1. The blue color flower is self-crossed with each other and gives rise to 100 progenies.
2. Out of 10p progeny 22 are purple 55 are blue color and 23 are white color.
3. When the gene shows segregation the chi-square value is as:-
So, the Chi-square value is 1.02 for the hypothesis of the segregation of two alleles.
4. When genes show epistatic:
So, the chi-square value for the hypothesis of the interaction of the twp epistatic gene is 0.750.
The statistic is used in genetics to indicate whether there are deviations from the expected outcome of alleles within a population. A common assumption in statistical tests is that there is no significant difference between the measured and predicted results. Epistasis is determined by the self-progeny of F2 animals. Gene B is epistatic to gene A if animals of phenotype A produce offspring of phenotypes A and B, and animals of phenotype B produce only offspring of phenotype B.
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in a lumbar puncture (spinal tap), fluid is extracted from the group of answer choices subarachnoid space epipial space subdural space epidural space central canal of the spinal cord
An invasive outpatient operation known as a lumbar puncture (LP), sometimes known as a spinal tap, is used to take a sample of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from the subarachnoid.
Where does a lumbar puncture get its fluid from?In order to collect a sample of cerebrospinal fluid, a needle is inserted between two lumbar vertebrae during a lumbar puncture. In order to protect your brain and spinal cord from injury, this fluid surrounds them.
spine tapped in the subarachnoid region?To diagnose or treat a condition, a lumbar puncture (LP) or spinal tap may be carried out. In order to perform this procedure, your healthcare provider places a hollow needle in the subarachnoid space, which surrounds the spinal column in the lower back.
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HELP ASPPPP PLEASE THANK YOU
Answer:
Explanation:
not sure what the question is one is amswered one is not very readable
what is the apparent biological advantage of the pupillary light reflex? how do reactions differ from a simple reflex?
The biological advantage of the pupillary light reflex is that it allows the eye to adjust the amount of light reaching the retina.
The pupillary light reflex constricts the pupil in response to the intensity of light that falls on the retina at the back of eye. It helps in the adaptation of vision to various levels of lightness/darkness.
When the intensity of light is high, the pupils constrict to allow low light of light reaching the retina and when the intensity is low, the pupils dilate to allow more light.
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the sexual strategies theory holds that women should be choosier than men in selecting mates because women group of answer choices have greater difficulty achieving orgasm. can produce a limited number of offspring. are less likely to end a bad relationship. are physically smaller and weaker than men.
The sexual strategies theory holds that women should be choosier than men in selecting mates because women "can produce a limited number of offspring."
What is sexual strategy?Sexual strategies are the methods that people utilize to attain sexual or mating objectives. Humans have developed a variety of sexual tactics, including short-term and long-term mating. According to sexual strategies theory (SST), humans have evolved a complex menu of mating strategies, that some of these mating adaptations are tethered to the temporal dimension of mating, and that, while some mating adaptations are similar in women and men, others differ significantly between the sexes. Intrasexual selection in females, like in men, entails competition for key resources necessary for access to mates.
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16. By approximately what percentage has the concentration of carbon dioxide increased in the atmosphere since 1950?
20%
37%
17%
40%
By approximately 40% has the concentration of carbon dioxide increased in the atmosphere since 1950.
Carbon dioxide concentrations are rising primarily as a result of the fossil fuels that people use for energy. Coal and oil are fossil fuels that contain carbon that plants extracted from the atmosphere over millions of years through photosynthesis.
The CO2 concentration in the atmosphere increased by 2.5 parts per million (ppm) in 2021 and is expected to rise by another 2.5ppm in 2022, resulting in global atmospheric concentrations of 417.2ppm on average for the year. This represents a 51% increase in atmospheric CO2 compared to pre-industrial levels. The presence of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere warms the planet, resulting in climate change. In less than 200 years, human activities have increased the carbon dioxide content of the atmosphere by 50%.
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what is an action of the highlighted muscle? elevation of ribs thorax expansion compression of intercostal spaces depression of ribs
Elevation of the ribs is a motion of the highlighted muscle. Elevation of ribs thorax expansion compression of intercostal areas melancholy of ribs.
The highlighted muscle tissue is called the frontalis muscle. This muscle tissue's only function is expressions of the face. This muscle is positioned within the brow of the cranium.
Elevation of the ribs and enlargement of the rib cage end result from the coordinated action of the rib cage muscle mass. We wanted to review the motion and interaction of the rib cage muscular tissues all through ventilation.
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Under conditions of excess oxygen, rubisco will use o2 instead of co2 and less carbon is fixed. This process is called.
