Therefore, the ratio of the velocities is:

v₂ / v₁ = 17 / 13

Now we can plug in the given value of v₁ = 343 m/s and solve for v₂:

v₂ = (v₁ × 17) / 13

v₂ = (343 × 17) / 13 ≈ 76 m/s

Hence, the instructor was moving at a speed of approximately 76 m/s.

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The intensity of an electromagnetic wave transmitted by a radio station at a certain distance is given. By using the inverse square law. a) [tex]I=0.0394 W/m^2[/tex] b)wavelength = 3.17 meters c) r = 3786 m d)absorption pressure = [tex]5.9*10^-^1^0 N/m^2 e[/tex]) electric field = [tex]5.57*10^-^4[/tex] V/m

a) For finding the intensity three times the distance from the radio station, the inverse square law is used. Since the intensity decreases with the square of the distance, the new intensity will be [tex](1/3)^2[/tex] times the original intensity. Thus, the intensity will be (1/9) times the original intensity, which is

[tex]I=0.355/9=0.0394 W/m^2[/tex].

b) The wavelength of the transmitted signal can be calculated using the formula:

wavelength = speed of light/frequency

Given that the frequency is[tex]94.6 MHz (94.6*10^6 Hz)[/tex], and the speed of light is approximately [tex]3*10^8[/tex] m/s,

substitute these values into the formula to find the wavelength: wavelength = [tex](3*10^8 m/s) / (94.6*10^6Hz) = 3.17 meters[/tex].

c) Rearranging the formula for intensity,

I = power / [tex](4\pi r^2)[/tex], solve for the distance (r) where the intensity is 0.177 W/m².

Substituting the given intensity and power [tex](8 MW = 8*10^6 W)[/tex],

[tex]0.177 = (8*10^6 W) / (4\pi r^2)[/tex]

Solving for r:

r = [tex]\sqrt[/tex][tex][(8*10^6 W) / (4\pi *0.177 W/m^2)] \approx 3786 meters[/tex].

d) The absorption pressure exerted by the wave at that distance can be calculated using the formula:

absorption pressure = intensity/speed of light.

Substituting the given intensity and the speed of light,

absorption pressure = [tex]0.177 W/m^2 / (3*10^8 m/s) \approx 5.9*10^-^1^0 N/m^2[/tex].

e) The effective electric field (rms) exerted by the wave at that distance can be calculated using the formula:

effective electric field = [tex]\sqrt[/tex](2 × intensity/permeability of free space × speed of light).

Substituting the given intensity, the permeability of free space ([tex]\mu_0 = 4\pi*10^-^7 T.m/A[/tex]), and the speed of light,

effective electric field = [tex]\sqrt(2 * 0.177 W/m^2 / (4\pi*10^-^7 T.m/A * 3*10^8 m/s)) \approx 5.57*10^-^4 V/m[/tex].

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The marbles will land approximately 0.479 meters, or 47.9 centimeters, out into the yard.

To determine how far the marbles will land in the yard, we can use the principle of projectile motion. Since the marble is launched horizontally, its initial vertical velocity is 0 m/s.

We can use the following kinematic equation to find the horizontal distance traveled by the marble:

d = v_x * t

where:

d is the horizontal distance traveled,

v_x is the horizontal velocity of the marble, and

t is the time of flight.

First, let's calculate the time of flight. We can use the equation for vertical displacement in free fall:

y = (1/2) * g * t^2

where:

y is the vertical displacement,

g is the acceleration due to gravity (approximately 9.8 m/s^2), and

t is the time of flight.

Given that the vertical displacement is 6.56 meters, we can rearrange the equation to solve for time:

t = sqrt(2y/g)

t = sqrt(2 * 6.56 / 9.8)

t ≈ 1.028 seconds

Now, let's calculate the horizontal velocity. Since there is no horizontal acceleration, the horizontal velocity remains constant throughout the motion. We can use the horizontal distance traveled on the desk (48.0 cm = 0.48 meters) and the time of flight to find the horizontal velocity:

d = v_x * t

0.48 = v_x * 1.028

v_x ≈ 0.466 m/s

Finally, we can calculate the horizontal distance the marble will travel to the ground (in the yard) using the horizontal velocity and the time of flight:

d = v_x * t

d = 0.466 * 1.028

d ≈ 0.479 meters

Therefore, the marbles will land approximately 0.479 meters, or 47.9 centimeters, out into the yard.

