Sweet taste cells were modified to express bitter taste receptors, suggesting that the sensation of sweetness depends solely on which taste cell is competent.
we investigated the effect of prolonged exposure to a bitter substance on recognition and aversion behavior in mice. Combined measures of rejection thresholds (RjT) and apparent recognition thresholds (aRcT) were performed using short-access two-bottle choice tests before and after taste aversion conditioning, respectively. First, RjT was higher than aRcT for the bitter amino acids L-tryptophan and L-isoleucine, which mice measure daily in their diet, indicating strong acceptance of these familiar stimuli within the concentration range between RjT and aRcT.
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why is no force (tension) developed during the latent period of the twitch graph for a single muscle fiber?
There is no force during the latent period, the motion capacity is being propagated alongside the sarcolemma.
At the molecular level, summation takes place due to the fact the second one stimulus triggers the discharge of extra Ca++ ions, which turn out to be to be had to spark off extra sarcomeres even as the muscle remains contracting from the primary stimulus.
Summation outcomes in more contraction of the motor unit.If a sarcomere is stretched beyond the perfect length (past a hundred and twenty percent), thick and skinny filaments do now no longer absolutely overlap, which leads to much less stress produced. If the muscle is stretched to the factor wherein the thick and skinny filaments do now no longer overlap at all, no cross-bridges may be formed, and no stress is generated.
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The two upper chambers of the heart in which blood collects before passing to the lower chambers are called
What process of sexual reproduction do some but not all bacteria use?(1 point)
Responses
A. cloning
B. binary fission
C. endospore formation
D, conjugation
Answer: D
Explanation:
the theory that those who adapt best to the environment will have a greater chance of surviving and passing on their genes is known as ...
The theory that those who adapt best to the environment will have a greater chance of surviving and passing on their genes is known as Natural selection.
Natural selection is one process of evolution. Creatures with more environmental adaptation have a better chance of surviving and passing on the genes that gave them an advantage. This process causes species to change and diverge throughout time.
Natural selection is a technique used to adapt and transform populations of living things. People in a population are naturally diverse, which means that every person is distinctive in some ways. Due to this diversity, some people have traits that better suit their environment than others. One of the most important aspects of evolution is the modification of a population's inherited traits over successive generations.
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A symbiotic relationship that benefits both species is referred to as commensalism. true or fales
Answer:
True
Explanation:
what do endocrine glands release
a. amino acids
b. neurons
c. hormones
d. nerve impulses
Answer: C. Hormones
Explanation: they release hormones into the bloodstream to be transported to various organs and tissues throughout the body
What type of energy is released from one trophic level to the next?
The type of energy which is released from one trophic level to the next is metabolic heat energy.
How energy is released from one trophic level to anotherEnergy simply refers to the ability or the capacity of doing work. However, when energy is being transferred from one trophic level to the other, it so happens by means of or the virtue of heat transfer. It is on this premise that we say that energy is released from one trophic level to the next through heat energy.
In conclusion, we can now confirm and deduce from the explanation given above that energy is needed for living organisms to be able to transfer it from level to another.
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how much physical factors such as temperature and salinity affect organisms is determined by the: group of answer choices environmental resistance carrying capacity ability to osmoregulate range of tolerance of the organisms
Physical factors such as temperature and salinity affect organisms is determined by the carrying capacity.
The physical and biological world where we live in - Environment. Each level of food chain where transfer of energy takes place - Trophic level. The physical factors like temperature, rainfall, wind and soil of an ecosystem - Abiotic factors. One of the most important abiotic factors influencing species composition in marine environments is salinity. Low-salinity (hypoosmotic) stress, which is common in many estuaries and coastal areas, can cause severe physiological stress in marine animals, affecting survival, immune responses, metabolism, protein function, and other cellular processes. Under moderate hypoosmotic stress, increased osmoregulation costs are met by increasing the routine metabolic rate or re-allocating energy to osmoregulatory processes. This, however, limits the potential for growth and reproduction, as well as, ultimately, fitness. The depletion of the organic osmolyte pool caused by low salinity has been proposed to set a critical boundary in osmoconforming marine invertebrates.