Under conditions of excess oxygen, rubisco will use o2 instead of co2 and less carbon is fixed. This process is called photorespiration.
In the Calvin Cycle, a process known as photorespiration takes place during plant metabolism. The crucial enzyme RuBisCO, which fixes carbon dioxide, reacts with oxygen in this mechanism as opposed to carbon dioxide. It happens when the amount of carbon dioxide in the air decreases and rubisco runs out of carbon dioxide to repair, so it starts fixing oxygen. When conditions are right, C3 plants receive enough water, there is a plentiful supply of carbon dioxide, and photorespiration is not an issue.
High temperatures and light intensity both have an impact on photorespiration, boosting the production of glycolate and the flow via the photorespiratory pathway.
The synthesis and metabolism of a tiny particle called glycolate are linked to photorespiration, which results in the light-dependent uptake of oxygen and elimination of carbon dioxide.
Given that photosynthesis produces oxygen as a byproduct and photorespiration produces carbon dioxide as a byproduct, and that the aforementioned gases serve as the raw materials for both processes, photosynthesis, and photorespiration are two biological processes (in flourishing plants) that can operate concurrently side by side.
Around 50 ppm of carbon dioxide is the point at which RuBisCO starts combining oxygen with RuBP in place of carbon dioxide.
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place the appropriate characteristic with the corresponding type of cytokinesis.
a. Cell plate
b. Lacks asters
c. Constricting belt of actin
d. Fusion of vesicles
e. Centrioles separate
f. Cleavage furrow
1. Animal cell cytokinesis
2. Plant cell cytokinesis
Place the appropriate characteristic with the corresponding type of cytokinesis . Plant cell cytokinesis.
Cytokinesis is the physical procedure that eventually splits the discern cell into two identical daughter cells. for the duration of cytokinesis, the mobile membrane pinches in at the cell equator, forming a cleft referred to as the cleavage furrow.
Cytokinesis, in biology, the process by way of which one cellular bodily divides into two cells. Cytokinesis represents the most important reproductive system of unicellular organisms, and it takes place within the manner of embryonic improvement and tissue increase and restore of higher vegetation and animals.
That is additionally often known as cytoplasmic department or mobile cleavage. Cytokinesis starts offevolved in anaphase in animal cells and prophase in plant cells, and terminates in telophase in both, to shape the two daughter cells produced via mitosis.
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The light micrograph shows dividing cells near the tip of an onion root. Identify a cell in each of the following stages: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. Describe and list the major events occurring at each stage.
Mitotic division in onion root cells:
Prophase: the emergence of chromatin threads that form chromosomes, the chromosomes are visible and overlap.Metaphase: chromosomes line up and line up in the middle of the equatorial plane. The centromere of the chromosome appears to have bonds with the kinetochores connected to the spindle threads.Anaphase: the centromere of the chromosome undergoes division then the chromosomes are pulled by the spindle threads towards the two opposite poles and leave the center of the equator that looks empty.Telophase: The cytoplasm divides into two identical-looking daughter cells. At the telophase stage, the process of cell division occurs in two parts and has identical properties.Mitosis is a cell division through the stages of prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. The purpose of mitosis is for growth and regeneration which results in two daughter cells that are identical to the original parent cell. Mitosis occurs only once and lasts only during somatization.
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Select one or more correct answers.
Hakeem is testing the effects of sunlight on samples of soil. Which of these actions would introduce confounding variables into Hakeem’s experiment?
A. He tests a theory that’s already been established.
B. He tests multiple hypotheses at a time.
C. He uses identical specimens when completing multiple trials.
D. He adjusts the independent variable and records the effects.
E. He uses different types of soil in each of his samples.
The actions that will introduce confounding variables into Hakeem's experiment of testing the effects of sunlight on samples of soil will be:
(B) He tests for multiple hypotheses at a time.
(E) He uses different varieties of soil in each of his samples.
Variables are the factors of an experiment that can themselves change or exhibit the potential to change the results of the experiment. There are three types of variables: the dependent variable, the independent variable and the controlled variable.
Hypothesis can be defined as any statement or theory that has no significant proof. That theory may be or may not be true and applicable.
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which of the following are similarities between b cells and t cells? i) both recognize antigens using immunoglobulin receptors. ii) both undergo clonal selection after encountering an antigen. iii) both maintain an immunological memory of previously encountered antigens.
Similarities between b cells and t cells are ii) both undergo clonal selection after encountering an antigen. iii) both maintain an immunological memory of previously encountered antigens.
Both B and T cells originate in the bone marrow. These cells are involved in adaptive immunity. T cells can clean infected or cancerous cells. They also helps to mediate immune response by helping B lymphocytes by eliminate the attacking pathogens.