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A 2100 kg truck is moving at 31m/s[E] and crashes into a 1500 kg car traveling at 24m/s[E]. The two cars lock bumpers and continue as one object. The decrease in kinetic energy during the inelastic collision is 870194 J. The law of conservation of momentum is used to determine the final velocity of the combined vehicles.

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The magnitude of the acceleration is found to be approximately 13.33m/s².

To calculate the magnitude of the acceleration of the car, we first need to convert the time taken to travel around the circular track into seconds. Given that the car completes the track in 7.2 minutes, we multiply this value by 60 to convert it to seconds. Thus, the time taken is 7.2 minutes * 60 seconds/minute = 432 seconds.

The formula for centripetal acceleration is given by a = v²/r, where "v" is the velocity of the car and "r" is the radius of the circular track. The velocity of the car can be converted from kilometers per hour (km/hr) to meters per second (m/s) by multiplying it by 1000/3600, since there are 1000 meters in a kilometer and 3600 seconds in an hour. Therefore, the velocity is 48 km/hr * 1000 m/km / 3600 s/h = 13.33 m/s.

Now we need to find the radius of the circular track. Since the car completes a full circle, the distance traveled is equal to the circumference of the track. The formula for circumference is given by C = 2πr, where "C" is the circumference and "r" is the radius.

Rearranging the formula, we have r = C/(2π). However, we are not given the value of the circumference, so we cannot calculate the exact radius.

Given the limited information, we can only calculate the magnitude of the acceleration in terms of the unknown radius. Therefore, the magnitude of the acceleration is a = (13.33 m/s)²/r.

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Answer:

The acceleration is 3.5.

Explanation:

According to the question, the initial velocity is given as 1 m/s, the distance travelled is given as 113 m and the final velocity is given as 28 m/s.

Observe equation 1, [tex]v^{2} = u^{2} +2a s[/tex] where v is the final velocity, u is the initial velocity, a is the acceleration and s is the distance. Rearranging for acceleration gives

[tex]a = \frac{v^{2} -u^{2} }{2s}[/tex]

Thus,  [tex]a = \frac{28^{2}-1^{2} }{226}[/tex]

Therefore, acceleration is 3.4646 which is 3.5 to 1 decimal place.

The emf tries to keep the current in the solenoid flowing in the counter-clockwise direction. When something moves in the opposite direction to the way in which the hands of a clock move round in known as counterclockwise.

To calculate the magnitude of the self-induced electromotive force (emf) produced by the increasing current in the solenoid, we can use Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction, which states that the emf induced in a coil is equal to the rate of change of magnetic flux through the coil.

The formula to calculate the emf is:

emf = -N * dΦ/dt

where N is the number of turns in the solenoid and dΦ/dt is the rate of change of magnetic flux.

Rate of change of current (di/dt) = 4.54 A/s (since current is increasing at this rate)

Cross-sectional area (A) = 3.14159 cm² = 0.000314159 m²

Length of the solenoid (l) = 21.4 cm = 0.214 m

Number of turns (N) = 395

First, we need to calculate the magnetic flux (Φ) through the solenoid.

The magnetic flux is given by the formula:

Φ = B * A

where B is the magnetic field and A is the cross-sectional area.

To calculate the magnetic field, we use the formula:

B = μ₀ * (N / l) * I

where μ₀ is the permeability of free space, N is the number of turns, l is the length of the solenoid, and I is the current.