Desalination has been predicted for many coastal areas as a result of ongoing climate change, so it is critical to gain a better understanding of the mechanisms that limit salinity acclimation ability.
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Action potentials from receptors involved in general sensations are interpreted in the.
Imagine a transmembrane molecule that lies in the plasma membrane and acts as a receptor for an extracellular signaling molecule. When the ligand-binding domain is inserted into the er during synthesis of this transmembrane molecule, will it lie on the lumen side of the er or the cytoplasm side?.
When a ligand binding domain is inserted into the ER during synthesis of the transmembrane molecule lying in the plasma membrane , it will lie on the lumen side of the ER.
ER stands for Endoplasmic Reticulum. It is a cell organelle present in eukaryotic cells only. There are two types of ER: rough ER (RER) and Smooth ER (SER). The RER is involved in protein synthesis and the SER is involved in lipid synthesis.
Plasma membrane is the outer payer present in all the cells. Its functions is to separate the interior of the cells from the outer environment. It is also a semi-permeable membrane involved in the regulation of traffic crossing it.
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A marine biologist and cancer researcher worked together to isolate the green fluorescent protein (GFP) gene from a sample of jellyfish DNA. Scientists have successfully inserted this gene into a cancerous tumor in humans in order for the tumor to glow so it can be more easily removed during surgery. What biotechnology is used to accomplish this procedure?
Gel electrophoresis
Polymerase chain reaction
Restriction enzyme digestion
Transgenic technology
A is incorrect
Answer:
The biotechnology used to accomplish this procedure is D transgenic technology.
Explanation:
Transgenic technology involves the introduction of a foreign gene into the genome of an organism, allowing the organism to express the traits encoded by the foreign gene. In this case, the marine biologist and cancer researcher isolated the GFP gene from jellyfish DNA and introduced it into the genome of a cancerous tumor in a human. This allowed the tumor to express the GFP protein, which made it glow and made it easier to remove during surgery. Transgenic technology is a powerful tool for studying gene function and has many applications in biotechnology and medicine.
Answer: D
Explanation:
I took the test
the process of breaking down glycogen into glucose is called , while the process of synthesizing new glucose from other substrates is called .
Glycogenolysis is the process of converting glycogen into glucose, whereas gluconeogensis is the process of creating new glucose from other substrates.
Glycogenolysis is the biological process through which glycogen breaks down into glucose and glucose-1-phosphate. Both myocytes and hepatocytes take part in the reaction. Your body turns glucose into glycogen through a process called glycogenesis. Your body breaks down glycogen for use through a process called glycogenolysis. Those two actions Several enzymes participate in glycogenolysis. Gluconeogensis is the process by which glucose is created from non-carbohydrate metabolites. The main precursors for gluconeogensis are pyruvate, lactate, a few gluconeogenic amino acids, and glycerol, which is primarily produced by fat metabolism.
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During skeletal muscle contraction, ____________ move closer together.
Question options:
A) H band
B) I band
C) Z disk
D) M line
Answer: C) Z disk
Explanation:
at 50% of maximum life span, how does the survivorship of albertosaurus compare to the survivorship of the crocodile?
Compared to crocodiles, Albertosaurus has a survival rate that is around 100 times higher.
Which curve's mortality rate is the highest?Kind III survival People with Type I survivability have high rates of survival throughout their lives. A steady percentage of people die over time in populations with Type II survival. Populations with Type III survival at young ages have very high mortality rates.
In what ways do survival curves differ?A survivorship curve is a diagram that shows the proportion of members of a particular species or group who live to each age (e.g. males or females). For a specific cohort, survival curves can be produced using a life table (a collection of people who are roughly the same age).