B lymphocytes create a type of protein called an antibody. B cells and T cells are important components of the immunity system.
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Dna replication relies on the blank______ of dna strands according to the blank______ rule.
According to the AT/GC rule, DNA replication depends just on complementarity of DNA.
What does complementarity in DNA mean?Complementarity is a characteristic of DNA:RNA duplexes and other double-stranded nucleic acids in molecular biology. The base pairs that connect each strand to the other are non-covalently linked by two to three hydrogen bonds, making each strand complimentary to the other.
Who made the discovery that T and G are complementary to A?Watson and Crick developed the four, double-helical hypothesis for the structure of DNA as a result of Chargaff's discovery that A = T and C = G as well as some critically significant X-ray crystallography studies by English scholars Rosalind Franklin & Maurice Wilkins.
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The calvin cycle and the krebs cycle are similar in that both ________________________________.
The Krebs cycle and the Calvin cycle are similar in that they both create energy and sugar.
They differ from one another because the Krebs cycle uses 3-carbon molecules while the Calvin cycle requires carbon dioxide.
The Krebs Cycle, also known as the citric acid cycle, and the Calvin Cycle are both biological processes that take place in nature. Both cellular processes occur in cycles. Different molecules enter the process, and various molecules also leave it. The Krebs Cycle generates adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which the Calvin Cycle then uses as fuel. Additionally, only photosynthetic plants experience the oxygen-free Calvin Cycle. On the other hand, the Krebs Cycle necessitates oxygen and occurs in the mitochondria of all types of cells.
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The intramolecular cyclization reaction of glucose in solution ______. A) generates a chiral center. B) yields a hemiacetal. C) usually forms a pyranose
The intramolecular cyclization reaction of glucose in Generates a chiral center.
In order to create the matching saturated nitrogen and oxygen heterocycles, -haloalkyl amines and alcohols undergo intramolecular hydrogen bonding (a hydrogen bond created between two functional groups of the same molecule) (an SN2 reaction within the same molecule)
What is the difference between intermolecular and intramolecular?
The atom-atom bonds that hold molecules together are known as intramolecular forces. Molecules in a solid or liquid are held together by intermolecular forces.
What are the 3 types of intramolecular forces?
Covalent, ionic, and metallic bonding are the three types of intramolecular forces. Between two nonmetals, covalent bonds are formed. Atoms share electrons in this kind of relationship. Covalent bonds can be either polar or nonpolar.
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How does the slope of the band of stability change as the number of protons increases?.
The ratio of neutron to protons rises as the number of protons rises, which is another observation about the band of stability.
Which three facts regarding protons are true?Within an atom's nucleus are protons, which have a positive charge. Every element, whether created in a lab or in the natural world, has at least one proton. Although a proton's mass is 1840 times more than that of an electron, it is equal to that of a neutron. The outside of the nucleus is surrounded by electrons, which are negatively charged particles.
How do protons function in an atom?While the electron circles the proton, which makes up the nucleus, Similar to helium, which is seen in Figure 2.2, all other atoms have neutrons in addition to protons in their nuclei. The neutrons aid in keeping the nucleus together by helping the positive charge protons repel one another.
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for which codon(s) could a single base change account for this amino acid change? lysine to asparagine
There are two lysine codons (AAA, AAG) and two asparagine codons (AAC, AAU).
A codon is a three-nucleotide (DNA or RNA) sequence that forms a unit of genomic information encoding a specific amino acid or signaling the end of protein synthesis (stop signals). There are 64 different codons, 61 of which specify amino acids and three of which serve as stop signals.
Lysine, or L-lysine, is an essential amino acid, which means it is required for human health but cannot be produced by the body. Lysine must be obtained through diet or supplementation. Protein is made up of amino acids such as lysine.
In humans, asparagine is a non-essential amino acid. It is a beta-amido derivative of aspartic acid and is important in the biosynthesis of glycoproteins and other proteins.
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What are areas especially rich in plant species that are found nowhere else, and in great danger of extinction called?.
The "ecological arks" are regions that are particularly abundant in tree species that are unique to those locations and in grave danger of going extinct.
What happens in extinction?Extinction is the loss of a species as a result of environmental factors or problems with evolution. The rate of species extinction on Earth is ongoing, and it has fluctuated over time. According to the IUCN Red List, 25% of mammals face extinction. In a way, extinction is inevitable.
How can we prevent extinction?Scientists believe that endangered species' specific habitats should be preserved. There must be places where animals may live, eat, and raise their young. Deforestation, oil and gas extraction, overgrazing, and development all lead to the degradation of habitat.