Permeability of free space (μ₀) = 4π × 10⁻⁷ T·m/A

Calculations:

B = (4π × 10⁻⁷ T·m/A) * (395 / 0.214 m) * (4.54 A/s)

B ≈ 0.0332 T

Now, we can calculate the rate of change of magnetic flux (dΦ/dt):

dΦ/dt = B * A * (di/dt)

dΦ/dt = 0.0332 T * 0.000314159 m² * (4.54 A/s)

dΦ/dt ≈ 4.20 × 10⁻⁶ Wb/s

Finally, we can calculate the magnitude of the self-induced emf:

emf = -N * dΦ/dt

emf = -395 * (4.20 × 10⁻⁶ Wb/s)

emf ≈ -1.66 mV

The magnitude of the self-induced emf produced by the increasing current is approximately 1.66 mV.

Regarding the second part of your question, according to the right-hand rule, the self-induced emf tries to keep the current in the solenoid flowing in the same direction, which in this case is the counter-clockwise direction. So, the correct statement is: The emf tries to keep the current in the solenoid flowing in the counter-clockwise direction.

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Among the given options, the statement "Only an experiment can show option C. how one thing causes another" is the most accurate.

Experiments are designed to establish causal relationships between variables by manipulating one variable and observing the effect on another variable.

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A microscope has a circular lens with focal length 31.6 mm and diameter 1.63 cm. the smallest feature that can be resolved by the microscope is approximately 3.13 µm.

The smallest feature that can be resolved by a microscope is determined by the concept of angular resolution, which is dependent on the wavelength of light and the numerical aperture of the lens system. The formula for the angular resolution is given by:

Angular resolution = 1.22 * (Wavelength / Numerical aperture)

The numerical aperture (NA) is a characteristic of the microscope lens system and can be calculated as the ratio of the lens diameter to twice the focal length:

Numerical aperture = Lens diameter / (2 * Focal length)

Given the values in the problem, the diameter of the lens is 1.63 cm and the focal length is 31.6 mm (or 3.16 cm). Plugging these values into the numerical aperture formula, we get:

Numerical aperture = 1.63 cm / (2 * 3.16 cm) ≈ 0.258

Now, we can calculate the angular resolution using the given wavelength of light (665 nm or 0.665 µm) and the numerical aperture:

Angular resolution = 1.22 * (0.665 µm / 0.258) ≈ 3.13 µm

Therefore, the smallest feature that can be resolved by the microscope is approximately 3.13 µm.

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The amount of force that was applied to the tennis ball is 250 N.

To solve the given problem, we will use Newton's second law of motion, which states that the net force acting on an object is equal to the product of its mass and acceleration.

The formula for Newton's second law of motion is given as:

F = ma

Where,

F is the net force acting on the object

m is the mass of the object

a is the acceleration of the object

Mass of the tennis ball, m = 0.05 kg

Rate of acceleration, a = 5000 m/s²

Now, we can use Newton's second law of motion to calculate the net force that was applied to the tennis ball:

F = ma

  = 0.05 kg × 5000 m/s²

  = 250 N

Therefore, the amount of force that was applied to the tennis ball is 250 N.

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(a) The rest energy of the original nucleus is 3.50397 × 10⁻¹⁰ J.

(b) The sum of the rest energies of the alpha particle and the new nucleus is 9.36837 × 10⁻¹⁰ J.

(c) The portion of the total energy of the system contributed by rest energy decreased.

(d) Sum of the kinetic energies of the alpha particle and the new nucleus is 0 J

a) The rest energy of the original nucleus can be calculated by using the mass-energy equivalence equation.

The equation is as follows;

E = mc²

Where,

E = Rest energy of the object

m = Mass of the object

c = Speed of light

Substitute the values,

E = (3.894028 × 10⁻²⁵ kg) × (2.99792 × 10⁸ m/s)²

  = 3.50397 × 10⁻¹⁰ J.

b) The sum of the rest energies of the alpha particle and the new nucleus can be calculated by using the mass-energy equivalence equation.

The equation is as follows;

E = mc²

Rest energy of the Alpha particle,

E₁ = m₁c²

   = (6.640678 × 10⁻²⁷ kg) × (2.99792 × 10⁸ m/s)²

   = 5.92347 × 10⁻¹⁰ J

Rest energy of the new nucleus,

E₂ = m₂c²

    = (3.827555 × 10⁻²⁵ kg) × (2.99792 × 10⁸ m/s)²

    = 3.44490 × 10⁻¹⁰ J

The sum of the rest energies of the alpha particle and the new nucleus = E₁ + E₂

= 5.92347 × 10⁻¹⁰ J + 3.44490 × 10⁻¹⁰ J

= 9.36837 × 10⁻¹⁰ J

c) The portion of the total energy of the system contributed by rest energy decreased.