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write the name of any two memberanes that completely cover the brain
Answer:
the inner layer is pia mater
the middle layer is the arachnoid
the tough outer layer is dura mater
Explanation:
Answer:
Three layers of membranes known as meninges protect the brain and spinal cord. The delicate inner layer is the pia mater. The middle layer is the arachnoid, a web-like structure filled with fluid that cushions the brain. The tough outer layer is called the dura mater.
which of the following is essential in dna replication, transcription, and translation? group of answer choices hydrogen bonding between complementary bases reading a dna template from 3' to 5' synthesizing a nucleic acid from 5' to 3' initiating at a promoter terminating at a stop codon
The ability to read a DNA template from 3' to 5' is required for DNA replication, transcription, and translation.
According to the Central Dogma of Molecular Biology, DNA creates RNA, which creates proteins. The process of copying DNA to RNA is known as transcription, and the process of using RNA to make proteins is known as translation.
The opening of the double helix and separation of the DNA strands, priming of the template strand, and assembly of the new DNA segment are the three major steps in replication.
DNA replication necessitates the action of three major enzymes, each with a distinct role: Helicase is responsible for unzipping and unwinding the DNA molecule. DNA polymerase adds a new complementary strand of DNA to each of the original helicase-separated halves.
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An enzyme in potato cell caue oxygen to be produced from hydrogen peroxide. Cube of potato were incubated with hydrogen peroxide at different temperature. The number of bubble of oxygen releaed per minute were counted at each temperature. The table how the reult. Temperature/°C 15 25 35 45 55
number of bubble / bubble per minute 96 98 82 36 1
The reult ugget the optimum temperature for the enzyme i between which two value
Between 45 and 55 °C is where the enzyme functions best.
What's the ideal temperature for an enzyme?The majority of enzymes work best when the temperature is around 98.6 degrees Fahrenheit (37 degrees Celsius). Additionally, some enzymes work effectively at both high and low temperatures. For instance, while animals in desert environments have enzymes that can withstand higher temperatures, those in arctic environments have enzymes that can withstand lower ideal temperatures.
Because more substrate molecules can interact with the enzyme and make more product as a result, the reaction rate will quicken when more hydrogen peroxide is added to the mixture. More foam forms in your cup as you increase the H2O2 concentration in your reaction.
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A sample of element x contains 90% x-35 atoms, 8% x-37 atoms, and 2% x-38 atoms. The average isotopic mass is closest to:.
The average atomic mass of X will be closer to 35 amu.
Let the Isotope X³⁵ be A
Let the Isotope X³⁷ be B
Let the Isotope X³⁸ be C
The average atomic mass of X can be calculates as follows:
Isotope A (X³⁵):
Mass of A = 35 amu
Abundance of A (A%) = 90%
Isotope B (X³⁷):
Mass of B = 37 amu
Abundance of B (B%) = 8%
Isotope C (X³⁸):
Mass of C = 38 amu
Abundance of C (C%) = 2%
Atomic mass of X =?
Atomic mass = [(mass of A × A%)/100] + [(mass of B × B%)/100] + [(mass of C × C%)/100]
= [(35 × 90)/100] + [(37 × 8)/100] + [(38 × 2)/100]
= 31.5 + 2.96 + 0.76
Average atomic mass of X = 35.22 amu
Hence, the average atomic mass of X is closer to 35 amu.
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In pea plants, the allele for smooth pods (S) is dominant over the allele for constricted pods (s).
Which of the following pairs of terms are correctly matched?
Choose 1 answer:
Option d is correct because pea plants with the dominant S genotype have smooth and constricted pod phenotypes, which are controlled by the S gene.
What distinguishes a genotype from a phenotype?A physical observation of a trait under the control of a gene is called a phenotype.
genotype, on the other hand, is a genetic observation that cannot be physically seen.
The dominant allele is the one that controls a plant's phenotypic characteristics; the other allele, which cannot express itself, is always present in a group, but only the dominant will manifest itself.
If the smooth allele is dominant over the other in a pea plant, it manifests in allelic combination and hides the expression of constricted pods.
SS is the genotype as a result, and the constricted pod is the
phenotype, so choice d is the appropriate one.