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Why do a double circuit heart better than single heart.
A double circulatory system has two loops, one from the heart to the lungs and one from the heart to the rest of the human body. The advantage of a double circulatory system is that blood can be pumped to the rest of the body at a higher pressure than the rate at which it is pumped in a single circulatory system.
The double circulatory system, also defined as the double loop circulatory system, is a type of circulatory system that includes two separate circuits for blood flow that cause blood to pass through the heart twice in the same cycle. This is the type of circulatory system that is present in most mammals. There are two loops of blood vessels in the heart:
The systemic circuit pumps oxygenated blood from the heart to the rest of the body.The pulmonary circuit pumps deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs of the human body.Together, the two circuits help to separate oxygenated and deoxygenated blood at the same time. Even though it takes up a little more energy than a single circuit system, it is way more efficient and faster than the single circuit system.
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The diseases that cause considerable morbidity in adolescents and young adults are: A. heart diseases. B. lung diseases. C. sexually transmitted diseases.
Answer: C
Explanation: C
in a test cro between two individuals heterozygous for a suspected completely dominant, autosomal trait, 41 offspring exhibited the dominant trait, and 16 exhibited the recessive trait. determine the probability that this deviation from the expected is due to chance alone.
The probability will be 2.5%.
The autosomal traits are those traits that occur in an individual due to some changes in the personal DNA.
This doesn't affect the offspring genetically based on gender. Which means these are not related to the genes which are passed on from on generation to another or the sex-related traits.
These traits can be dominant and can be recessive. The dominant trait is can be seen in the next generation affecting anyone. This trait is dominant over the other traits while the recessive traits are not found exactly in the next generation. They may or may not occur. The individual can be carrier of that trait but it won't be shown as the resultant affecting that individual in any manner.
Here, we have 41 offspring exhibiting the dominant trait and 16 offspring exhibiting the recessive traits.
Therefore the probability of these traits can be said to be just 2.5% or we can say approx every 2 individual shows dominant trait over every 1 individual showing recessive trait.
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cellular respiration can occur at the same time as photosynthesis, and photosynthesizing plants will either undergo both when exposed to light or just cellular respiration in dark conditions.
The equation for cellular respiration is the exact reverse of photosynthesis in that the products of one process are the reactants of the other.
Why is it known as cellular respiration?As we all know, every cell needs energy to carry out its activities because it is the structure and function of life. As a result, cellular respiration relates to breathing which happens at the smallest scale of our bodies, the cellular level.
What happens during cellular respiration?A glucose molecule gradually decomposes into both water and carbon dioxide during cellular respiration. In the process of transforming glucose, some ATP is directly produced. But far more ATP is eventually created through a procedure known as oxidative phosphorylation.
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What are some examples of characteristics of life?
Answer:
responsiveness to the environment;
growth and change;
ability to reproduce;
have a metabolism and breathe;
maintain homeostasis;
being made of cells; and.
passing traits onto offspring.
All living things have a number of traits; reproduction, growth, development, heredity. Metabolism, etc.
What are characteristics of life?
How can you distinguish between what is living and what is not? There isn’t just one single thing that separates a living being from a non living one. A dog moves, but a car does as well. A tree grows bigger, but a cloud does as well. Life is defined by certain characteristics that living beings share. Something that contains all characteristics of life can be considered to be a living thing.
A single living creature is known as an organism. Living organisms share many characteristics. They are:
• Growth and change
• Response to the environment
• Complex chemistry
• Made up of cells
• Metabolism
• Reproduce
• Genetic material passed onto their offspring
Therefore, growth, development, reproduction, metabolism, heredity etc, are all characteristics that distinguish a living thing from a non living thing.
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tall (t) is dominant to short (t), yellow seeds (y) are dominant to green (y), and purple flowers (p) are dominant to white (p) in pea plants. if the genes are not linked, what fraction of the offspring from a self-fertilizing plant with genotype ttyypp will be tall with green seeds and purple flowers?
A self-fertilizing plant with genotype ttyypp will not produce any offspring that is tall, with green seeds, and with purple flowers.
Is Mendel's peas' predominant seed color green or yellow?Since they were all yellow, yellow has the upper hand over green in this situation. One Y is enough to obscure the y and turn the peas yellow. The recessive green is subordinated to the one yellow.
If a homozygous green seed YY and a heterozygous yellow seed YY are crossed, what is the genotypic ratio?In a hybrid between heterozygous yellow-seeded and green-seeded plants, 50% of the offspring will have yellow seeds and 50% will have green seeds.
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A student analyzes a cross section of earth's layers. which letter corresponds to a trench in the cross section? question 11 options: l m n o
Answer: its M
Explanation:
i did the k-12 test :)
Which student do you agree with most?