Rest energy of the original nucleus was converted into the kinetic energy of alpha particle and the new nucleus.

So, the total energy of the system remains the same. This is according to the Law of Conservation of Energy.

d) The sum of the kinetic energies of the alpha particle and the new nucleus can be calculated by using the following formula;

K = (1/2)mv²

Where,

K = Kinetic energy

m = Mass of the object

v = Velocity of the object

Kinetic energy of alpha particle, K₁ = (1/2) m₁v₁²

The alpha particle is formed by the decay of the original nucleus.

The original nucleus was initially at rest.

Therefore the kinetic energy of the alpha particle,K₁ = 0.

Kinetic energy of new nucleus, K₂ = (1/2) m₂v₂²

The new nucleus moves far away from the alpha particle.

Therefore, the initial velocity of the new nucleus is 0.

Hence, its kinetic energy, K₂ = 0

Sum of the kinetic energies of the alpha particle and the new nucleus = K₁ + K₂= 0 J + 0 J= 0 J

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The concentration of salt in the tank will become 2 lbs/gal after 14 minutes. Hence, the correct option is (d) 14 min.

The initial volume of the tank = 100 galInitial salt concentration = 1 lb/gal.Salt solution = 100 × 1 = 100 lbs.Initially, we have a total of 100 lbs of salt in the tank.Let us assume that after t minutes, the concentration of salt in the tank will become x.Now, we need to write a differential equation for this mixture. The amount of salt in the mixture is equal to the amount of salt that flows in minus the amount of salt that flows out.dA/dt = (C1 × V1 - C2 × V2) /V.

Where, A = amount of salt in the mixture.C1 = initial salt concentration = 1 lb/gal.C2 = salt concentration in incoming brine = 2 lb/gal.V1 = volume of salt solution in the tank at any time = (100 + 5t) galV2 = volume of incoming brine = 5 galV = volume of the mixture at any time = (100 + 5t) gal.dA/dt = (1 × (100 + 5t) - 2 × 5)/ (100 + 5t) ... (1)On simplifying the above equation, we getdA/dt = (100 - 5t)/ (100 + 5t) ... (2)Separating variables and integrating, we get∫ (100 + 5t) / (100 - 5t) dt = ∫ dA / A∫ (100 + 5t) / (100 - 5t) dt = ln |A| + C... (3)On integrating (3), we get-10 ln |100 - 5t| = ln |A| + C (solving for constant).

Therefore,-10 ln |100 - 5t| = ln |100| + C... (4)When t = 0, the salt concentration is 1 lb/gal. So,100 lbs of salt and 100 gallons of solution are there in the tank.Therefore,100 = V × 1 => V = 100 gallonsSubstitute this in equation (4).-10 ln |100 - 5t| = ln |100| + ln |A| (simplifying C = ln |A|)ln |100 - 5t|^(-10) = ln (100 × |A|)... (5)ln |100 - 5t| = -ln (100 × |A|)^(1/10)ln |100 - 5t| = -ln (|A|)^(1/10) × ln (100)^(1/10)ln |100 - 5t| = -0.5 ln |A| ... (6)Let the salt concentration becomes 2 lb/gal after time t.So, we need to find the value of t such that x = 2 lb/gal.

The amount of salt in the mixture at any time A = V × xA = (100 + 5t) × 2A = 200 + 10tOn substituting A = 200 + 10t and x = 2 in equation (6), we getln |100 - 5t| = -0.5 ln (200 + 10t)... (7)Solving for t in equation (7)100 - 5t = (200 + 10t)^(-0.5)100 - 5t = (2 + t)^(-1)100 - 5t = 1 / (2 + t)t = 14 minutes (approx)Therefore, the concentration of salt in the tank will become 2 lbs/gal after 14 minutes. Hence, the correct option is (d) 14 min.

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