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Complete question is " In pea plants, the allele for smooth pods (S) is dominant over the allele for constricted pods (s).
Which of the following pairs of terms are correctly matched?
Choose 1 answer:
Ss - phenotype; smooth pod - genotype
SS - genotype; constricted pod - phenotype
SS - phenotype; constricted pod - genotype.
SS - genotype; constricted pod - phenotype".
what physical traits (adaptations do all mammals have in common that relate to living on land? (select all that apply)
Answer:
Mammals have several traits in common, including the presence of hair or fur, sweat glands, and mammary glands. Some mammals, such as dolphins and whales, evolved to live back in the ocean by adapting from land-dwelling creatures
Construct a food chain. Label the producer, primary consumer, secondary consumer, and tertiary consumer. An owl eats a snake, the snake eats a squirrel, the squirrel ate a nut.
In the example, the producer is a nut, the primary consumer is a squirrel, the secondary consumer is a snake, and the third consumer is an owl.
What is the consumer in biology?Any organism that is unable to produce its own nourishment is a consumer. Consumers must eat from producers or other consumers in order to exist. Because they are herbivores, deer can only consume grass (Producers). A bear is another example of a consumer. 1. One who purchases products or services for personal use or possession as opposed to selling or use in production or manufacturing. 2. A heterotrophic organism in a food chain that consumes other organisms or organic substances.
Which organism is the consumer?The organisms that eat the producers are the principal consumers. They are many and frequently little in size. Herbivorous animals are the main consumers (vegetarians). The organisms known as secondary consumers are carnivores that consume the prime consumers.
Briefing:As a result, the food chain in this instance is nut—>squirrel—>snake—>owl.
According to the scenario, a nut is indeed the producer, the squirrels is the main customer, the snake is indeed the secondary customer, and the owl is the third consumer.
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calculate the free energy change for translocating a proton out of the mitochondrial matrix, where ph matrix
Protons are pumped out of the mitochondrial matrix into the intermembrane space.
Where is the mitochondrial matrix found?The inner and outer membranes of mitochondria define three compartments within the organelle, each with its distinct role and corresponding protein components. The innermost compartment, surrounded by the inner membrane, is the mitochondrial matrix.Chemiosmosis can be described as movement of ions across a selectively permeable membrane, down their electrochemical gradient. It occurs during the cellular respiration within mitochondria and it is involved in ATP synthesis (oxidative phosphorylation via ATP synthase).Electrons from electron carriers (NADH and FADH) donate electrons to the electron transport chain and that causes changes in protein complexes of electron transport chain. As a consequence, protein complexes pump H+ across a selectively permeable cell membrane from the mitochondrial matrix into the intermembrane space of mitochondria. H+ can only get back and pass through the inner mitochondrial membrane with the help of ATP synthase (down their electrochemical gradient). ATP synthase turned by the force of the H+ diffusing through it forms ATP by adding a phosphate to ADP.pH is usually calculated by the negative log of the H+ ions in a solution. The H+ ions are calculated in mols/Liter; Therefore a solute with a higher concentration of hydrogen ions has a lower pH. The difference between one pH to the next is 10 times fold the number of H+ ions.[H+]= mol/L.
pH=−log[H+]
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Which invention played a significant role in the development of the cell theory?
Why was this historical event important?
Answer: The invention of the microscope
Explanation:
where do organisms store their energy
Answer: Food
Explanation: I learned this in Biology class! My teacher taught me that organisms store the energy in food to help growth the cell!
PLEASE HURRY ITS TIMES
DNA carries the cell’s genetic information; however, it cannot leave the .
Because of this, it copies part of its nucleotide sequence into a complementary copy of
during the process called .
During this process, the enzyme,
separates the DNA strands.
One strand of DNA acts as the
from which nucleotides are assembled into a strand of RNA.
Each three letter sequence on the mRNA is called a .
The start codon is and the three stop codons are .
Once the mRNA leaves the nucleus it goes to the to prepare for protein
synthesis which is called .