Zacharia said, “I think the hawk is the most important organism in the ecosystem because it can eat the most organisms.”
Mira said, “I think the kangaroo rat is the most important organism in the ecosystem because many organisms eat it.”
Carlos said, “I think the desert plants are the most important organism because they start each food chain.”
Yasmin said, “I think the desert fox is the most important organisms in the ecosystem because nothing eats the adults.”
The student I agree with most is Carlos who said, “I think the desert plants are the most important organism because they start each food chain.” That is option C.
What is food chain?Food chain is defined as the pathway that shows the flow of nutrients and energy from one organism to another in an ecosystem.
The food chain is made up of various parts that includes the following:
The sun,producers,consumers, and decomposers.From the given options, the student that is correct is Carlos. This is because the producers which is the desert plants are the most important part of the food chain.
This is because they use the energy from the sun to manufacture their own food while other parts of the food chain depends on the manufactured food.
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which of the following is not a function of the nervous system? group of answer choices sense the internal and external environments integrate sensory information direct long-term functions, such as growth control peripheral effectors coordinate voluntary and involuntary activities
Direct long-term functions, such as growth control is not a function of the nervous system.
What are the functions of nervous system?Nervous system includes brain, spinal cord and also a complex network of nerves.
The nervous system, together with the endocrine system, is responsible for regulating and maintaining homeostasis. Through its receptors, nervous system keeps in touch with both external and internal environment.
The thalamus acts as integrating center for sensory information going to the cerebrum and also the output center for motor information leaving the cerebrum.
The nervous system is that part of the body that coordinates its voluntary and involuntary action and transmits signals in different parts of the body.
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which of the following is not true of the hamstring group of muscles?
a. All of the hamstrings have origins on the ischial tuberosity, although the biceps femoris has an additional origin.
b. All of the hamstrings insert on both the tibia and the fibula.
c. All of these are true of the hamstrings.
The statement all of the hamstrings insert on both the tibia and the fibula is not true of the hamstring group of muscles (Option B).
What are the hamstring muscles?The hamstring group of muscles can be defined as voluntary skeletal muscles that can be found in the back thigh of the human body.
Therefore, with this data, we can see that the hamstring group of muscles can be found in the back thigh of the human body but not all of them are inserted on both the tibia and the fibula.
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Which of the statements is true regarding a phylogenetic tree?
a. Phylogenetic trees could be considered physical representations of hypotheses―those that seek to establish the evolutionary relationships between different organisms.
b. Within a phylogenetic tree, the order of groups located at the tree tips―not the nodes within a tree―determines sister group relationships.
c. Phylogenetic trees only depict the evolutionary relationships between different classes; relationships among different species within the same genus are not illustrated in such trees.
d. Phylogenetic trees are constructed based solely on the morphological characteristics of species; sequence similarities among different organisms are only evaluated by taxonomists.
e. Given the sheer number of prokaryotic and eukaryotic species on Earth, it is impossible to create a phylogenetic tree encompassing all of these organisms.
Option A is correct Phylogenetic trees could be considered physical representations of hypotheses―those that seek to establish the evolutionary relationships between different organisms.
A branching diagram or tree illustrating the evolutionary relationships among distinct biological species or other entities based on similarities and differences in their physical or genetic traits is known as a phylogenetic tree (sometimes referred to as an evolutionary tree or phylogeny). A phylogenetic tree depicts the relationship between several creatures by tracing the course of evolution from a shared ancestor to various descendants. The relationships between individuals in a population to the entire history of life on Earth can all be represented by trees.
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Explain the relationship between the structure and function of the cell membrane and cell wall.
Answer: The cell wall is fully permeable to smaller molecules with the size of 30-60 kDa. The membrane is selectively permeable and controls the movement of the substance into and outside the cell. Functions include protection from the external environment.
Explanation:
in the kidney, there is an anatomical structure that is also observable in at least two other organs. what is it?
The portal system is an anatomical structure that is also observable in at least two other organs.
A portal system is one in which veins begin and end in capillaries. It transports nutrient-rich blood to the liver for purification before transporting it to the heart. The portal venous system transports capillary blood to the liver from the esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, pancreas, gallbladder, and spleen. The portal vein is formed by the union of the splenic and superior mesenteric veins behind the pancreas's neck.
The hepatic portal system, the hypophyseal portal system, and (in non-mammals) the renal portal system are examples of such systems. The hepatic portal system gets its name from the fact that it connects capillaries in the intestines and other digestive organs to modified capillaries in the liver (hepatic sinusoids).
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