During this process, a molecule brings the to the ribosome.
The amino acids are hooked together by bonds.
The tRNA is able to match up to the mRNA by the in its anticodons.
When the codon is reached, the chain is released into the .
Word Bank:
protein mRNA ribosome tRNA peptide amino acid complementary bases
helicase AUG template stop codon nucleus UAG, UGA, UAA translation cytoplasm transcription
in rna processing, the intervening coding sequence that is missing from the final mrna is called an .
Exons, which are protein-coding sequences, make up eukaryotic genes. Intervening sequences called introns, which may be crucial in gene regulation but are excised from the pre-mRNA during processing, are also present.
What coding sequence is still present in the finished mRNA?After the final mRNA is created, the process of translation involves reading a succession of codons, which are three-base sequences. The Genetic Code, an RNA code, directs how codons are read.
The regions of coding are known as material exons, whereas the intervening non-coding sections are known as introns. The mature mRNA molecule is subsequently created by a procedure known as RNA splicing, which involves removing the introns.
Nucleic acid coding sequences refer to exons.
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biomes are defined by multiple choice temperature and rainfall. types of animals. their size. plants, animals, and inorganic matter. communities.
Temperature and precipitation are used to describe biomes. An place is categorized as having a certain biome based on the species that inhabit it.
In biology, what is a biome?The greatest geographic biotic unit and main community of plants and animals with comparable life forms and environmental conditions is referred to as a biome. It is also referred to as a major life zone. It has a variety of communities and is named for the predominant vegetation type, such as coniferous forest or grassland.
What features do biomes have?An place is categorized as having a certain biome based on the species that inhabit it. Scientists can identify a biome by defining the range of temperatures, the kind of soil, the amount of light, and the amount of water that are distinctive to that location. These factors create niches for particular species.
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what is the correct pairing of neurotransmitters in the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system?
The correct pairing of neurotransmitters in the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system is that both release ACH.
What is ACH?
Acetylcholine inside the autonomic nervous system. The neurotransmitter in preganglionic sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons of the autonomic nervous system is called acetylcholine (ACh).
The heart, lungs, upper gastrointestinal tract, and sweat glands all have muscarinic acetylcholine receptors on their peripheral nerve systems.
The central and peripheral nervous systems depend on acetylcholine, a sort of chemical messenger or neurotransmitter, to function properly. It aids in learning, memory, and attention as well as the control of muscular motion and autonomic bodily processes.
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examine the phylogenetic tree showing the evolutionarily relationships of five organisms which statement most accurately explains the relationship between organisms and the other organisms 
A phylogenetic analyses is a visual representation of how different creatures have evolved over time. Phylogenetic trees are theories, not proven truths.
What in biology does phylogeny mean?A phylogenetic tree, sometimes called a phylogeny, is a visual representation of how several species, creatures, or genes have descended over time from a single common ancestor.
What purposes does phylogeny serve?A potent method for determining how modern species have evolved is phylogenetics. Scientists can better comprehend how species have developed while also gaining insight into the differences and similarities between various species by examining phylogenetic trees.
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5. Below is the DNA sequence for the orange tiger and the mutated DNA sequence of the
white tiger. Look at both sequences and explain
a. what type of mutation took place
b.
how you know.
DNA code
Mutated DNA code
CAG CAG CAG CAG CAG CAG
CAG CAG CAG TAG CAG CAG
The type of mutation that took place is the insertion of a nucleotide into the DNA.
What is mutation?
A major factor in the diversity of organisms is a mutation, which is a change in the genetic sequence. These alterations take place at a variety of levels and might have very varied effects. Mutations may have an impact on an organism by altering its phenotype, or they may have an impact on the way DNA codes the genetic information (genotype). When mutations take place, they may be completely fatal or they may result in the termination (death) of an organism. Mutated RNA code GTC GTC GTC ATC GTC GTCOrganisms having undesirable mutations do not live very long.To learn more about mutations refer to:
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